An example of a system: The nervous system. This basic diagram shows that this system is made up of 4 different basic organs: the brain, the cerebellum, the spinal cord, and the nerves. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The cerebellum ( Latin: "little brain" is a region of the Brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons.
In biology, a system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument Common systems, such as those present in mammals and other animals, seen in human anatomy, are those such as the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the nervous system, etc. Human anatomy, which with physiology and biochemistry is a complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult Human body This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" In living organisms a respiratory system functions to allow Gas exchange. The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself
A group of systems composes an organism, e. g. the human body. The human body is the entire physical and mental structure of a Human Organism.
Human systems
Humans have a a variety of systems due to the complexity of the species' organism. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus These specific systems are widely studied in Human anatomy. Human anatomy, which with physiology and biochemistry is a complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult Human body "Human" systems are also present in many animals.
- Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood, and blood vessels. This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body
- Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus. Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the Large intestine in some Mammals The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth.
- Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, and adrenals or adrenal glands
- Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails
- Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the lymph and the nodes and vessels that transport it including the Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents with leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen
- Muscular system: movement with muscles. The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as Hormones The endocrine system is instrumental Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Endocrine glands are Glands that secrete their product ( Hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an Endocrine gland about the size of a Pea. The pineal gland (also called the pineal body, epiphysis cerebri, or epiphysis) is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate Brain The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body The parathyroid glands are small endocrine Glands in the neck usually located behind the Thyroid gland, which produce Parathyroid hormone. In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their The Integumentary System is an organ system that protects the body from damage comprising the Skin, Hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. A nail is a horn -like structure at the end of an animal's Finger or Toe. The lymphatic system in Vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called Lymph. The lymphatic system in Vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called Lymph. A Lymph node ( lɪmf noʊd is an organ consisting of many types of cells and is a part of the Lymphatic system. In Anatomy, lymph vessels are thin walled Valved structures that carry Lymph. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor For the structure in the Cerebellum, see Cerebellar tonsil. The tonsils are areas Adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are a mass of Lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose in the roof of the In Human anatomy, the thymus is an organ located in the upper Anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the Sternum. The spleen is an organ found in all Vertebrate animals In humans the spleen is located in the abdomen of the body where it functions in the destruction of redundant Red The muscular system is the anatomical system of a species that allows it to move Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the
- Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and nerves
- Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis. The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected The peripheral nervous system ( PNS) resides or extends outside the Central nervous system (CNS which consists of the Brain and Spinal cord. A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. The reproductive system is a system of organs within an Organism which work together for the purpose of Reproduction. "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges ( singular salpinx) are two very fine tubes lined with ciliated The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus Mammary glands are the organs that in Mammals produce Milk for the sustenance of the young The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male The vas deferens (plural vasa deferentia also called ductus deferens, ( Latin: "carrying-away vessel" is part of the Male Anatomy The seminal vesicles ( glandulae vesiculosae) are a pair of simple tubular glands posteroinferior to the Urinary bladder of males The prostate (from Greek προστάτης - prostates, literally "one who stands before" "protector" "guardian" is a The penis (plural penises, penes
- Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. In living organisms a respiratory system functions to allow Gas exchange. The pharynx (plural pharynges) is the part of the Neck and Throat situated immediately Posterior to (behind the Mouth and Nasal The larynx (plural larynges) colloquially known as the voicebox, is an organ in the Neck of Mammals involved in protection of the A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airway in the Respiratory tract that conducts air into the Lungs No Gas lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive For other types of diaphragm see Diaphragm. In the Anatomy of Mammals the thoracic diaphragm is a sheet of Muscle
- Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. In Biology, the skeleton is a strong and often a rigid framework that supports the body of an animal holding it upright and giving it shape and strength (Also skeletal Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix In Anatomy, the term ligament is used to denote three different types of structures Fibrous tissue that connects Bones to other bones A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of Fibrous connective tissue that usually connects Muscle to Bone and is capable of withstanding tension
- Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine. The urinary system (also called Excretory system or the genitourinary system (GUS is the Organ system that produces stores and eliminates Urine. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles In human Anatomy, the ureters are muscular ducts that propel Urine from the Kidneys to the Urinary bladder. In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the In Anatomy, the urethra (from Greek ουρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the Urinary bladder to the outside of
See also
External links
- Systems Biology: An Overview by Mario Jardon: A review from the Science Creative Quarterly, 2005. Artificial life (commonly Alife or alife) is a field of study and an associated art form which examine Systems related to Life, its processes Biological Systems Engineering ( BSE) is a broad-based Engineering discipline with additional emphasis on Biology and Chemistry. Systems biology is a biology-based inter-disciplinary study field that focuses on the systematic study of complex interactions in biological systems, thus using a new perspective Systems ecology is an Interdisciplinary field of Ecology, taking a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems especially Ecosystems Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and
- Synthesis and Analysis of a Biological System, by Hiroyuki Kurata, 1999.
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