Bioerosion describes the erosion of hard ocean substrates by living organisms by a number of mechanisms. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind Stream substrate ( Sediment) is the material that rests at the bottom of a Stream. Bioerosion can be caused by mollusks, polychaete worms, phoronids, sponges, crustaceans, echinoids, and fish. Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 The Polychaeta or polychaetes are a class of Annelid worms generally marine Phoronids (' Phoronida') commonly known as horseshoe worms, are a relatively small animal Phylum: twenty species are known in two genera The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus "pore" and ferre "to bear" are Animals Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata) are a phylum of marine Animals (including Sea stars) Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two It can occur on coastlines, on coral reefs, and on ships. The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. Coral reefs are Aragonite structures produced by living organisms found in marine waters with little to no nutrients in the water A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size Mechanisms of bioerosion include biotic boring, drilling, rasping, and scraping.
Bioerosion of coral reefs generates the fine and white coral sand characteristic of tropical islands. Coral sand is Sand of particles originating in Tropical and sub-tropical marine environments from Bioerosion of Limestone skeletal The coral is converted to sand by internal bioeroders such as algae, fungi, bacteria (microborers) and sponges (Clionidae), bivalves (including Lithophaga), sipunculans, polychaetes and phoronids, generating extremely fine sediment of 10 to 100 micrometres. Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus "pore" and ferre "to bear" are Animals Clionidae, also known as Sea angels, is a Family of small floating sea Slugs Pelagic marine Opisthobranch Bivalves are Molluscs belonging to the class Bivalvia. They have two-part shells and typically both valves are symmetrical along the hinge line Lithophaga, the datemussels, are a Genus of medium-sized saltwater Clams marine Bivalve Molluscs in the The Sipuncula or Sipunculida, sipunculid worms or peanut worms, are a phylum containing 144-320 Species (estimates vary of bilaterally Phoronids (' Phoronida') commonly known as horseshoe worms, are a relatively small animal Phylum: twenty species are known in two genera External bioeroders include sea urchins (such as Diadema) and chitons. Sea urchins are small globular spiny sea cat animals composing most of class Echinoidea. Diadema is a genus of Sea urchins of the Family Diadematidae and is one of the most abundant widespread and ecologically important shallow water genera Chitons are small to large primitive marine Mollusks in the class Polyplacophora. These forces in concern result in a great deal of erosion. Sea urchin erosion of calcium carbonate has been reported in some reefs at annual rates exceeding 20 kg/m². Sea urchins are small globular spiny sea cat animals composing most of class Echinoidea. Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3
Fish also erode coral while eating algae. Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms Parrotfish cause a great deal of bioerosion with their well developed jaw muscles, tooth armature, and a pharyngeal mill, which grinds up ingested material into sand-sized particles. Parrotfish are mostly tropical Perciform marine Fish of the family Scaridae. Bioerosion of coral reef aragonite by parrotfish can range from 1017. Coral reefs are Aragonite structures produced by living organisms found in marine waters with little to no nutrients in the water Aragonite is a Carbonate mineral, one of the two common naturally occurring polymorphs of Calcium carbonate, Ca[[carbon C]] O 3 7±186. 3 kg/yr (0. 41±0. 07 m³/yr) for Chlorurus gibbus and 23. 6±3. 4 kg/yr (9. 7 10-³±1. 3 10-³ m²/yr) for Chlorurus sordidus (Bellwood, 1995).
Bioerosion is also well known in the fossil record on shells and hardgrounds (Bromley, 1970), with traces of this activity stretching back well into the Precambrian (Taylor & Wilson, 2003). FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Carbonate hardgrounds are surfaces of synsedimentarily cemented carbonate layers that have been exposed on the seafloor (Wilson and Palmer 1992 The Precambrian ( Pre-Cambrian) is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eons of the Geologic timescale that came before the current Macrobioerosion, which produces borings visible to the naked eye, shows two distinct evolutionary radiations. An evolutionary radiation is an increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity due to adaptive change or the opening of ecospace One was in the Middle Ordovician (the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution; see Wilson & Palmer, 2006) and the other in the Jurassic (see Taylor & Wilson, 2003; Bromley, 2004; Wilson, 2007). The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six of the Paleozoic era, and covers the time between 488 The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning Microbioerosion also has a long fossil record and its own radiations (see Glaub & Vogel, 2004; Glaub et al. , 2007).
 Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, southeastern Indiana; see Wilson and Palmer (2001). The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six of the Paleozoic era, and covers the time between 488 Carbonate hardgrounds are surfaces of synsedimentarily cemented carbonate layers that have been exposed on the seafloor (Wilson and Palmer 1992 |
 Petroxestes borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, southern Ohio; see Wilson and Palmer (2006). |
 Gastrochaenolites borings in a Middle Jurassic hardground, southern Utah; see Wilson and Palmer (1994). The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning |
 Numerous borings in a Cretaceous cobble, Faringdon, England; see Wilson (1986). The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of Faringdon is a Market town in the Vale of White Horse, in Oxfordshire, England. |
 Sponge borings and encrusters on a modern bivalve shell, North Carolina. The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus "pore" and ferre "to bear" are Animals |
 Cross-section of a Jurassic rockground; borings include Gastrochaenolites (some with boring bivalves in place) and Trypanites; Mendip Hills, England; scale bar = 1 cm. Bivalves are Molluscs belonging to the class Bivalvia. They have two-part shells and typically both valves are symmetrical along the hinge line The Mendip Hills (commonly called The Mendips) are a range of Limestone hills situated to the south of Bristol and Bath in Somerset |
See also
References
- Bellwood, D. Geomorphology (from Greek: γη ge, "earth" μορφή morfé, "form" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" Biogeomorphology and ecogeomorphology are the study of interactions between Organisms and the development of Landforms, and are thus fields of study within Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land or the removal of Beach or Dune Sediments by Wave action tidal currents, wave currents An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. R. (1995). "Direct estimate of bioerosion by two parrotfish species, Chlorurus gibbus and C. sordidus, on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia". Marine Biology 121: 419-429. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 0025-3162. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- Bromley, R. G (1970). "Borings as trace fossils and Entobia cretacea Portlock as an example", in Crimes, T. P. and Harper, J. C. (eds. ): Trace Fossils, Geological Journal Special Issue 3, 49-90.
- Bromley, R. G. (2004). "A stratigraphy of marine bioerosion", in D. McIlroy (ed. ): The application of ichnology to palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic analysis, Geological Society of London Special Publications 228. London: Geological Society, 455-481. ISBN 1862391548.
- Glaub, I. ; Golubic, S. , Gektidis, M. , Radtke, G. and Vogel, K. (2007). "Microborings and microbial endoliths: geological implications", in Miller III, W (ed): Trace fossils: concepts, problems, prospects. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 368-381. ISBN 0444529497.
- Glaub, I. ; Vogel, K. (2004). "The stratigraphic record of microborings". Fossils & Strata 51: 126-135. ISSN 0300-9491. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- Palmer, T. J. (1982). "Cambrian to Cretaceous changes in hardground communities". Lethaia 15: 309-323. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 0024-1164. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- Taylor, P. D. ; Wilson, M. A. (2003). "Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities". Earth-Science Reviews 62 (1-2): 1-103. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 0012-8252. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- Wilson, M. A. (1986). "Coelobites and spatial refuges in a Lower Cretaceous cobble-dwelling hardground fauna". Palaeontology 29: 691-703. ISSN 0031-0239. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- Wilson, M. A. (2007). "Macroborings and the evolution of bioerosion", in Miller III, W (ed): Trace fossils: concepts, problems, prospects. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 356-367. ISBN 0444529497.
- Wilson, M. A. ; Palmer, T. J. (1994). "A carbonate hardground in the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic, SW Utah, USA) and its associated encrusters, borers and nestlers". Ichnos 3: 79-87. ISSN 1042-0940. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- Wilson, M. A. ; Palmer, T. J. (2001). "Domiciles, not predatory borings: a simpler explanation of the holes in Ordovician shells analyzed by Kaplan and Baumiller, 2000". Palaios 16 (5): 524-525. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 0883-1351. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- Wilson, M. A. ; Palmer, T. J. (2006). "Patterns and processes in the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution". Ichnos 13: 109-112. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 1042-0940. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
External links
Dictionary
bioerosion
-noun
- The erosion of undersea rock or coral reefs by mollusks and other organisms
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