The blót (Old Norse plural same as singular) refers to Norse pagan sacrifice to the Norse gods and Elves. Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age Norse paganism is a term used to describe the religious traditions which were common amongst the Germanic tribes living in Nordic countries prior to and Divided between the Æsir and the Vanir, and sometimes including the jötnar (giants the dividing line between these groups is less An elf is a creature of Norse mythology. The elves were originally imagined as a race of minor nature and fertility gods, who are often pictured as youthful-seeming The sacrifice often took the form of a sacramental meal or feast. A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active Related religious practices were performed by other Germanic peoples, such as the pagan Anglo-Saxons. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Anglo-Saxon paganism refers to the Migration Period religion practiced by the English in 5th to 7th century England.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Rites and beliefs 3 Dates 4 Locations 4.1 Denmark 4.1.1 Lejre 4.2 Norway 4.2.1 Mære 4.3 Sweden 4.3.1 Gotland 4.3.2 Trollkyrka 4.3.3 Uppsala 5 Elven blót 6 Völse blót 7 Modern cultural influence 7.1 Scandinavian Christmas 8 In Neopaganism 9 See also 10 External links 11 References

Etymology

The name is believed to be derived from the activity of sacrificing which was called blóta, in Old Norse, blŏtan in Gothic, blōtan in Old English and blŏzan or pluozan in Old High German. Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ^[1] The oldest meaning of the word appears to have been to "summon with incantations" and Sophus Bugge suggested in 1879 that it is related to the Latin flamen (from an older *flădmen). Sophus Bugge (1833-1907 was a Norwegian Philologist, known for his theories and work on the Runic alphabet, and the Poetic Edda A flamen was a name given to a Priest assigned to a state-supported god or goddess in Roman religion. ^[1] Both would be derived from a Proto-Indo-European word *bhlād(s)men. ^[2]

The modern English language term bless likely derives from the 1225 term blessen, which developed from the Old English blǣdsian (preserved in the Northumbrian dialect around 950). The term also appears in other forms, such as blēdsian (before 830 and derived from Proto-Germanic *blōðisōjanan), blētsian from around 725 and blesian from around 1000, all meaning to make sacred or holy by a sacrificial custom; to mark with blood. Proto-Germanic, or Common Germanic, is the hypothetical common ancestor ( Proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English Due to this, the term is related to the term blōd, meaning blood. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products ^[3]

Another term for "sacrifice" is Old Norse húsl, húsel, also found in Old English as húsl, húsul, húsel, Gothic hunsl, from a pre-Proto-Germanic *kwnt-(e)l- cognate to Common Slavic *svętъ "holy". Proto-Germanic, or Common Germanic, is the hypothetical common ancestor ( Proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English Following Christianization, the Old Norse term was also used for the eucharist. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those

Rites and beliefs

The verb blóta meant "to worship with sacrifice",^[4] or "to strengthen". ^[5] The sacrifice usually consisted of animals, in particular pigs and horses. Animal Sacrifice is the Ritual killing of an Animal as part of a Religion. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The meat was boiled in large cooking pits with heated stones, either indoors or outdoors. The blood was considered to contain special powers and it was sprinkled on the statues of the gods, on the walls and on the participants themselves.

It was a sacred moment when the people gathered around the steaming cauldrons to have a meal together with the gods or the Elves. The drink that was passed around was blessed and sacred as well and it was passed from participant to participant. The drink was usually beer or mead but among the nobility it could be imported wine. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Mead (ˈmiːd is a fermented Alcoholic beverage made of Honey, Water, and Yeast. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice

The old prayer was til árs ok friðar, "for a good year and frith (peace)" They asked for fertility, good health, a good life and peace and harmony between the people and the powers. Frith is an obsolete English word meaning "peace freedom from molestation protection safety security"

Dates

The autumn blót was performed in the middle of October, the great Midwinter blót, or Yule, at the December solstice. The winter solstice occurs at the instant when the Sun 's position in the sky is at its greatest angular distance on the other side of the equatorial plane from the Yule is a winter festival historically celebrated primarily in northern Europe but now celebrated in many other countries in various forms The winter solstice occurs at the instant when the Sun 's position in the sky is at its greatest angular distance on the other side of the equatorial plane from the The dark winter was a harsh time for the people of Scandinavia, and special means had to be undertaken to help nature pass the critical phase. Freyr was the most important god at the Midwinter and autumn blót, and Christmas ham (the pig was for Freyr) is still a main Christmas course in parts of Scandinavia. "Frey" redirects here For other uses of Frey and Freyr, see Frey (disambiguation. A Christmas Ham or Yule Ham is a traditional dish associated with modern Christmas, Yule and Scandinavian Jul. The Summer blót was undertaken in April at the vernal equinox and it was given to Odin. An equinox is the event of the Sun passing over the Earth's equator in its annual cycle Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. Then, they drank for victory in war and this blót was the starting date for Viking expeditions and wars.

For the early Anglo-Saxons, this was usually undertaken in November, known as blótmónað, as this later Old English passage points out:

Se mónaþ is nemned on Léden Novembris, and on úre geþeóde blótmónaþ, forðon úre yldran, ðá hý hǽðene wǽron, on ðam mónþe hý bleóton á, ðæt is, ðæt hý betǽhton and benémdon hyra deófolgyldum ða neát ða ðe hý woldon syllan. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south

Which Joseph Bosworth translates: "This month is called Novembris in Latin, and in our language the month of sacrifice, because our forefathers, when they were heathens, always sacrificed in this month, that is, that they took and devoted to their idols the cattle which they wished to offer. Joseph Bosworth ( 1789 - May 27, 1876) English scholar of Anglo-Saxon language and Anglo-Saxon literature, was born in " [1]

Locations

A building where the blót took place was called a hov (cf. German Hof) and there are many place names derived from this in e. g. Scania, West Götaland and East Götaland. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( is one of the 25 traditional non-administrative Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish situated in the southwest of Sweden. Östergötland is a one of the traditional Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish) in the south of Sweden. In the process of Christianizing the landscape churches were usually built on such hovs, and excavations at the medieval churches of Mære in Trøndelag and at Old Uppsala testify to this. The historical phenomenon of Christianization (or Christianisation &mdash see spelling differences) the conversion of individuals to Christianity Trøndelag is the name of a geographical region in the central part of Norway, consisting of the two counties Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag. Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden.

There were also other sacred places called Hörgr, Ve, Lund and Haug. In Norse paganism, hörgr (plural hörgar) was a type of Altar, constructed of piled stones Horgr means "cairn" or "mountain". A cairn ( carn in Irish is an artificial pile of stones often in a conical form Lund means "Sacred grove" and Ve simply "sacred place". A major event leading to the eventual formation of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, took place in what is commonly referred to within the Church as The The Christian laws forbade worshipping haug and consequently the mounds of the ancestors. A mound is a general term for an artificial heaped Pile of Earth, Gravel, Sand, rocks

Denmark

Lejre

The German historian Thietmar of Merseburg wrote that the Daner had their main cult centre on Zealand at Lejre, where they gathered every nine years and sacrificed 99 people but also horses, dogs and hens. Zealand (also Sealand Danish: Sjælland;) is the largest Island (7031 km² of Denmark (excluding Greenland Lejre is a town and municipality ( Danish, kommune) on the island of Zealand in east Denmark. However, there is no archaeological support for this.

Norway

Mære

Snorri Sturluson relates of a meeting between the peasants of Trøndelag and king Haakon I of Norway, a meeting which ended in a religious feud centered around the blót. Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian poet and politician Trøndelag is the name of a geographical region in the central part of Norway, consisting of the two counties Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag. Haakon I ( Old Norse: Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri, Norwegian: Håkon Adalsteinsfostre) (c Haakon was raised at the Christian English court and had returned to claim the throne of his father Harald Fairhair (the unifier of Norway) and intended to Christianize the country. Harald Fairhair or Harald Finehair ( Old Norse: Haraldr hárfagri, Norwegian: Harald Hårfagre) (c In spite of the fact that the peasants had elected Haakon king at the Ting they opposed his religious ideas. See also Medieval Scandinavian laws A thing or ting ( Old Norse, Old English and Icelandic: þing; other modern

It was an old custom, that when there was to be sacrifice all the bondes [freeholders] should come to the spot where the temple stood and bring with them all that they required while the festival of the sacrifice lasted. To this festival all the men brought ale with them; and all kinds of cattle, as well as horses, were slaughtered, and all the blood that came from them was called "hlaut", and the vessels in which it was collected were called hlaut-vessels. Hlaut-staves were made, like sprinkling brushes, with which the whole of the altars and the temple walls, both outside and inside, were sprinkled over, and also the people were sprinkled with the blood; but the flesh was boiled into savoury meat for those present. The fire was in the middle of the floor of the temple, and over it hung the kettles, and the full goblets were handed across the fire; and he who made the feast, and was a chief, blessed the full goblets, and all the meat of the sacrifice. And first Odin's goblet was emptied for victory and power to his king; thereafter, Niord's and Freyja's goblets for peace and a good season. Then it was the custom of many to empty the brage-goblet (1); and then the guests emptied a goblet to the memory of departed friends, called the remembrance goblet. [2]

During this ceremony, the king also had to participate, although he was a Christian, and he had to drink of the mead that was offered and consecrated for Odin, Njord and Freyja. Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. Njörðr is a Vanir god in Norse mythology. In surviving sources Njörðr is the father of the major deities Freyr and Freyja by his unnamed Freyja (sometimes anglicized as Freya) is a major goddess in Norse Paganism, a subset of Germanic Paganism. The peasants also wanted him to eat of the meat, but he only gaped over the handle of the cauldron and held a linen cloth between his mouth and the meat. The peasants were not at all satisfied with a king who would not participate fully in the blót. The King had however, been seriously humiliated and later he converted to the old faith. The tradition says that he was buried in the old ways.

Sweden

Gotland

The Gutasaga relates of the blót on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea:

Firi þan tima oc lengi eptir siþan. The Gutasaga is a saga treating the history of Gotland before its Christianization. is a county, province and municipality of Sweden and the largest Island in the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Troþu menn a hult. oc a hauga. wi. oc. stafgarþa. oc a haiþin guþ. blotaþu þair synnum oc dydrum sinum Oc fileþi. miþ matj oc mundgati. þet gierþu þair eptir wantro sinnj. land alt. hafþi sir hoystu blotan miþ fulki. ellar hafþi huer þriþiungr. sir. En smeri þing hafþu mindri blotan meþ fileþi. matj. Oc mungati. sum haita suþnautar. þi et þair suþu allir saman.

Before this time, and a long time thereafter, they believed in groves and barrows, sanctuaries, and sacred enclosures and in the pagan gods. They sacrificed (for?) their sons, daughters and cattle, and practiced blót with food and drink. This they did due to their superstition. The whole country (the althing) had the largest blót with sacrifice of people, otherwise every trithing had its blót and smaller things had smaller blót with cattle, food and drinks. They were called food-, or cooking-brethren, because they prepared the meals together.

Trollkyrka

Main article: Trollkyrka

In the forest of Tiveden, Sweden, local tradition presents a poem describing what appears to have been the last larger blót at a mountain called Trollkyrka, perhaps as late as the 19th century. Trollkyrka (" Troll 's church" ( is a secluded Butte -like rock in the heart of the National Park of Tiveden, Sweden, which served as Tiveden is a Swedish Forest, famous for its scenery and throughout history notorious for its wilderness and dangers historically a hiding place for "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Trollkyrka (" Troll 's church" ( is a secluded Butte -like rock in the heart of the National Park of Tiveden, Sweden, which served as The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar It also shows that the farmers in the area still knew how to perform such a rite.

Lines 12-18:

Elden den "köllas" av nio slags ved,	The fire is lit by nine kinds of wood,
det är gammal sed.	that is the old custom.
Offer till andarna skänkes,	A sacrifice is offered [to the spirits],
med blodet sig alla bestänkes.	everyone is sprinkled with the blood.
Det bästa till andar föräras,	The best part is gifted to spirits,
det som blir över skall av männen förtäras.	what remains is to be consumed by the men.

Note that blood is sprinkled on the participants and that the best parts are given to the spirits whereas the participants eat the remainder themselves, compare with Mære, Norway. The blót ( Old Norse plural same as singular refers to Norse pagan sacrifice to the Norse gods and Elves. The information that nine kinds of wood were used to light the fire is only found in this poem, but it fits very well the significance of the number nine in Norse mythology, and may simply have been overlooked by medieval sources.

Uppsala

Main articles: Old Uppsala and Temple at Uppsala. Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. The Temple at Uppsala was a religious site in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala near modern Uppsala, Sweden, that was created to worship the Norse gods

The German chronicler Adam of Bremen has described how it was done at the Temple at Uppsala at Old Uppsala in Sweden, ca 1070:

Thor was the most powerful god and ruled over thunder and lightning, wind and rain, sunshine and crops. Adam of Bremen (also Adam Bremensis) was one of the most important German Medieval Chroniclers He lived and worked in the second half of the The Temple at Uppsala was a religious site in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala near modern Uppsala, Sweden, that was created to worship the Norse gods Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Thor ( Old Norse: Þórr) is the red-haired and bearded God of Thunder in Germanic paganism and its subset Norse paganism He sat in the centre with a hammer(Mjolnir) in his hand, and on each side were Odin, the god of war, in full armour and Frey, the god of peace and love, attributed with an enormous erect phallus. Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. "Frey" redirects here For other uses of Frey and Freyr, see Frey (disambiguation. The word phallus can refer to an erect Penis, or to an object shaped like a penis All the pagan gods have their priests who offer them the people's sacrifices. If there is disease or famine, they sacrifice to Thor, if war to Odin and if weddings to Frey. Thor ( Old Norse: Þórr) is the red-haired and bearded God of Thunder in Germanic paganism and its subset Norse paganism Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. "Frey" redirects here For other uses of Frey and Freyr, see Frey (disambiguation.

Every ninth year there is a blót of nine days, a common feast for everyone in Sweden. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Then they sacrifice nine males of each species, even men, and the bodies are hung from the branches of a grove near the temple. No one is exempt from this blót and everyone sends gifts to the shrine, even the kings. Those who are Christian have to pay a fee not to take part in the blót.

Adam of Bremen considered this financial penalty to be very harsh. Adam of Bremen (also Adam Bremensis) was one of the most important German Medieval Chroniclers He lived and worked in the second half of the

It is possible that the last nine-day blót was performed in 1078. The Temple at Uppsala was probably destroyed by king Ingold I in 1087. The Temple at Uppsala was a religious site in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala near modern Uppsala, Sweden, that was created to worship the Norse gods Inge Stenkilsson ( Old Norse Ingi Steinkelsson) was a King of Sweden. For quite some time there had been civil war between Christians and pagans every nine years, and this was the year of the last battle.

According to Snorri, there was a main blót at the Temple at Uppsala in February, the Dísablót, during which they sacrificed for peace and for the victories of the king. Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian poet and politician The Dísablót was the Blót (sacrificial holiday which was held in honour of the female powers called Dísir (they include the Norns ref name="nordisk">The The blót was also performed to see how large the next harvest would be. Then the Thing of all Swedes was held and there was a grand fair, the Disting. Thing of all Swedes ( allra Svía þing, Þing allra Svía, or Disaþing, Kyndilþing) was the thing (general assembly which was held The Disting is an annual market which is held in Uppsala, Sweden, since pre-historic times The Disting survived Christianity, and the tradition has never been interrupted. The fair is still held every first Tuesday in February in Uppsala, even though the date has sometimes been moved within the month. Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of In 1968, the tradition of discussing official matters was resumed. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In the year 2000, the blót were resumed at Old Uppsala after more than 900 years, by the Swedish Ásatrúar. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. is Ásatrú ( Icelandic for " Æsir faith" auːsatruː in Old Norse; Norwegian Åsatru, Swedish

Elven blót

Main article: álfablót

The Elven blót was small scale and was celebrated at the homestead and led by its mistress. The Álfablót or the Elven sacrifice was a pagan Scandinavian sacrifice to the elves towards the end of autumn when the crops had Not much is known about these rites, since they were surrounded by secrecy and strangers were not welcome during the time of the rituals. However, since the elves were collective powers closely connected with the ancestors some assume that it had to do with the ancestor cult and the life force of the family. An elf is a creature of Norse mythology. The elves were originally imagined as a race of minor nature and fertility gods, who are often pictured as youthful-seeming

In Austrfaravísur, Sigvatr Þorðarson, the skald of Olaf II of Norway has related an event connected with the blót. Austrfararvísur "East Journey Verses" is a skaldic poem composed by the Icelandic Skald Sigvatr Þórðarson in the 1020s Sigvatr Þórðarson (Thordarson or Sigvat the Skald was a court poet to the kings Olaf II of Norway, Canute the Great, Magnus the Good and The skald was a member of a group of Poets whose courtly poetry (Icelandic dróttkvæði) is associated with the courts of Scandinavian and Icelandic Once, Sigvat and his men arrived at a farm in Sweden late at night. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. They were glad and expected to be received according to the laws of hospitality. However, they were rejected and were offered neither food nor sleeping quarters. The mistress said that they were having the Elfen blót and strangers were not welcome, especially not Christians.

In addition to this, Kormáks saga accounts for how a sacrifice to elves was apparently believed able to heal a severe battle wound:

Þorvarð healed but slowly; and when he could get on his feet he went to see Þorðís, and asked her what was best to help his healing. Kormáks saga is one of the Icelanders' sagas. It tells of the 10th century Icelandic poet Kormákr Ögmundarson, and Steingerðr the love of

"A hill there is," answered she, "not far away from here, where elves have their haunt. Now get you the bull that Kormák killed, and redden the outer side of the hill with its blood, and make a feast for the elves with its flesh. Then thou wilt be healed. "

Skålgropar, a particular kind of petroglyph found in Scandinavia, were known in older times as älvkvarnar (elven mills), pointing to their believed usage. Petroglyphs are Images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising pecking carving and abrading One could appease the elves by offering them a treat (preferably butter) placed into an elven mill -- perhaps a custom with roots in the Old Norse álfablót. Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk.

Völse blót

The Völse was the penis of a stallion, and the rites surrounding it are described in Völsa þáttr. Völsa þáttr is a short story which is only extant in the Flatey Book, where it is found in a chapter of Óláfs saga helga. It was taken from a stallion during the autumn butchering, and it is said that the mistress of the homestead considered it to be her god, and kept it in a coffin together with linen and onions. In the evening everybody gathered in the main building. Even the thralls and the farmers' daughter and son took part in the sacred rite. A thrall ( Þræll; Þír, f) was a variety of slave in Scandinavian culture during the Viking Age.

The mistress presented the penis from the coffin, greeted it with a prayer, and let it pass from person to person. Everybody greeted it with the religious phrase May Mörnir receive the holy sacrifice!. The strange word Mornir probably means female Jotuns, because in Haustlöng faðir mörna is used as a kenning for Jotun. A jötunn, sometimes anglicized as jotun (pronounced yotun is a giant in Norse mythology, a member of a race of nature spirits with superhuman strength Haustlöng ( Old Norse "autumn-long" is a skaldic poem composed around the beginning of the 10th century A kenning ( Old Norse kenning, Modern Icelandic pronunciation) is a Circumlocution used instead of an ordinary Noun in Old Norse The rite may have represented a marriage between Völse and a female Jotun, i. e. Frey and Gerd. "Frey" redirects here For other uses of Frey and Freyr, see Frey (disambiguation. Gerðr is a Jötunn in Norse Mythology most well known as the wife of the Norse god Freyr. It is obvious, however, that the rite concerned fertility and that even the giantesses were worshiped with special rituals.

Modern cultural influence

As with many aspects of Norse paganism, remnants survive to this day amongst the Scandinavian peoples.

Scandinavian Christmas

Every Christmas in Scandinavia people traditionally have the Christmas porridge. The whole family is gathered around the table. Still, in many homes, an extra bowl of porridge is served and carried outdoors, because this is a meal shared with the guardian of the homestead, the tomte/nisse, a land wight. This article is about the mythical creature tomte For the band see Tomte (band. Wight: from Old English word wiht, is a Middle English word used to describe a Creature or a living being In the old days, it was believed that he would leave the homestead if he was not served, an event which would lead to ruin, and so this blót has survived until today in the privacy of the homes.

In Neopaganism

Modern adherents of the reconstructionist religions Theodism and Ásatrú continue to practice the ritual of blót, which is one of the most important ritual observances of their religion, in addition to symbel. Polytheistic reconstructionism, or simply Reconstructionism, is an approach to Neopaganism first emerging in the late 1960s to early 1970s and gatherig momentum Theodism, or Þēodisc Gelēafa ( Old English: "tribal belief" is a North American variant of Germanic Neopaganism which seeks to is Ásatrú ( Icelandic for " Æsir faith" auːsatruː in Old Norse; Norwegian Åsatru, Swedish See Symbel (band for the British band Symbel ( OE) or sumbel ( ON) was an important Germanic drinking

See also

• Germanic neopaganism
• weoh
• hearg
• lác
• laguz

External links

• Knowst How to Blot
• Definition of Blót - Zöega dict.
• Blót explained according to Heithni

References

• Steinsland, G. & Meulengracht Sørensen, P. (1998): Människor och makter i vikingarnas värld. ISBN 9173245917
• Näsström, Britt-Mari (Oslo 2001): Blot. Tro og offer i det førkristne Norden. ISBN 82-530-2146-1

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