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Cue balls from (left to right): Russian pool (68 mm [211⁄16 in]), carom (61.5 mm [27⁄16 in]), American-style pool (57 mm [21⁄4 in]), British-style pool (56 mm [23⁄16 in]), snooker (54 mm [21⁄8 in]), and scaled-down American style pool (51 mm [2 in]) for children's smaller tables. Not shown: half-scale children's miniature pool (approximately 28 mm [11⁄8 in]).
Cue balls from (left to right): Russian pool (68 mm [211⁄16 in]), carom (61. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Carom billiards, sometimes called carambole billiards or simply carambole and in some cases used as a synonym for the game of straight rail from 5 mm [27⁄16 in]), American-style pool (57 mm [21⁄4 in]), British-style pool (56 mm [23⁄16 in]), snooker (54 mm [21⁄8 in]), and scaled-down American style pool (51 mm [2 in]) for children's smaller tables. Pocket billiards, most commonly referred to as pool, is the general term for a family of games played on a specific class of Billiards table, having 6 receptacles Snooker is a Cue sport that is played on a large Baize -covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long Not shown: half-scale children's miniature pool (approximately 28 mm [11⁄8 in]).

Billiard balls are used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker. Carom billiards, sometimes called carambole billiards or simply carambole and in some cases used as a synonym for the game of straight rail from Pocket billiards, most commonly referred to as pool, is the general term for a family of games played on a specific class of Billiards table, having 6 receptacles Snooker is a Cue sport that is played on a large Baize -covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various specific ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient and resilience are very important to the finer points of gameplay. Hardness refers to various properties of Matter in the Solid phase that give it high resistance to various kinds of shape change when Force The coefficient of friction is a Dimensionless quantity symbolized by the Greek letter μ and is used to approximate the Force of Friction. Resilience is the property of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered

Contents

Composition

The earliest balls were made of wood, and later clay (the latter remaining in use well into the 20th century). Ivory was favored for a period, but by the mid-1800s, elephants were being slaughtered for their ivory at an alarming rate, just to keep up with the demand for billiard balls. Ivory is formed from Dentine and constitutes the bulk of the Teeth and Tusks of animals such as the Elephant, Hippopotamus, No more than eight balls could be made from a single elephant's tusks. The billiard industry realized that the supply of elephants (their primary source of ivory) was endangered, as well as dangerous to obtain. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation They challenged inventors to come up with an alternative material that could be manufactured, with a US$10,000 prize from Phelan and Collender of New York City being offered. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been

In 1869, John Wesley Hyatt invented a composition material called cellulose nitrate for billiard balls (US patent 50359, the first American patent for billiard balls). John Wesley Hyatt ( November 28, 1837 &ndash May 10, 1920) was an American inventor Nitrocellulose (also cellulose nitrate, flash paper) is a highly flammable compound formed by Nitrating Cellulose through exposure to It is unclear if the cash prize was ever awarded to Hyatt, and there is no evidence suggesting he did in fact win it[1][2]. By 1870 it was commercially branded Celluloid, the first industrial plastic. Celluloid is the name of a class of compounds created from Nitrocellulose and Camphor, plus dyes and other agents Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Unfortunately, the nature of celluloid made it volatile in production, occasionally exploding, which ultimately made this early plastic impractical.

Subsequently, to avoid the problem of celluloid instability, the industry experimented with various other synthetic materials for billiards balls such as Bakelite, Crystalate and other plastic compounds. Bakelite (ˈbеɪkɨlaɪt is a material based on the thermosetting Phenol formaldehyde resin polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride developed in 1907–1909 by

The exacting requirements of the billiard ball are met today with balls cast from plastic materials that are strongly resistant to cracking and chipping. Currently Saluc, under the brand names Aramith and Brunswick Centennial, manufactures phenolic resin balls. Saluc SA is a Belgium based speciality manufacturing company Founded in 1923 Saluc has manufactured products under the brand name Aramith. Phenolic resin can include any of various synthetic Thermosetting Resins such as Bakelite, obtained by the reaction of Phenols with simple Other plastics and resins such as polyester (under various trade names) and clear acrylic are also used, by competing companies such as Elephant Balls Ltd., Frenzy Sports, and Vigma. Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain Poly(methyl methacrylate ( PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate is a Thermoplastic and transparent Plastic.

(See also Cue sports, "History" for more general information on billiards history. )

Types of billiard balls

Carom billiards

A standard set of carom billiards balls (61.5 mm [27⁄16 in] diameter), including a red object ball, a plain white cue ball, and a dotted cue ball for the opponent. Some games use an additional object ball.
A standard set of carom billiards balls (61. 5 mm [27⁄16 in] diameter), including a red object ball, a plain white cue ball, and a dotted cue ball for the opponent. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Some games use an additional object ball.

In the realm of carom (or carambole) games, billiard balls are the three (sometimes four) balls used to play straight-rail, three-cushion, balkline, and related games on pocketless billiards tables, as well as English billiards which is played on a table with pockets. Carom billiards, sometimes called carambole billiards or simply carambole and in some cases used as a synonym for the game of straight rail from Balkline (sometimes spelled balk line)is the overarching title of a large array of Carom billiards games generally played with two and a third red, on a -covered Carom billiards, sometimes called carambole billiards or simply carambole and in some cases used as a synonym for the game of straight rail from Balkline (sometimes spelled balk line)is the overarching title of a large array of Carom billiards games generally played with two and a third red, on a -covered A billiard table or billiards table (or more specifically a pool table or snooker table) is a bounded table on which billiards-type games English billiards, called simply billiards in many former British colonies and in Great Britain where it originated also known variously as the English game The Asian game yotsudama uses four balls (the name literally means "four-balls"). Four-ball is a Carom billiards game The game is played on a pocketless table with four balls usually one light red one dark red and two white Carom balls are not numbered, and at 27⁄16 inches (61. 5 mm) are larger than pool balls. They are colored as follows:

  • Red object ball (two reds, in yotsudama)
  • White cue ball for player 1
  • White with a spot (or sometimes yellow) cue ball for player 2


American-style pool

Classic American-style pool balls racked for a game of eight-ball, just before the break shot.
Classic American-style pool balls racked for a game of eight-ball, just before the break shot. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Eight-ball, sometimes called stripes and solids and more rarely bigs and littles or highs and lows, is a Pocket billiards (pool game popular TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles
Modern American-style pool balls
Modern American-style pool balls

In the US, the term "billiard balls" usually (except among carom players) refers to balls used to play various pocket billiards (pool) games, such as eight-ball, nine-ball and one-pocket; they are commonly referred to as kelly pool or American pool balls in the UK. Pocket billiards, most commonly referred to as pool, is the general term for a family of games played on a specific class of Billiards table, having 6 receptacles Eight-ball, sometimes called stripes and solids and more rarely bigs and littles or highs and lows, is a Pocket billiards (pool game popular Nine-ball is a contemporary pocket billiards (pool game with historical beginnings rooted in the United States and traceable to the 1920s One-pocket is a two-player (or -team Pocket billiards (pool game Kelly pool (also known as pea pool, pill pool, keeley, the keilley game, and killy) is a Pocket billiards game with numerous These pool balls, used the most widely throughout the world, are considerably smaller than carom billiards balls, slightly larger than British-style pool balls and substantially larger than those for snooker. According to BCA/WPA equipment specifications, the weight may be from 5. The Billiard Congress of America is a governing body for Cue sports in the United States. The World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA is the international governing body for Pocket billiards (and also sactions rules and events for Carom billiards 5 to 6 oz. (156 to 170 g) with a diameter of 2. 25 in. (5. 715 cm), plus or minus 0. 005 in. (0. 127 mm). [1][2]. The balls are numbered and colored as follows:

  1. Yellow
  2. Blue
  3. Red
  4. Purple (pink in some ball sets)
  5. Orange
  6. Green
  7. Brown or burgundy (tan in some ball sets)
  8. Black
  9. Yellow and white
  10. Blue and white
  11. Red and white
  12. Purple and white (pink and white in some ball sets)
  13. Orange and white
  14. Green and white
  15. Brown (or burgundy) and white (tan and white in some ball sets)
  • Cue ball white (sometimes with one or more spots)

Note that balls 1–7 are often referred to as solids and 9–15 as stripes though there are many other colloquial terms for each suit of balls. Billiard balls are used in Cue sports, such as Carom billiards, pool, and Snooker. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Though it looks similar to the solids, the 8 ball is not considered a solid. Some games such as nine-ball do not distinguish between stripes and solids, but rather use the numbering on the balls to determine which object ball must be pocketed, in other games such as three-ball neither type of marking is of any consequence. Three-ball (or "3-ball" colloquially is a Pocket billiards folk game played with three standard pool and a. In eight-ball, straight pool, and related games, all sixteen balls are employed. Eight-ball, sometimes called stripes and solids and more rarely bigs and littles or highs and lows, is a Pocket billiards (pool game popular Straight pool, also called 141 continuous or simply 141, is a Pocket billiards game and was the common sport of championship competition until overtaken In the game of nine-ball, only object balls 1 through 9 (plus the cue ball) are used. Nine-ball is a contemporary pocket billiards (pool game with historical beginnings rooted in the United States and traceable to the 1920s Some balls used in televised pool games are colored differently to make them distinguishable on television monitors (thus the pink and tan variants). TV is also the genesis of the "measle" cue ball with numerous spots on its surface so that spin placed on it is evident to viewers.

Coin-operated pool tables such as those found at bars and college campuses historically have often used either a larger ("grapefruit") or denser ("rock", typically ceramic) cue ball, such that its extra weight makes it easy for the cue ball return mechanism to separate it from object balls (which are captured until the game ends and the table is paid again for another game) so that the cue ball can be returned for further play, should it be accidentally pocketed. Rarely in the US, some pool tables use a smaller cue ball instead. Modern tables usually employ a magnetic ball of regulation or near-regulation size and weight, since players have rightly complained for many decades that the heavy and often over-sized cue balls do not "play" correctly.

British-style pool (blackball)

Playing blackball, with its distinctive red and yellow groups.
Playing blackball, with its distinctive red and yellow groups. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles

In WPA blackball and WEPF or English-style eight-ball (not to be confused with the game of English billiards), fifteen balls again are used, but are arrayed in two unnumbered groups, the reds (or less commonly blues) and yellows, with a white cue ball, and black 8 ball. Eight-ball, sometimes called stripes and solids and more rarely bigs and littles or highs and lows, is a Pocket billiards (pool game popular The World Eight-ball Pool Federation is an international pool governing body overseeing international tournaments and rankings (sometimes called as evidenced by the organisation TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Aside from the 8, shots are not called since there is no reliable way to identify particular balls to be pocketed. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Because they are unnumbered they are wholly unsuited to certain pool games, such as nine-ball, in which ball order is important. They are noticeably smaller than the American-style balls, and with a cue ball that is slightly smaller than the object balls, while the table's pockets are tighter to compensate. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Neither the WPA nor the WEPF (publicly) define ball or even table dimensions, though presumably league and tournament organizers are given some guidelines in this regard. Most manufacturers that supply this market provide 2 in. (5. 08 cm) object balls and 17⁄8 in. (4. 76 cm) cue balls. The yellow-and-red sets are sometimes commercially referred to as "casino sets" (they were formerly used for televised eight-ball championships[3]:45 – most often held in casinos). The use of such sets, however, pre-dates television, as they were used for B. B. C. Co. Pool, the forerunner of modern eight-ball, at least as early as 1908. [3]:24

Snooker

Snooker balls just before the break.
Snooker balls just before the break. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles

Ball sets for the sport of snooker look at first glance like a mixture of American- and British-style pool balls. Snooker is a Cue sport that is played on a large Baize -covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long There are twenty-two balls in total, arranged as a rack of fifteen unmarked reds, six colour balls placed at various predetermined spots on the table, and a white cue ball. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles (See snooker for more information on ball setup. Snooker is a Cue sport that is played on a large Baize -covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long ) The colour balls are sometimes numbered American-style, with their point values, for the amateur/home market. They are numbered as follows:

2. Yellow
3. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Green
4. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Brown
5. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Blue
6. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Pink
7. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Black

Snooker balls are standardized at 52. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles 5 mm (approximately 21⁄8 in. ) in diameter within a tolerance of plus or minus 0. 05 mm (0. 002 in. ) No standard weight is defined, but all balls in the set must be the same weight within a tolerance of 3 g. [4] However, many sets are actually 21⁄16 in. (about 52. 4 mm), even from major manufacturers. Snooker sets are also available with considerably smaller-than-regulation balls (and even with ten instead of fifteen reds) for play on smaller tables (down to half-size), and are sanctioned for use in some amateur leagues.

Other games

Russian pyramid ball at a corner pocket. The relative size of the ball and the pocket makes the game very challenging.
Russian pyramid ball at a corner pocket. The relative size of the ball and the pocket makes the game very challenging.

Various other games have their own variants of billiard balls. Russian pyramid and the related Finnish game kaisa make use of a set of 15 numbered but otherwise all-white balls, and a red or yellow cue ball, that are about the size of carom billiards balls. Bumper pool requires four white and four red object balls, and two special balls, one red with a white spot and the other the opposite; all are usually 21⁄8 (approximately 52. Bumper pool is a casual Billiards game played on an octagonal 5 mm) in diameter.

Training balls

The Jim Rempe Training Ball
The Jim Rempe Training Ball

Several brands of practice balls exist, which have systems of spots, stripes, differently-colored halves and/or targeting rings. James (Jim Rempe (born November 4, 1947, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, US) is an American professional Pocket billiards

For example, Saluc markets several practice ball systems, including the Jim Rempe Training Ball, a cue ball marked with rings and targets on the surface of the ball so that the practicing player can better judge the effects of very particular amounts of sidespin, topspin, backspin and other forms of cue ball control, and learn better control of cue stroke. James (Jim Rempe (born November 4, 1947, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, US) is an American professional Pocket billiards TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles A cue stick (or simply cue, or more specifically pool cue, snooker cue, or billiards cue) is an item of sporting equipment essential to the TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles [5] Various competing products, such as several other Saluc models[5] and Elephant Practice Balls,[6] use a similar aiming system. Some such sets consist of just a special cue ball and manual, while others contain both a cue ball and an object ball marked for aiming practice, along with the documenation.

Novelty balls

A striped "referee" 8 ball from a set of American football team logo balls.
A striped "referee" 8 ball from a set of American football team logo balls. A referee is a person who has authority to make decisions about play in many Sports Officials in various sports are known by a variety of titles including referee American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with
Various novelty pocket billiards balls. Clockwise from the top: Red and white balls and markers from a novelty game called Starball; an Elvis Presley commemorative cue ball from Graceland; a leopard-patterned 9 ball; colorful balls from a poker-themed set; regular balls and the small "jack" from a miniature bocce set used on a table instead of a lawn or court.
Various novelty pocket billiards balls. Pocket billiards, most commonly referred to as pool, is the general term for a family of games played on a specific class of Billiards table, having 6 receptacles Clockwise from the top: Red and white balls and markers from a novelty game called Starball; an Elvis Presley commemorative cue ball from Graceland; a leopard-patterned 9 ball; colorful balls from a poker-themed set; regular balls and the small "jack" from a miniature bocce set used on a table instead of a lawn or court. Graceland is the name of the 138 acre estate and large white-columned mansion that once belonged to Elvis Presley, located at 3734 Elvis Presley Boulevard in Memphis The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring Poker is a type of Card game in which players bet on the value of the card combination (" hand " in their possession by placing a bet into Bocce (or Bocci, or Boccie) is a precision Sport belonging to the Boules sport family closely related to Bowls and Pétanque

There is a growing market for specialty cue balls and even entire ball sets, featuring sports team logos, cartoon characters, animal pelt patterns, etc. Entrepreneurial inventors also supply a variety of novelty billiard games with unique rules and balls, some with playing card markings, others with stars and stripes, and yet others in sets of more than thirty balls in several suits. Marbled-looking and glittery materials are also popular for home tables. There are even blacklight sets for playing in near-dark. A Black light or UV Light is a lamp emitting Electromagnetic radiation that is almost exclusively in the soft near ultraviolet range and emits There are also practical joke cue and 8 balls, with off-center weights in them that make their paths curve and wobble. A practical joke or prank is a stunt or trick to purposely make someone feel foolish or victimized usually for humor Miniature sets in various sizes (typically 2⁄3 or 1⁄2 of normal size) are also commonly available, primarily intended for children's under-sized toy tables.

In popular culture

The 8 ball is frequently used iconically in Western, especially American, culture. It can frequently be found as an element of T-shirt designs, album covers and names, tattoos, household goods like paperweights and cigarette lighters, belt buckles, etc. A classic toy is the Magic 8-Ball "oracle". The Magic 8-Ball, manufactured by Mattel, is a Toy used for Fortune-telling. A wrestler, a rapper, and a rock band have all independently adopted the name. Donald "Don" Harris and Ronald "Ron" Harris (born October 23, 1961) are American twin brothers who 8Ball & MJG is an American hip hop duo from Memphis, Tennessee, consisting of rappers 8Ball and MJG 8-Ball is a four-piece rock band from Okinawa, Japan, formed in the late '90s and consists of lead singer Ray Leon drummer Chris bassist and Keiichi Sato the guitarist

The term "8 ball" is also slang both for 1⁄8 oz. Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. of cocaine or crystal meth, and for a bottle of Olde English 800 malt liquor. Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant Olde English 800 (commonly referred to as OE, Olde E, Olde Gold, Olde Dirty bastard, Golden Bullet, High-G, Eight Malt liquor is a North American term referring to a type of Beer with high alcohol content

The expression "behind the eight" is used throughout the English-speaking world to indicate a dilemma from which it is difficult to extricate oneself. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A dilemma (Greek δί-λημμα "double proposition " is a Problem offering at least two solutions or possibilities of which none are practically The term derives from the game kelly pool. Kelly pool (also known as pea pool, pill pool, keeley, the keilley game, and killy) is a Pocket billiards game with numerous [7][8][9][10][11]

References

  1. ^ (2004) Billiards: The Official Rules and Records Book. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Colorado Springs, CO, USA: Billiards Congress of America, p. The City of Colorado Springs is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and most populous city of El Paso County, Colorado, The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Billiard Congress of America is a governing body for Cue sports in the United States.  5. ISBN 978-1-878493-14-9.  
  2. ^ "WPA Tournament Table & Equipment Specifications", World Pool-Billiard Association, November 2001. The World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA is the international governing body for Pocket billiards (and also sactions rules and events for Carom billiards
  3. ^ a b Shamos, Mike (1999). The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards. New York: Lyons Press. ISBN 1-55821-797-5.  
  4. ^ "Equipment", World Snooker Association, publication date unknown (accessed January 28, 2007), London, UK.
  5. ^ a b Product Line > Training Balls. Saluc. com. Saluc S.A. (2005). Saluc SA is a Belgium based speciality manufacturing company Founded in 1923 Saluc has manufactured products under the brand name Aramith. Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  6. ^ Elephant Practice Balls. ElephantBalls. com. Elephant Balls, Ltd. (2007). Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  7. ^ Shamos, Michael Ian (1993). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards. New York, NY: Lyons & Burford, Pages 85, 128 and 168. The City of New York ISBN 1-55821-219-1.  
  8. ^ Jewett, Bob (February 2002). "8-Ball Rules: The many different versions of one of today's most common games". Billiards Digest Magazine: Pages 22-23.  
  9. ^ Ralph Hickok (2001). Sports History: Pocket Billiards. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
  10. ^ Billiard Congress America (1995-2005) A Brief History of the Noble Game of Billiards by Mike Shamos. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
  11. ^ Steve Mizerak and Michael E. Panozzo (1990). Steve Mizerak's Complete Book of Pool. Chicago, Ill: Contemporary Books, Pages 127-8. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. ISBN 0-8092-4255-9.  

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