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For other uses, see Bile (disambiguation).

Bile or gall is a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the Cytoplasmic mass of the Liver. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Vertebrates are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, Chordates with backbones or spinal columns The grouping sometimes includes In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids. The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble

Contents

General infomation (summary)

Bile has various components, some of which is produced by hepatocytes (liver cells). Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the Cytoplasmic mass of the Liver. Its constituents include:

The bile salts sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate are produced by the liver from cholesterol. They are secreted in bile by hepatocytes along the bile canaliculi, which then join the bile duct, and goes into the gall bladder. Ordinarily the concentration of bile salts in bile is 0. 8%, however the gall bladder removes water from the bile, concentrating it between meals. It concentrates it up to 5 times (increasing concentration to 4%), before contracting the walls and releasing it into the duodenum once chyme has entered the small intestine.

Components- in more detail

The components of bile:

Production

Digestive system diagram showing the bile duct
Digestive system diagram showing the bile duct

Bile is produced by hepatocytes in the liver, draining through the many bile ducts that penetrate the liver. Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Phospholipids are a class of Lipids and are a major component of all Biological membranes All phospholipids contain a Diglyceride, a Phosphate Lecithin is any of a group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues and in egg yolk composed of Phosphoric acid, Choline, Bilins or bilanes are biological pigments formed in many organisms as a metabolic product of certain Porphyrins Bilin (also called bilichrome was named as a Bile acids (also known as bile salts are Steroid Acids found predominantly in the Bile of Mammals. Glycocholic acid, or cholylglycine, is a crystalline Bile acid involved in the Emulsification of Fats It occurs as a sodium Salt Taurocholic acid, known also as cholaic acid, cholyltaurine, or acidum cholatauricum, is a Deliquescent yellowish crystalline Bile In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the Cytoplasmic mass of the Liver. A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry Bile. During this process, the epithelial cells add a watery solution that is rich in bicarbonates that dilutes and increases alkalinity of the solution. In biology and medicine epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body Alkalinity or AT is a measure of the ability of a solution to neutralize acids to the Equivalence point of carbonate or bicarbonate Bile then flows into the common hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the Right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the Right functional lobe of the liver) and the The common bile duct in turn joins with the pancreatic duct to empty into the duodenum. The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung, is a duct joining the Pancreas to the Common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in Digestion If the sphincter of Oddi is closed, bile is prevented from draining into the intestine and instead flows into the gallbladder, where it is stored and concentrated to up to five times its original potency between meals. The Sphincter of Oddi, also called the hepatopancreatic sphincter or Glisson's sphincter, controls secretions from the Liver, Pancreas, and This concentration occurs through the absorption of water and small electrolytes, while retaining all the original organic molecules. Cholesterol is also released with the bile, dissolved in the acids and fats found in the concentrated solution. When food is released by the stomach into the duodenum in the form of chyme, the gallbladder releases the concentrated bile to complete digestion. Chyme is the semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum

The human liver can produce close to one litre of bile per day (depending on body size). 95% of the salts secreted in bile are reabsorbed in the terminal ileum and re-used. Blood from the ileum flows directly to the hepatic portal vein and returns to the liver where the hepatocytes resorb the salts and return them to the bile ducts to be re-used, sometimes two to three times with each meal. The hepatic portal vein (often portal vein for short is a Portal vein in the human body that drains blood from the Digestive system and its associated

Physiological functions

Bile salts are composed of a hydrophilic side, and a hydrophobic side. This means that they are more likely to aggregate to form micelles, with the hydrophobic sides towards the centre and hydrophilic towards the outside. In the centre of these micelles are triglycerides, which are separated from a larger globule of lipid, as shown in the diagram.

Pancreatic lipase is able to get to the molecules of triglyceride through gaps between the bile salts, providing a largely increased surface area for digestion. Ordinarily, the micelles in the duodenum have a diameter of around 14-33μm. However, it is possible for these to be much smaller, as small as 160nm when using artificial means.

Should bile not be present in the duodenum, not all of the lipid is able to be digested during digestion, and a lot of it is passed out in feces. As a result the time taken for the lipid to be broken down would be greatly increased if there was no bile present in the duodenum. This is how the body is able to efficiently digest and absorb lipids for metabolism.

Bile acts to some extent as a detergent, helping to emulsify fats (increasing surface area to help enzyme action), and thus aids in their absorption in the small intestine. A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning. An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water The most important compounds are the salts of taurocholic acid and deoxycholic acid. Taurocholic acid, known also as cholaic acid, cholyltaurine, or acidum cholatauricum, is a Deliquescent yellowish crystalline Bile Deoxycholic acid, also known as deoxycholate, cholanoic acid, and 3α12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanate, is a Bile acid. Bile salts combine with phospholipids to break down fat globules in the process of emulsification by associating its hydrophobic side with lipids and the hydrophilic side with water. Phospholipids are a class of Lipids and are a major component of all Biological membranes All phospholipids contain a Diglyceride, a Phosphate An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids Emulsified droplets then are organized into many micelles which increases absorption. A micelle (rarely micella, plural micelles) is an aggregate of Surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid Colloid. Since bile increases the absorption of fats, it is an important part of the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins D, E, K and A. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or Tocopherol, a class of chemical compounds of which many have Vitamin E activity describes a series of Organic compounds consisting of various methylated phenols Vitamin K (K from "Koagulations-Vitamin" in German Danish Swedish and Norwegian denotes a group of Lipophilic, Hydrophobic Vitamins that Vitamin A refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules the Retinoids. Besides its digestive function, bile serves as the route of excretion for the hemoglobin breakdown product (bilirubin) created by breakdown of erythrocytes, which are conjugated by glucuronidation in the liver ; it also neutralises any excess stomach acid before it enters the ileum, the final section of the small intestine. Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein Bilirubin (formerly referred to as hematoidin) is the yellow breakdown product of normal Heme Catabolism. In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the ileum is the final section of the Small intestine. Bile salts are also bacteriocidal to the invading microbes that enter with food. A bactericide or bacteriocide is a substance that kills bacteria and preferably nothing else

Bile soaps

Bile from slaughtered animals can be mixed with soap. SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using This mixture, called bile soap,[1] can be applied to textiles a few hours before washing and is a traditional and rather effective method for removing various kinds of tough stains.

Abnormal conditions associated with bile

Four humors

Yellow bile (sometimes called ichor) and black bile were two of the four vital fluids or humors of ancient and medieval Greco-Roman alternative medicine (the other two were phlegm and blood). Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers In Greek mythology, ichor (Greek) is the Mineral that is the Greek gods' Blood, sometimes said to have been present in Ambrosia or nectar Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers Phlegm ( is sticky Fluid secreted by the Mucous membranes of Humans and other Animals. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products The Latin names for the terms gave rise to the words "choler" (bile) and "melancholia" (black bile). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Excessive bile was supposed to produce an aggressive temperament, known as "choleric". Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers This is the origin of the word "bilious. " Depressive and other mental illnesses (melancholia) were ascribed to a bodily surplus of black bile. This is the origin of the word "melancholy. "

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ NEWTON, W. The bile acid sequestrants are a group of medications used for binding certain components of Bile in the gastrointestinal tract. A bile bear or battery bear is the term used for Asiatic black bears kept in captivity in Vietnam and China so that Bile may be extracted from them for sale as a Intestinal juice (succus entericus refers to the clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the Small intestine walls (1837). "The invention of certain improvements in the manufacture of soap, which will be particularly applicable to the felting of woollen cloths.". THE LONDON JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES; AND REPERTORY OF PATENT INVENTIONS IX: 289.  
  2. ^ Barabote RD, Tamang DG, Abeywardena SN, et al (2006). "Extra domains in secondary transport carriers and channel proteins". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1758 (10): 1557–79. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.06.018. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16905115.  

References

Dictionary

bile

-noun

  1. (biochemistry) A bitter brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow secretion produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.
  2. bitterness of temper; ill humour; irascibility.
  3. Two of the four humours, black bile or yellow bile, in ancient and medieval physiology.
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