A biopsy (in Greek: βίος life and όψη look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A medical test is a kind of Medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or evaluate Disease, disease processes susceptibility and determine The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically (for example, using PCR or gas chromatography techniques). A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC, or simply gas chromatography (GC, is a type of Chromatography in which the mobile phase is a carrier gas usually an Inert When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy. "FNA" redirects here For the botanical book series see Flora of North America North of Mexico.
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History
One of the earliest diagnostic biopsies was developed by the Arab physician Abulcasim (1013-1107 AD). The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health A needle was used to puncture a goiter, and the material issuing was characterized. A goitre ( BrE) or goiter ( AmE) ( Latin struma) also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the neck (just below the [1]
Cancer
When cancer is suspected, a variety of biopsy techniques can be applied. An excisional biopsy is an attempt to remove the entire lesion. When the specimen is evaluated, in addition to diagnosis, the amount of uninvolved tissue around the lesion, the surgical margin of the specimen is examined to see if the disease has spread beyond the area biopsied. "Clear margins" or "negative margins" means that no disease was found at the edges of the biopsy specimen. "Positive margins" means that disease was found, and a wider excision may be needed, depending on the diagnosis. When intact removal is not indicated for a variety of reasons, a wedge of tissue may be taken in an incisional biopsy. In some cases, a sample can be collected by devices that "bite" a sample. A variety of sizes of needle can collect tissue in the lumen (‘’core biopsy’’). Smaller diameter needles collect cells and cell clusters, fine needle aspiration biology. "FNA" redirects here For the botanical book series see Flora of North America North of Mexico. [2] Pathologic examination of a biopsy can determine whether a lesion is benign or malignant, and can help differentiate between different types of cancer. Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and A benign tumor is a Tumor that lacks all three of the Malignant properties of a Cancer. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled In contrast to a biopsy that merely samples a lesion, a larger excisional specimen called a resection may come to a pathologist, typically from a surgeon attempting to eradicate a known lesion from a patient. For example, a pathologist would examine a mastectomy specimen, even if a previous nonexcisional breast biopsy had already established the diagnosis of breast cancer. In Medicine, mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both Breasts partially or completely Examination of the full mastectomy specimen would confirm the exact nature of the cancer (subclassification of tumor and histologic "grading") and reveal the extent of its spread (pathologic "staging"). The stage of a cancer is a descriptor (usually numbers I to IV of how much the Cancer has spread
Precancerous conditions
For easily detected and accessed sites, any suspicious lesions may be assessed. Originally, this was skin or superficial masses. X-ray, then later CT, MRI, and ultrasound along with endoscopy extended the range. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Computed tomography (CT is a Medical imaging method employing Tomography. Not to be confused with Supersonic. Ultrasound is cyclic Sound pressure with a Frequency greater than the upper Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope.
Inflammatory conditions
A biopsy of the temporal arteries is often performed for suspected vasculitis. In Human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major Artery of the Head. Vasculitis (plural vasculitides) a group of diseases featuring Inflammation of the wall of Blood vessels including veins ( Phlebitis) arteries In inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), frequent biopsies are taken to assess the activity of disease and to assess changes that precede malignancy. In Medicine, inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and Small intestine Crohn's disease is a Disease of the Digestive system which may affect any part of the Gastrointestinal tract from Mouth to Anus Ulcerative colitis ( Colitis ulcerosa, UC) is a form of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD [3]
Biopsy specimens are often taken from part of a lesion when the cause of a disease is uncertain or its extent or exact character is in doubt. A lesion is any abnormal tissue found on or in an organism usually damaged by disease or trauma Vasculitis, for instance, is usually diagnosed on biopsy. Vasculitis (plural vasculitides) a group of diseases featuring Inflammation of the wall of Blood vessels including veins ( Phlebitis) arteries
Kidney disease
Biopsy and fluorescence microscopy are key in the diagnosis of alterations of renal function.
Infectious disease
Lymph node enlargement may be due to a variety of infectious or autoimmune diseases.
Metabolic disease
Some conditions affect the whole body, but certain sites are selectively biopsied because they are easily accessed. Amyloidosis is a condition where degraded proteins accumulate in body tissues. In Medicine, amyloidosis refers to a variety of conditions in which Amyloid Proteins are abnormally deposited in organs and/or tissues In order to make the diagnosis, the gingival
Transplantation
Biopsies of transplanted organs are performed in order to determine that they are not being rejected or that the disease that necessitated transplant has not recurred. The gingiva (sing and plur: gingiva) or gums, consists of the Mucosal tissue that lies over the Alveolar bone. Transplant rejection occurs when a transplanted organ or tissue fails to be accepted by the body of the transplant recipient
Fertility
A testicular biopsy is used for evaluating the fertility of men and find out the cause of a possible infertility, e. Female infertility|Male infertility Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a Man or a Woman to contribute to conception. g. when sperm quality is low, but hormone levels still are within normal ranges. Semen quality is a measure of the ability of Semen to accomplish Fertilisation. [4]
Commonly biopsied sites
Bone marrow
Since blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, a bone marrow biopsy is employed in the diagnosis of abnormalities of blood cells when the diagnosis cannot be made from the peripheral blood alone. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of Bones In adults marrow in large bones produces new Blood cells It constitutes 4% of Bone marrow examination refers to the pathologic analysis of samples of Bone marrow obtained by bone marrow biopsy (often called a Trephine biopsy In malignancies of blood cells (leukemia and lymphoma) a bone marrow biopsy is used in staging the disease. Leukemia or leukaemia (Greek leukos λευκός, "white" aima αίμα, "blood" is a Cancer of the Blood Lymphoma a type of Neoplasm that originates in Lymphocytes (a type of White blood cell in the vertebrate Immune system) The procedure involves taking a core of trabecular bone using a trephine, and then aspirating material. Cancellous Bone is a type of Osseous tissue with a low density and strength but very high Surface area, that fills the inner cavity of long bones A trephine (/ˌtɹɪˈfiːn/ is a Surgical instrument with a cylindrical Blade.
Gastrointestinal tract
Flexible endoscopy enables access to the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, such that biopsy of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum via the mouth and the [rectum], colon and terminal ileum are commonplace. Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope. The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the ileum is the final section of the Small intestine. A variety of biopsy instruments may be introduced through the endoscope and the visualized site biopsied. Until recently, the majority of the small intestine could not be visualized for biopsy. The double-ballon “push-pull” technique allows visualization and biopsy of the entire gastrointestinal tract. [5].
Needle core biopsies or aspirates of the pancreas may be made through the duodenum or stomach. [6]
Lung
Biopsies of the lung can be performed in a variety of ways depending on the location. lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive
Liver
In hepatitis, most biopsies are not used for diagnosis, which can be made by other means. Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to the Liver characterized by the presence of Inflammatory cells in the tissue of Rather, it is used to determine response to therapy which can be assessed by reduction of inflammation and progression of disease by the degree of fibrosis or, ultimately, cirrhosis. Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous Connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process as opposed to a formation of Fibrous Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative
In Wilson's disease, the biopsy is used to determine the quantitative copper level. Wilson's disease or hepatolenticular degeneration is an Autosomal recessive Genetic disorder in which Copper accumulates in tissues A quantitative attribute is one that exists in a range of magnitudes and can therefore be measured. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29
Analysis of biopsied material
After the biopsy is performed, the sample of tissue that was removed from the patient is sent to the pathology laboratory. Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and A laboratory (informally lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific Research, Experiments and A pathologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing diseases (such as cancer) by examining tissue under a microscope. Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are When the laboratory receives the biopsy sample, the tissue is processed and an extremely thin slice of tissue is removed from the sample and attached to a glass slide. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism Any remaining tissue is saved for use in later studies, if required. The slide with the tissue attached is treated with dyes that stain the tissue, which allows the individual cells in the tissue to be seen more clearly. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called The slide is then given to the pathologist, who examines the tissue under a microscope, looking for any abnormal findings. The pathologist then prepares a report that lists any abnormal or important findings from the biopsy. This report is sent to the physician who originally performed the biopsy on the patient.
See also
Bone marrow examination
Endometrial biopsy
Lymph node biopsy
Skin biopsy
External links
- MyBiopsy.org - Information about biopsy results for patients. Bone marrow examination refers to the pathologic analysis of samples of Bone marrow obtained by bone marrow biopsy (often called a Trephine biopsy A biopsy is a medical procedure used to remove a sample of tissue from the patient to be analyzed and diagnosed by a physician Lymph node biopsy is a test in which a Lymph node or a piece of a lymph node is removed for examination under a Microscope (see Biopsy) Skin biopsy is a Biopsy technique in which a Skin lesion is removed and sent to the Pathologist to render a microscopic Diagnosis. This site is created by pathologists, the physicians who diagnose cancer and other diseases by looking at biopsies under a microscope.
- RadiologyInfo - The radiology information resource for patients: Biopsy
References
- ^ Anderson, J. B. , Webb, A. J. : Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy and the Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer. British Journal of Surgery 74:292-6, 1987
- ^ Sausville, Edward A. The BJS (British Journal of Surgery is a monthly Peer reviewed publication targeting general surgeons and the associated sub specialities and Longo, Dan L. : Principles of Cancer Treatment: Surgery, Chemotherapy, and Biologic Therapy in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Ed. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine is an American Textbook of Internal medicine. Kaspar, Dennis L. et al. , editors. p. 446 (2005)
- ^ Friedman, S. and Blumberg, R. S. : Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Ed. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine is an American Textbook of Internal medicine. Kaspar, Dennis L. et al. , editors. pp. 1176-1789 (2005)
- ^ Mens health - Testicular Biopsy
- ^ Saibeni, S. , Rondonotti, E. , Iozzelli, A. , Spina, L. , Tontini, G. E. , Cavallaro, F. , Ciscato, C. , de Franchis, R. , Sardanelli, F. , Vecchi, M. : Imaging of the Small Bowel in Crohn's Disease: A Review of Old and New Techniques World Journal of Gastroenterology 13(24): 3279-87, 2007
- ^ Iglesias-Garcia, J. , Dominguez-Munoz, E. , Lozano-Leon, A. , Abdulkader, I. , Larino-Noia, J. , Antunez, J. , Forteza, J. : Impact of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Biopsy for Diagnosis of Pancreatic Masses. World Journal of Gastroenterology 13(2): 289-93, 2007
Dictionary
biopsy
-noun
- The removal and examination of a sample of tissue from a living body for diagnostic purposes.
-verb
- To take a sample (a biopsy) for pathological examination.
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