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Bituminous coal
Bituminous coal

Bituminous coal is a relatively soft coal containing a tarlike substance called bitumen. Bitumen is a mixture of organic Liquids that are highly Viscous, black sticky entirely soluble in Carbon disulfide, and composed primarily It is of higher quality than lignite coal but poorer quality than anthracite coal. Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, or Rosebud coal by Northern Pacific Railroad, is a soft brown fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere Anthracite ( Greek Ανθρακίτης literally "a type of coal" from Anthrax, coal is a hard compact variety of mineral Coal that has a high

Bituminous coal is an organic sedimentary rock formed by diagenetic and submetamorphic compression of peat bog material. Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter.

Bituminous coal has been compressed and heated so that its primary constituents are the macerals vitrinite, exinite, etc. A maceral is a component of Coal or Oil shale. The term 'maceral' in reference to coal is analogous to the use of the term ' Mineral ' in reference to Vitrinite is one of the primary components of Coals and most sedimentary Kerogens Vitrinite is a type of Maceral, where "macerals" are organic Formerly in coal geology exinite was an umbrella term used when referring to the finely-ground and macrerated remains originally formed by Spores, Pollen The carbon content of bituminous coal is around 60-80%; the rest is composed of water, air, hydrogen, and sulfur, which have not been driven off from the macerals. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 A maceral is a component of Coal or Oil shale. The term 'maceral' in reference to coal is analogous to the use of the term ' Mineral ' in reference to

The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from 21 million to 30 million Btu/ton (24 to 35 MJ/kg) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis.

Bituminous coal is usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material. Bituminous coal seams are stratigraphically identified by the distinctive sequence of bright and dark bands and are classified accordingly as either "dull, bright-banded" or "bright, dull-banded" and so on.

Bank Density is approximately 1346 kg/m³ (84 lb/ft³). Bulk density typically runs 833 kg/m³ (52 lb/ft³).

Contents

Uses

Bituminous coals are graded according to vitrinite reflectance, moisture content, volatile content, plasticity and ash content. Volatility in the context of Chemistry, Physics and Thermodynamics is a measure of the tendency of a substance to Vaporize. Generally, the highest value bituminous coals are those which have a specific grade of plasticity, volatility and low ash content, especially with low carbonate, phosphorus and sulfur. In Chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or Ester of Carbonic acid. Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16

Plasticity is vital for coking and steel-making, where the coal has to behave in a manner which allows it to mix with the iron oxides during smelting. Coke is a solid Carbonaceous material derived from Destructive distillation of low-ash low-sulfur Bituminous coal. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Low phosphorus content is vital for these coals, as phosphorus is a highly deleterious (damaging) element in steel making.

Coking coal is best if it has a very narrow range of volatility and plasticity. Coke is a solid Carbonaceous material derived from Destructive distillation of low-ash low-sulfur Bituminous coal. This is measured by the Free Swelling Index test. Tar content, volatile content and swelling index are used to select coals for coke blending.

Volatility is also critical for steel-making and power generation, as this determines the burn rate of the coal. High volatile content coals, while easy to ignite often are not as prized as moderately volatile coals; low volatile coal may be difficult to ignite although it will contain more energy per unit volume. The smelter must balance the volatile content of the coals to optimize the ease of ignition, burn rate, and energy output of the coal.

Low ash, sulfur, and carbonate coals are prized for power generation because they do not produce much boiler slag and they do not require as much effort to scrub the flue gases to remove particulate matter. Slag is the By-product of Smelting Ore to purify Metals They can be considered to be a mixture of metal Oxides however Carbonates are deleterious as they readily stick to the boiler apparatus. Sulfide contents are also deleterious in some fashion as this sulfur is emitted and can form smog, acid rain and haze pollution. Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure Again, scrubbers on the flue gases aim to eliminate particulate and sulfur emissions.

Coking coal

When used for many industrial processes, bituminous coal must first be "coked" to remove volatile components. Coke is a solid Carbonaceous material derived from Destructive distillation of low-ash low-sulfur Bituminous coal. Coking is achieved by heating the coal in the absence of oxygen, which drives off volatile hydrocarbons such as propane, benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons, and some sulfur gases. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Propane is a three- Carbon Alkane, normally a gas but compressible to a liquid that is transportable Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 This also drives off a considerable amount of the contained water of the bituminous coal.

Coking coal is used in the manufacture of steel, where carbon must be as volatile-free and ash-free as possible. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0

Jurassic coals

Extensive but low-value coals of Jurassic age extend through the Surat Basin in Australia, formed in an intracratonic sag basin, and contain evidence of dinosaur activity in the numerous ash plies. The Surat Basin is a part of the Great Artesian Basin of Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. These coals are exploited in Queensland from the Walloon Coal Measures which are up to 15m thick of sub-bituminous to bituminous coals suited for coking, steam-raising and oil cracking. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent

Triassic coals

Coals of Triassic age are known from the Clarence-Moreton and Ipswich Basins, near Ipswich, Australia and the Esk Trough. The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago Ipswich ( ˈɪpswɪtʃ is a Non-metropolitan district and the County town of Suffolk, England on the Estuary of the River Orwell For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Coals of this era are rare, and many contain fossils of flowering plants. Some of the best coking coals are Australian Triassic coals, although most economic deposits have been worked out.

Permian coals

The second largest deposits of the world's bituminous coal are contained within Permian strata in Russia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Australian deposits in the Bowen Basin in Queensland, the Sydney Basin and Perth Basin are Permian coal, where thicknesses in excess of 300 m are known. The Bowen Basin contains the largest Coal reserve in Australia. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent The Sydney Basin is a Sedimentary basin on the east coast of New South Wales, Australia consisting of Permian and Triassic Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. Current reserves and resources are projected to last for over 200 years.

Australia exports the vast majority of its coal for coking and steel making in Japan. Certain Australian coals are the best in the world for these purposes, requiring little to no blending. Some bituminous coals from the Permian and Triassic in Australia are also the most suitable for cracking into oil. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit

Vast deposits of oil shale exist in the Permian sediments of Queensland.

Carboniferous coals

Much North American coal was created when swamps created organic material faster than it could decay, before the orogenies that created the Appalachian Mountains during the Carboniferous period, which is subdivided in American literature into the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian subperiods after the two main coal-bearing time periods. Orogeny (Greek for "mountain generating" is the process of natural Mountain building and may be studied as a tectonic structural event as a geographical event and The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 The Pennsylvanian is a subperiod of the Carboniferous period lasting from roughly   to  Ma (million years ago

Bituminous coal is mined in the Appalachian region, primarily for power generation. Appalachia is a term used to describe a region in the eastern United States that stretches from southern New York state to northern Alabama, Mining is done via both surface and underground mines. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Pocahontas bituminous coal at one time fueled half the world's navies and today stokes steel mills and power plants all over the globe. The Norfolk and Western Railway ( N&W), a US Class I railroad, was formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982

While coal mining is an important part of Appalachia's economy, many miners are afflicted with black lung disease. Black lung disease, also known as coal workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP is caused by long exposure to coal dust.

See also

External links

This page is intended as a list of all rock types A Amphibolite Andesite Anorthosite Anthracite Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, or Rosebud coal by Northern Pacific Railroad, is a soft brown fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere Anthracite ( Greek Ανθρακίτης literally "a type of coal" from Anthrax, coal is a hard compact variety of mineral Coal that has a high The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. The Bowen Basin contains the largest Coal reserve in Australia. Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particular physical and chemical properties of coals West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Georges Creek Valley is located in Allegany County Maryland along the George's Creek tributary stream The Big Vein refers to a 14-foot thick seam of Bituminous coal discovered in the Georges Creek Valley in the US in the early 19th century David Thomas Ansted ( February 5, 1814 – May 13, 1880) was an English Geologist and Author. Henry Huttleston Rogers ( January 29 1840 &ndash May 19 1909) was a United States capitalist, Businessman Building the Virginian Railway began as a project to create an -long Short line railroad to provide access for shipping of untapped Bituminous coal reserves in southern William Barton Rogers (1804-1882 is best known for setting down the founding principles advocating for and finally incorporating the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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