Bit rates
Decimal prefixes (SI)
Name	Symbol	Multiple
kilobit per second	kbit/s	103
megabit per second	Mbit/s	106
gigabit per second	Gbit/s	109
terabit per second	Tbit/s	1012
Binary prefixes (IEC 60027-2)
kibibit per second	Kibit/s	210
mebibit per second	Mibit/s	220
gibibit per second	Gibit/s	230
tebibit per second	Tibit/s	240

In telecommunications and computing, bitrate (sometimes written bit rate, data rate or as a variable R or f_b) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. An SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a unit of measure (or its symbol to form a Decimal multiple or In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission This list compares various sizes of positive Numbers including counts of things Dimensionless quantity and probabilities. In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission This list compares various sizes of positive Numbers including counts of things Dimensionless quantity and probabilities. In computing binary prefixes are names or associated symbols that can precede a unit of measure (such as a Byte) to indicate multiplication by a power of two IEC 60027 (formerly IEC 27) is the International Electrotechnical Commission 's standard on Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology. In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission Computing is usually defined like the activity of using and developing Computer technology Computer hardware and software. A variable (ˈvɛərɪəbl is an Attribute of a physical or an abstract System which may change its Value while it is under Observation. A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1 Binary digits are a basic unit of Information storage and communication

The bit rate is quantified using the 'bits per second' (bit/s or bps) unit, often in conjunction with a SI prefix such as kilo- (kbit/s or kbps), mega- (Mbit/s or Mbps), giga- (Gbit/s or Gbps) or tera- (Tbit/s or Tbps). An SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a unit of measure (or its symbol to form a Decimal multiple or Kilo- (symbol k is a prefix in the SI and other systems of units denoting 103 or 1000 Mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, 1000000 (one Million For other meanings see Giga (disambiguation Giga- (symbol G is a prefix in the SI system of units denoting 109 teras- (symbol T) is a prefix in the SI system of units denoting 1012, or 1000000000000 (1 trillion

In digital communication systems, the gross bitrate, raw bitrate, data signaling rate or line rate is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead. In Telecommunication, data signaling rate (DSR also known as Gross bit rate, is the aggregate rate at which Data pass a point in the transmission The line rate of a communications link is the data rate of its raw Bitstream, including all Framing bits and other physical layer overhead The gross bit rate is related to, but should not be confused with, the baud rate in symbols/s. In Telecommunications and Electronics, baud (ˈbɔːd unit symbol "Bd" is synonymous to symbols/s or pulses/s.

The net bitrate, useful bit rate or data transfer rate of a digital communication link is the capacity excluding the physical layer protocol overhead, typically redundant forward error correction and other channel coding. The Physical Layer is the first level in the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. In Telecommunication and Information theory, forward error correction (FEC is a System of Error control for Data transmission, whereby In Computer science, a channel code is a broadly used term mostly referring to the Forward error correction code and Bit interleaving in communication and The relationship between the gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the forward error correction code rate according to the following. The code rate or information rate of a Forward error correction (FEC code for example a Convolutional code, states what portion of the total amount of

Gross bit rate · code rate ≥ Net bit rate

The Connection speed of a network access technology or communication device typically refers to the physical layer net bit rate in accordance with the above definition. The code rate or information rate of a Forward error correction (FEC code for example a Convolutional code, states what portion of the total amount of For example, the bit rate of 100 Mbit/s of an Ethernet 100Base-TX physical layer, the downlink bit rate of 56000 bit/s of a V. 92 modem, the bit rate 64000 bit/s of one ISDN B channel, and the bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s of a 802. 11a wireless network, all refer to the net bit rate.

The channel capacity is a theoretical upper bound for the maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that is possible without bit errors for a certain physical point-to-point communication channel. In Electrical engineering, Computer science and Information theory, channel capacity is the tightest upper bound on the amount of Information Channel, in communications (sometimes called communications channel) refers to the medium used to convey Information from a

Channel capacity ≥ Net bit rate

The term throughput or digital bandwidth consumption denotes the achieved bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point below the network layer and above the physical layer. In Communication networks, such as Ethernet or Packet radio, throughput is the average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel In Computer networking and Computer science, digital bandwidth or just bandwidth is the capacity for a given system to transfer data over a connection The Network Layer is Layer 3 (of seven in the OSI model of networking The Physical Layer is the first level in the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking.

Goodput refers to the achieved net bit rate that is delivered to the application layer, exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. In Computer networks (including Wireless networks, goodput is the application level Throughput, i The Application Layer is the seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model, and the top layer of the TCP/IP model For example, in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved file transfer rate. The file transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as the file size (in byte), divided by the file transfer time (in seconds), and multiplied by eight.

Net bit rate ≥ Maximum throughput ≥ Throughput ≥ Goodput

In digital multimedia, bit rate often refers to the number of bits used per unit of playback time to represent a continuous medium such as audio or video after source coding (data compression). Multimedia is media and content that utilizes a combination of different content forms. Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images The size of a multimedia file in byte is the product of the bit rate (in bit/s) and the length of the recording (in seconds), divided by eight. A byte (pronounced "bite" baɪt is the basic unit of measurement of information storage in Computer science. In case of streaming multimedia, this bit rate measure is the goodput that is required to avoid interrupts. Streaming multimedia is Multimedia that is constantly received by and normally presented to an end-user while it is being delivered by a streaming provider (the In Computer networks (including Wireless networks, goodput is the application level Throughput, i

Required goodput ≥ Goodput

Contents 1 Usage notes 2 Prefixes 3 Progress trends 4 Bitrates in multimedia 4.1 Audio (MP3) 4.2 Other audio 4.3 Video (MPEG2) 4.4 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 7.1 Bandwidth conversion 7.2 Bandwidth calculator online 7.3 Bitrates of DVB-S TV and radio channels

Usage notes

The formal abbreviation for "bits per second" is "bit/s" (not "bits/s"). In less formal contexts the abbreviations "b/s" or "bps" are often used, though this risks confusion with "bytes per second" ("B/s", "Bps"). A byte (pronounced "bite" baɪt is the basic unit of measurement of information storage in Computer science. Even less formally, it is common to drop the "per second", and simply refer to "a 128 kilobit audio stream" or "a 100 megabit network".

Gross bit rate is sometimes used interchangeably with "baud rate", which is correct only when each modulation transition of a data transmission system carries exactly one bit of data (something not true for modern modem modulation systems, for example). In Telecommunications and Electronics, baud (ˈbɔːd unit symbol "Bd" is synonymous to symbols/s or pulses/s. In Telecommunications transmission is the process of sending propagating and receiving an analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or Modem (from mo dulator- dem odulator is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode Digital information

While often referred to as "speed", bitrate does not measure distance/time but quantity/time, and should be distinguished from the "propagation speed" (which depends on the transmission medium and has the usual physical meaning). Speed is the rate of motion, or equivalently the rate of change in position often expressed as Distance d traveled per unit of

Prefixes

For large bitrates, SI prefixes are used:

1,000 bit/s	date=1 kbit/s (one kilobit or one thousand bits per second)
1,000,000 bit/s	date=1 Mbit/s (one megabit or one million bits per second)
1,000,000,000 bit/s	date=1 Gbit/s (one gigabit or one billion bits per second)

When describing bitrates, binary prefixes have almost never been used and SI prefixes are almost always used with the standard, decimal meanings, not the old computer-oriented binary meanings. An SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a unit of measure (or its symbol to form a Decimal multiple or In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission A kilobit is a unit of information abbreviated kbit (or kb) The standard definition is 1 kilobit = 103 bit = 1000 Bit. In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission A megabit is a unit of Information or computer storage abbreviated Mbit (or Mb) The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission A gigabit is a unit of information or computer storage abbreviated Gbit (or Gb) In computing binary prefixes are names or associated symbols that can precede a unit of measure (such as a Byte) to indicate multiplication by a power of two An SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a unit of measure (or its symbol to form a Decimal multiple or Binary usage may occasionally be seen when the unit is the byte/s, and is not typical for telecommunication links. Sometimes it is necessary to seek clarification of the units used in a particular context.

Progress trends

Proposed standards and first devices :

WAN	LAN	WLAN
1972: Acoustic coupler 300 baud 1985: 1200 baud 1990: increasing Modem speed: 2400 / 4800 / 9600 / 19200 bit/s 1995: v.34 modems with 28. In Telecommunications the term acoustic coupler has the following meanings An interface device for coupling electrical signals by Modem (from mo dulator- dem odulator is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode Digital information V90 redirects here For the automobile see Volvo V90. The ITU-T V-Series Recommendations on Data communication over the telephone network 8 kbit/s, v.90 modems with 56 kbit/s 1996: ISDN with two 64 kbit/s channels 1998: ADSL from 128 kbit/s to 8 Mbit/s, ADSL2 up to 12 Mbit/s, ADSL2+ up to 24 Mbit/s	1972: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet 2. V90 redirects here For the automobile see Volvo V90. The ITU-T V-Series Recommendations on Data communication over the telephone network Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ( ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over Copper Telephone IEEE 8023 is a collection of IEEE standards defining the Physical layer, and the media access control (MAC sublayer of the Data link layer, 94 Mbit/s 1985: 10b2 10 Mbit/s coax thinwire 1990: 10bT 10 Mbit/s 1995: 100bT 100 Mbit/s 1999: 1000bT (Gigabit) 1 Gbit/s 2003: 10GBASE 10 Gbit/s	1997: 802.11 2 Mbit/s 1999: 802.11b 11 Mbit/s 1999: 802.11a 54 Mbit/s 2003: 802.11g 54 Mbit/s 2005: 802.11g (proprietary) 108 Mbit/s 2007: 802.11n 540 Mbit/s

Bitrates in multimedia

In digital multimedia, bitrate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit of time of a recording. IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 The bitrate depends on several factors:

• the original material may be sampled at different frequencies
• the samples may use different numbers of bits
• the data may be encoded by different schemes
• the information may be digitally compressed by different algorithms or to different degrees

Generally, choices are made about the above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played.

If lossy data compression is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this may become noticeable in the form of compression artifacts. A lossy compression method is one where compressing data and then decompressing it retrieves data that may well be different from the original but is close enough to be useful A compression artifact (or artefact) is the result of an aggressive Data compression scheme applied to an Image, audio, or Video Whether these affect the perceived quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics of the input data, the listener’s perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or viewing environment.

The bitrates in this section are approximately the minimum that the average listener in a typical listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not significantly worse than the reference standard:

Audio (MP3)

• 32 kbit/s — MW (AM) quality
• 96 kbit/s — FM quality
• 128–160 kbit/s — Standard Bitrate quality; difference can sometimes be obvious (e. Medium Wave (MW is a part of the Medium frequency (MF radio band used mainly for AM broadcasting. See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that g. bass quality)
• 192 kbit/s — DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) quality. Digital Audio Broadcasting ( DAB) also known as Eureka 147, is a Digital radio technology for Broadcasting Radio stations used in Quickly becoming the new 'standard' bitrate for MP3 music; difference can be heard by few people. MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression
• 224–320 kbit/s — Near CD quality. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio Sound is nearly indistinguishable from most CDs.

Other audio

• 800 bit/s — minimum necessary for recognizable speech (using special-purpose FS-1015 speech codecs)
• 8 kbit/s — telephone quality (using speech codecs)
• 500 kbit/s–1 Mbit/s — lossless audio as used in formats such as FLAC, WavPack or Monkey's Audio
• 1411 kbit/s — PCM sound format of Compact Disc Digital Audio

Video (MPEG2)

• 16 kbit/s — videophone quality (minimum necessary for a consumer-acceptable "talking head" picture)
• 128 – 384 kbit/s — business-oriented videoconferencing system quality
• 1. FS-1015 is a Secure telephony Speech encoding standard developed by the United States Department of Defense and later by NATO. Speech coding is the application of Data compression of Digital audio signals containing Speech. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information Lossless data compression is a class of Data compression Algorithms that allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data Free Lossless Audio Codec ( FLAC) is a File format for lossless Audio data compression. WavPack is a free, Open source lossless audio compression format developed by David Bryant Monkey’s Audio is a File format for Audio data compression. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio A videophone, also known by the trademarked name Picturephone, is a Telephone which is capable of both audio and Video Duplex transmission A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) is a set of interactive Telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact 25 Mbit/s — VCD quality
• 5 Mbit/s — DVD quality
• 15 Mbit/s — HDTV quality
• 36 Mbit/s — HD DVD quality
• 54 Mbit/s — Blu-ray Disc quality

Notes

For technical reasons (hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being ) the actual bitrates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example:

• Telephone circuits using µlaw or A-law companding (pulse code modulation) — 64 kbit/s
• CDs using CDDA — 1. An a-law algorithm is a standard Companding algorithm used in European Digital communications systems to optimize i In Telecommunication, Signal processing, and Thermodynamics, companding (occasionally called compansion) is a method of mitigating the detrimental 4 Mbit/s

See also

• average bitrate
• available bitrate
• bandwidth
• Baud (symbol rate)
• clock rate
• code rate
• constant bitrate
• data signaling rate
• data transfer rate
• goodput
• line rate
• list of device bandwidths
• measuring network throughput
• spectral efficiency
• throughput
• variable bitrate

References

Maximum PC - Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Pay Off?

External links

Bandwidth conversion

• CaMoPyRo's Experiments, easy conversion from kbit/s to MB/h to GB/day to TB/month, etc.

Bandwidth calculator online

• VoIP Bandwidth Calculator - Given a codec type and sample period calculate the actual IP and Ethernet bandwidth.
• VoIP Bandwidth Calculation White Paper - Companion paper to the above calculator explaining how Voice becomes Voice over IP.
• StreamingMarketplace.com Calculate streaming bandwidth and storage.
• DVD-HQ bitrate calculator Calculate bitrate for various types of digital video media.

Bitrates of DVB-S TV and radio channels

• Linowsat - daily updated audio and video bitrates of European satellites.

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