Biomedical research - Citizendia

Biomedical research (or experimental medicine), in general simply known as medical research, is the basic research or applied research conducted to aid the body of knowledge in the field of medicine. Basic Research is an Herbal supplement and cosmetics manufacturer based in Salt Lake City, Utah that distributes products through a large number of Applied research: is Research accessing and using some part of the research communities' (the Academy 's accumulated theories knowledge methods and techniques Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Medical research can be divided into two general categories: the evaluation of new treatments for both safety and efficacy in what are termed clinical trials, and all other research that contributes to the development of new treatments. In health care clinical trials are conducted to allow safety and Efficacy data to be collected for new drugs or devices The latter is termed preclinical research if its goal is specifically to elaborate knowledge for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Pre-clinical development is a stage of research that begins before Clinical trials (testing in humans can begin and during which important feasibility iterative testing and

The increased longevity of humans over the past century can be significantly attributed to advances resulting from medical research. Among the major benefits have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories The statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) form a class of hypolipidemic drugs used to lower Cholesterol levels in people with or at risk of Cardiovascular Atherosclerosis is a Disease affecting arterial Blood vessels It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries in large part due to the accumulation Microsurgery is a general term for Surgery requiring an operating Microscope. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the human genome project. The Human Genome Project (HGP was an international Scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity epidemic. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a Microorganism to withstand the effects of Antibiotics. Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected

Most of the research in the field is pursued by biomedical scientists in cooperation with molecular biologists. A biomedical scientist (or biomedical doctor, biomedician, medical scientist) is a scientist educated in the field of Biological science, especially Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level

1 Preclinical research
2 Clinical trials
3 Funding
4 Regulations and guidelines
5 Fields of research
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading

Preclinical research

Preclinical research is research in basic science, which precedes the clinical trials, and is almost purely based on theory and animal experiments. Fundamental science is the part of Science that describes the most basic Objects Forces relations between them and laws governing them such that all other Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human Animals in scientific experimentation.

New treatments come about as a result of other, earlier discoveries — often unconnected to each other, and in various fields. Sometimes the research is done for non-medical purposes, and only by accident contributes to the field of medicine (for example, the discovery of penicillin). Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN or pen) is a group of Beta-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of Bacterial Infections Clinicians use these discoveries to create a treatment regimen, which is then tested in clinical trials.

Clinical trials

Main article: Clinical trial

A clinical trial is a comparison test of a medication or other medical treatment, versus a placebo, other medications and devices, or the standard medical treatment for a patient's condition. In health care clinical trials are conducted to allow safety and Efficacy data to be collected for new drugs or devices Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Placebo is a substance or procedure a patient accepts as medicine or therapy but which has no specific therapeutic activity Clinical trials vary greatly in size: from a single researcher in one hospital or clinic to an international multicenter trial with several hundred participating researchers on several continents. A multicenter research trial is a Clinical trial conducted at more than one medical center or clinic The number of patients tested can range from as few as 30 to several thousands.

Funding

Main article: Research funding

Research funding in many countries comes from research bodies which distribute cash for equipment and salaries. Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific Research, in the areas of both "hard" Science and Technology and Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific Research, in the areas of both "hard" Science and Technology and In the UK, funding bodies such as the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust derive their assets from UK tax payers, and distribute this to institutions in a competitive manner. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Medical Research Council (MRC is a UK organisation dedicated to "promot the balanced development of medical and related biological research The Wellcome Trust was established in 1936 as an independent charity funding research to improve human and animal health

In the United States, the most recent data from 2003^[1] suggest that about 94 billion dollars were provided for biomedical research in the United States. The National Institutes of Health and pharmaceutical companies collectively contribute 26. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. 4 billion dollars and 27. 0 billion dollars, respectively, which constitute 28% and 29% of the total, respectively. Other significant contributors include biotechnology companies (17. Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. 9 billion dollars, 19% of total), medical device companies (9. A medical device is an object which is useful for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes 2 billion dollars, 10% of total), other federal sources, and state and local governments. Foundations and charities, led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, contributed about 3% of the funding. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (B&MGF is the largest transparently operated Private foundation in the world founded by Bill and Melinda

Regulations and guidelines

Medical research is highly regulated. National regulatory authorities oversee and monitor medical research, such as for the development of new drugs. In the USA the Food and Drug Administration oversees new drug development, in Europe the European Medicines Agency (see also EudraLex), and in Japan the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The European Medicines Agency ( EMEA) is a European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products. EudraLex is the collection of rules and regulations governing medicinal products in the European Union. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The is one of Cabinet level ministries in the Japanese government. The World Medical Association develops the ethical standards for the medical profession, involved in medical research. The World Medical Association (WMA an international organization of Physicians was formally established on September 17, 1947, pursuant to the resolutions The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) works on the creation of rules and guidelines for the development of new medication, such as the guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP). The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH is a project that brings together the regulatory authorities Good Clinical Practice is an international quality standard that is provided by International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH an international body that defines standards

Fields of research

Fields of biomedical research include:

References

^ Moses H, Dorsey E, Matheson D, Thier S (2005). Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the Health and Illness of populations and serves as the foundation and Logic of interventions made in the Generally speaking preventive medicine is the part of Medicine engaged with preventing Disease rather than curing it Behavioral health as a general concept refers the reciprocal relationship between human behavior individually or socially and the well-being of the body mind and spirit whether the Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Ageing or aging (American English is the accumulation of changes in an organism Endocrinology (from Greek grc ἔνδον endon, "within" grc κρῑνω krīnō, "to separate" and grc -λογία Neuroendocrinology is the study of the interactions between the Nervous system and the Endocrine system. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc See also List of basic cell biology topics. Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology, from the Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Psychopharmacology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents: their structure classification and evolution their ways to infect and exploit cells for virus reproduction Biomedicine, also known as theoretical medicine, is a term that comprises the knowledge and research which is more or less in common to the fields of human medicine Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human Animals in scientific experimentation. Human subject research (HSR or human subject use (HSU involves the use of human beings as research subjects A biomedical scientist (or biomedical doctor, biomedician, medical scientist) is a scientist educated in the field of Biological science, especially Title 21 is the portion of the Code of Federal Regulations that governs food and drugs within the United States for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA A biomedical scientist (or biomedical doctor, biomedician, medical scientist) is a scientist educated in the field of Biological science, especially Biomedical informatics is the broad discipline concerned with the study and application of Computer science, Information science, Informatics, Cognitive Biomedical technology involves the application of Engineering and Technology principles to the domain of living or biological Systems Usually biomedical "Financial anatomy of biomedical research. ". JAMA 294 (11): 1333–42. doi:10.1001/jama.294.11.1333. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16174691.

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