Ewer from Iran, dated 1180-1210. A pitcher is a container with a spout used for pouring its contents For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Composed of brass worked in repoussé and inlaid with silver and bitumen. Repoussé (ʀəpuse)or repoussage ʀəpusaʒ is a Metalworking technique in which a Malleable Metal NY Metropolitan Museum.

Bitumen is a mixture of organic liquids that are highly viscous, black, sticky, entirely soluble in carbon disulfide, and composed primarily of highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH s are Chemical compounds that consist of fused Aromatic rings and do not contain Heteroatoms or

Naturally occurring or crude bitumen is a sticky, tar-like form of petroleum which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow. Tar is a viscous black Liquid derived from the Destructive distillation of organic matter Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit At room temperature, it is much like cold molasses. Molasses or Treacle is a thick Syrup by-product from the processing of the Sugarcane or Sugar beet into Sugar. ^[1] Refined bitumen is the residual (bottom) fraction obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil. Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions such as in separating Chemical compounds by their Boiling point by heating Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit It is the heaviest fraction and the one with the highest boiling point, boiling at 525 °C (977 °F).

In British English, the word 'asphalt' refers to a mixture of mineral aggregate and bitumen (or tarmac in common parlance). British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Asphalt ( is a sticky black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude Petroleums and in some natural deposits sometimes termed asphaltum Tarmac (short for tarmacadam, a Portmanteau for Tar -penetration Macadam) is a type of highway surface, pioneered by John The word 'tar' refers to the black viscous material obtained from the destructive distillation of coal and is chemically distinct from bitumen. In American English, bitumen is referred to as 'asphalt' or 'asphalt cement' in engineering jargon. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and For Wikipedia jargon see WikipediaGlossary. For hacker slang see Jargon File. In Australian English, bitumen is sometimes used as the generic term for road surfaces. Australian English ( AuE, AusE, en-AU) is the form of the English language used in Australia. In Canadian English, the word bitumen is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil,^[2] while asphalt is used for the oil refinery product used to pave roads and manufacture roof shingles. Canadian English ( CanE, en-CA) is the variety of English used in Canada. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline Roof shingles are a roof covering consisting of individual overlapping elements Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as dilbit in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen upgraded to synthetic crude oil is known as syncrude and syncrude blended with bitumen as synbit. Naphtha normally refers to a number of different flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons i Dilbit is short for diluted Bitumen. Typically 50% bitumen diluted with 50% Naphtha. Synthetic crude is the output from a bitumen/extra heavy oil Upgrader facility used in connection with Oil sand production Syncrude Canada Ltd is the world's largest producer of Synthetic crude oil from Oil sands and the largest single source producer in Canada. ^[3]

Most bitumens contain sulfur and several heavy metals such as nickel, vanadium, lead, chromium, mercury and also arsenic, selenium, and other toxic elements. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Selenium (səˈliniəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic number 34 represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78 Bitumens can provide good preservation of plants and animal fossils.

Uses

The University of Queensland Pitch drop experiment, demonstrating the viscosity of bitumen. The University of Queensland (UQ is one of Australia's premier learning and research institutions The pitch drop experiment is a long-term Experiment which measures the flow of a piece of pitch over many years Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress.

Bitumen is primarily used for paving roads. Its other uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including the use of bitumen in the production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs. Bituminous roofing and waterproofing membranes Bituminous waterproofing systems are designed to protect residential and commercial buildings Tar paper is a heavy-duty Paper used in Construction. Tar paper is made by impregnating paper with Tar, producing a Waterproof material useful

Naturally occurring crude bitumen is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from tar sands currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres^[2] (an area larger than England), giving it the second largest proven oil reserves in the world. Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions The Athabasca oil sands is the largest bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in-situ methods. The Athabasca Oil Sands (also known as the Athabasca Tar Sands) are large deposits of Bitumen, or extremely Heavy crude oil, located in northeastern Surface mining is a type of Mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit are removed In situ (ɪn siːˈtuː is a Latin phrase meaning in the place. Because of oil price increases since 2003, upgrading bitumen to synthetic crude oil has become highly profitable. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit As of 2006 Canadian crude bitumen production averaged about 1. 1 million barrels (170,000 m³) per day and was projected to rise to 4. 4 million barrels (700,000 m³) per day by 2020. ^[3] The total amount of crude bitumen in Alberta which could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels (50×10⁹ m³),^[4] which at a rate of 4. 4 million barrels per day would last about 200 years.

In the past, bitumen was used to waterproof boats, and even as a coating for buildings with some additives. A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it The Greek historian Herodotus said hot bitumen was used as mortar in the walls of Babylon. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq ^[5] It is also possible that the city of Carthage was easily burnt due to extensive use of bitumen in construction. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers

Vessels for the heating of bitumen or bituminous compounds are usually subject to specific conditions in public liability insurance policies, similar to those required for blow torches, welders, and flame-cutting equipment. ^[6]

Bitumen was also used in early photographic technology. It was most notably used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in the first picture ever taken. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce ( March 7, 1765 &ndash July 5, 1833) was a French Inventor, most noted as the inventor of The bitumen used in his experiments were smeared on pewter plates and then exposed to light, thus making a black and white image. Pewter is a Metal Alloy, traditionally between 85 and 99 percent Tin, with the remainder consisting of Copper and Antimony, acting

Thin bitumen plates are sometimes used by computer enthusiasts for silencing computer cases or noisy computer parts such as the hard drive. Bitumen layers are baked onto the outside of high end dishwashers to provide sound insulation.

Bitumen alternatives

The world has become increasingly concerned over the global climate change thought to be caused by greenhouse gases, chief among them anthropogenic carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere from burning carbon fuels. Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single This has led to the introduction of bitumen alternatives that are more environmentally friendly and non toxic. Bitumen can now be made from non-petroleum based renewable resources such as sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches. Molasses or Treacle is a thick Syrup by-product from the processing of the Sugarcane or Sugar beet into Sugar. Bitumen can also be made from waste material by fractional distillation of used motor oils, which is sometimes disposed by burning or dumping into land fills. Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions such as in separating Chemical compounds by their Boiling point by heating An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Non-petroleum based bitumen binders can be made light-colored. Roads made with lighter-colored pitch absorb less heat from solar radiation, and become less hot than darker surfaces, reducing their contribution to the urban heat island effect. An urban heat island ( UHI) is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas ^[7]

Geologic origin

Naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae and other once-living things. Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms These organisms died and their remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where they lived. Under the heat and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum. In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface Kerogen is a mixture of organic Chemical compounds that make up a portion of the organic matter in Sedimentary rocks It is insoluble in normal organic Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit As bitumens are also found in meteorites and Archean rocks it is possible that some bitumens are primordial material formed during accretion of the Earth and reworked by bacteria that consume hydrocarbons. A meteorite is a natural object originating in Outer space that survives an impact with the Earth 's surface In Astrophysics, the term accretion is used for at least two distinct processes Bitumens are associated with lead-zinc mineralizations in Mississippi Valley type deposits. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc ore deposits are important and highly valuable concentrations of lead and zinc sulfide Ores hosted within carbonate ( Limestone

Notes

1. ^ Oil Sands - Glossary. Oil Sands Royalty Guidelines. Government of Alberta (2008). Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
2. ^ ^{a b} What is Oil Sands. Alberta Energy (2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
3. ^ ^{a b} 2007 Canadian Crude Oil Forecast and Market Outlook. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (June 2007). Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
4. ^ ST98-2007: Alberta’s Energy Reserves 2006 and Supply/Demand Outlook. Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board (2007). Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
5. ^ Herodotus, Book I, 179
6. ^ NIG Liability Insurance Proposal & Prospectus (PDF). Primo Plc Insurance Brokers (2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
7. ^ http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/ EPA

See also

• Asphalt#Alternatives
• Asphaltene
• Bitumen-based fuel
• Bituminous coal
• Bituminous rocks
• Oil sands
• Pitch (resin)

External links

• United Nations Environment Program