| Ancient Region of Anatolia Bithynia (Βιθυνία) |
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| Location | Northern Anatolia |
| State existed: | 297-74 BC |
| Nation | Bithyni, Thyni |
| Historical capitals | Nicomedia, Nicaea |
| Roman province | Bithynia |
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Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Bithyni were a Thracian tribe who along with the Thyni, migrated to Bithynia in Anatolia - a region which they gave their name to The Thyni were a Thracian tribe who along with the Bithyni, migrated to the lands that would later be known as Thynia and Bithynia in Anatolia Nicomedia ( Greek: Νικομήδεια modern İzmit) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The article is about the geographic sense of the term For other uses including Regions and Regional, see Region (disambiguation. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey
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Description
Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara): Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius and Apamea. The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian Nicomedia ( Greek: Νικομήδεια modern İzmit) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens For the Ecumenical Council of 451 see Council of Chalcedon; For the religious/political organization see Chalcedon Foundation. Cius-Kios ( Greek: Kίος, or Kείος, also Transliterated as Kios and Keios, and later Prusa, Prusias Bithynia also contained Nicaea, most famous for being the birthplace of the Nicene Creed. The Nicene Creed (ˈnaɪsiːn is an ecumenical Christian statement of faith accepted in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of
According to Strabo Bithynia was bounded on the east by the river Sangarius (modern Sakarya river), but the more commonly received division extended it to the Parthenius, which separated it from Paphlagonia, thus comprising the district inhabited by the Mariandyni. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The Sakarya ( Greek Σαγγάριος, Latinized as Sangarius) is a River in Asia Minor. Geography The greater part of Paphlagonia is a rugged mountainous country but it contains fertile valleys and produces a great abundance of hazelnuts and fruit – particularly plums On the west and southwest it was separated from Mysia by the river Rhyndacus; and on the south it adjoined Phrygia, Epictetus and Galatia. Mysia (Μυσία was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor or Anatolia (part of modern Turkey) In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. Epictetus ( Greek:; ca 55&ndashca 135 was a Greek Stoic philosopher. Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey.
It is occupied by mountains and forests, but has valleys and coastal districts of great fertility. The most important mountain range is the (so-called) "Mysian" Olympus (7600 ft. , 2300 m), which towers above Bursa and is clearly visible as far away as Istanbul (70 miles, 113 km). Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Its summits are covered with snow for a great part of the year.
East of this the range extends for more than 100 miles (160 km), from the Sakarya to Paphlagonia. The Sakarya ( Greek Σαγγάριος, Latinized as Sangarius) is a River in Asia Minor. Geography The greater part of Paphlagonia is a rugged mountainous country but it contains fertile valleys and produces a great abundance of hazelnuts and fruit – particularly plums Both of these ranges are part of the border of mountains which bounds the great tableland of Anatolia,Turkey. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The broad tract which projects towards the west as far as the shores of the Bosporus, though hilly and covered with forests - the Turkish Ağaç Denizi, or "The Ocean of Trees" - is not traversed by any mountain chain. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The west coast is indented by two deep inlets, the northernmost, the Gulf of İzmit (ancient Gulf of Astacus), penetrating between 40 and 50 miles (65-80 km) into the interior as far as İzmit (ancient Nicomedia), separated by an isthmus of only about 25 miles (40 km) from the Black Sea; and the Gulf of Mudanya or Gemlik (Gulf of Cius), about 25 miles (40 km) long. The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian İzmit (ancient Nicomedia) is a city in Turkey, administrative center of Kocaeli Province as well as the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality Nicomedia ( Greek: Νικομήδεια modern İzmit) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Mudanya ( Mudania, Greek: Μουδανιά (the site of ancient Apamea Myrlea) is a town and district of Bursa Province in the Marmara Gemlik is a harbor town bordering the Sea of Marmara in Western Turkey, at approximately 29 kilometres from Bursa and not far from Istanbul. At its extremity is situated the small town of Gemlik (ancient Cius) at the mouth of a valley, communicating with the lake of Iznik, on which was situated Nicaea. Cius-Kios ( Greek: Kίος, or Kείος, also Transliterated as Kios and Keios, and later Prusa, Prusias
The principal rivers are the Sakarya which traverses the province from south to north; the Rhyndacus, which separated it from Mysia; and the Billaeus (Filiyas), which rises in the Aladağ, about 50 miles (80 km) from the sea, and after flowing by modern Bolu (ancient Bithynion-Claudiopolis) falls into the Euxine, close to the ruins of the ancient Tium, about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Heraclea Pontica (the modern Karadeniz Ereğli), having a course of more than 100 miles (160 km). The Sakarya ( Greek Σαγγάριος, Latinized as Sangarius) is a River in Asia Minor. Bolu ( Greek: Βιθύνιον /Vithinion Latin Bithynium or Claudiopolis) is a town in Turkey, and administrative center Heraclea Pontica ( Greek: Ηράκλεια Ποντική modern day Karadeniz Ereğli, in the Zonguldak Province of Turkey, on the Black Karadeniz Ereğli is a city and district in Zonguldak Province of Turkey, on the Black Sea shore at the mouth of the Kılıçsu River. The Parthenius (modern Bartın), the eastern boundary of the province, is a much less considerable stream. Bartın is the provincial capital of Turkey 's Bartın Province.
The valleys towards the Black Sea abound in fruit trees of all kinds, such as oranges, while the valley of the Sangarius and the plains near Bursa and Iznik (Nicaea) are fertile and well cultivated. Extensive plantations of mulberry trees supply the silk for which Bursa has long been celebrated, and which is manufactured there on a large scale.
History
According to ancient authors (Herodotus,[1] Xenophon, Strabo, etc. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Xenophon (Ancient Greek, Modern Greek "Ξενοφών" "Ξενοφώντας" ca ), the Bithynians were an immigrant Thracian tribe. "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity The existence of a tribe called Thyni in Thrace is well attested, and the two cognate tribes of the Thyni and Bithyni appear to have settled simultaneously in the adjoining parts of Asia, where they expelled or subdued the Mysians, Caucones and other minor tribes, the Mariandyni maintaining themselves in the northeast. The Thyni were a Thracian tribe who along with the Bithyni, migrated to the lands that would later be known as Thynia and Bithynia in Anatolia The Mysians (Mysi were the inhabitants of Mysia, a region in northwestern Asia Minor. The Caucones (or Kaukones) were an Autochthonous tribe of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) Herodotus mentions that the tribe Thyni and Bithyni as existing side by side; but ultimately the latter must have become the more important, as they gave their name to the country. The Bithyni were a Thracian tribe who along with the Thyni, migrated to Bithynia in Anatolia - a region which they gave their name to They were incorporated by king Croesus within the Lydian monarchy, with which they fell under the dominion of Persia (546 BC), and were included in the satrapy of Phrygia, which comprised all the countries up to the Hellespont and Bosporus. This article refers to the historical King of Lydia For the opera by Reinhard Keiser, see Croesus (opera. Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Events and trends 546 BC — Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
Kingdom of Bithynia
But even before the conquest by Alexander the Bithynians appear to have asserted their independence, and successfully maintained it under two native princes, Bas and Zipoites, the latter of whom assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BC. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Bas (in Greek Bας (lived ca 397 - 326 BC ruled 376&ndash326 BC first independent ruler of Bithynia, governed fifty years from 376 to 326 BC and died at the Zipoites I (in Greek Zιπoιτης or Zιβoιτης ruled c "Basilissa" redirects here For the saint of this name see Julian and Basilissa. Events By place Roman Republic Fabius Maximus Rullianus becomes Consul for the fourth time His son and succeeder, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. Nicomedes I (in Greek Nικoμηδης 278&ndashc 255 BC second king of Bithynia, was the eldest son of Zipoites, whom he succeeded on the Nicomedia ( Greek: Νικομήδεια modern İzmit) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens 278 - c. Events By place Seleucid Empire After their defeats in Greece, the Gauls move into Asia Minor. 255 BC), as well as those of his successors, Prusias I, Prusias II and Nicomedes II (149 - 91 BC), the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Events By place Roman Republic The Battle of Adis (or Adys is fought near the city of that name 40 miles (64 kilometres southeast of Prusias I Cholus (Προυσίας Α' ὁ Χωλός "the Lame ") (ca Prusias II Cynegus (c182 &ndash 149 BC was the king of Bithynia. Year 91 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Sextus Julius Caesar and This page lists rulers of Bithynia, an ancient kingdom in northwestern Anatolia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black But the last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BC). Nicomedes IV Philopator, was the king of Bithynia, from c 94 BC to 75/4 BC. See Mithridates for people and concepts with the same name Mithridates VI (Μιθριδάτης 132&ndash63 BC also known as Mithridates The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. Year 74 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Nicomedes IV, last king of Bithynia
Roman province
As a Roman province, the boundaries of Bithynia frequently varied, and it was commonly united for administrative purposes with the province of Pontus. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges This was the state of things in the time of Trajan, when Pliny the Younger was appointed governor of the combined provinces (103-105), a circumstance to which we are indebted for valuable information concerning the Roman provincial administration. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61/63 - ca Under the Byzantine Empire Bithynia was again divided into two provinces, separated by the Sangarius, to the west of which the name of Bithynia was restricted.
Bithynia appears to have attracted so much attention because of its roads and its strategic position between the frontiers of the Danube in the north and the Euphrates in the southeast. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Troops frequently wintered at Nicomedia.
The most important cities were Nicomedia and Nicaea. Nicomedia ( Greek: Νικομήδεια modern İzmit) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens The two had a long rivalry with one another over which city held the rank of capital. Both of these were founded after Alexander the Great; but at a much earlier period the Greeks had established on the coast the colonies of Cius (modern Gemlik); Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy), at the entrance of the Bosporus, nearly opposite Byzantium (modern Istanbul; and Heraclea Pontica (modern Karadeniz Ereğli), on the Euxine, about 120 miles (190 km) east of the Bosporus. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία For the Ecumenical Council of 451 see Council of Chalcedon; For the religious/political organization see Chalcedon Foundation. See Kadikoi for the village on the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine. This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Heraclea Pontica ( Greek: Ηράκλεια Ποντική modern day Karadeniz Ereğli, in the Zonguldak Province of Turkey, on the Black All these rose to be flourishing places of trade, as did Prusa. Other places of importance at the present day are İzmit and Scutari (modern Üsküdar). Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next
Notable people
- Theodosius (2nd century BC) Greek astronomer and mathematician
- Antinous (2nd century AD) Beloved of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. Theodosius of Bithynia (ca 160 BC–ca 100 BC was a Greek astronomer and mathematician who wrote the Sphaerics, a book on the geometry of the sphere The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. For the constellation see Antinous (constellation; for the Asteroid, see 1863 Antinous; for the mythological figure see Antinous son of Eupeithes The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after
See also
Notes
- ^ Herodot, VII. The Bithyni were a Thracian tribe who along with the Thyni, migrated to Bithynia in Anatolia - a region which they gave their name to This page lists rulers of Bithynia, an ancient kingdom in northwestern Anatolia. In the ancient world, Thynia was a region of Asia Minor adjacent to Bithynia. The Thyni were a Thracian tribe who along with the Bithyni, migrated to the lands that would later be known as Thynia and Bithynia in Anatolia "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity 75
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
Further reading
- Storey, Stanley Jonathon [1998] (1999). Bithynia: history and administration to the time of Pliny the Younger (PDF), Ottawa: National Library of Canada. ISBN 0-612-34324-3. Retrieved on 2007-05-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
| Historical regions of Anatolia | |
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| Aeolis | Cappadocia | Caria | Cilicia | Bithynia | Galatia | Ionia | Lycaonia | Lycia | Lydia | Mysia | Pamphylia | Paphlagonia | Phrygia | Pisidia | Pontos | Troad | |
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