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Bicycle messenger, New York City
Bicycle messenger, New York City

Bicycle messengers (also known as bike or cycle couriers) are people who work for courier companies (also known as messenger companies) carrying and delivering items by bicycle. A courier is a Person or company employed to deliver Messages packages and Mail. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind Bicycle messengers are most often found in the central business districts of metropolitan areas. Courier companies use bike messengers because bicycles can travel faster than automobiles, and often motorcycles, through heavy city traffic by exploiting openings in traffic too small for motor vehicles. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. Traffic on Roads may consist of Pedestrians ridden or herded Animals Vehicles Streetcars and other Conveyances either singly

Contents

Continued demand

Various commentators, at various times, have claimed that technological innovation will significantly reduce the demand for same day parcel delivery[1][2]. Their predictions were that the fax machine, and then the internet, would render the messenger business obsolete, but demand for urgent courier services remains[3]. Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, "make similar" i The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks US Department of Labor statistics are reported to show that the numbers of people employed as messengers in the period 1996 - 2004 has held steady. The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety wage and hour standards Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. [4]

Some portion of the continued demand may be the need to send items which can not be sent by digital means (eg corporate gifts, original artwork, clothes for magazine photo-shoots). But legal documents, various financial instruments and sensitive information are also sent by courier, perhaps reflecting a continuing distrust of digital cryptography[5]. Also common is the use of messengers to deliver digital content across the city on optical media or hard disks. A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device [6] With the introduction of high speed internet connections, the speed of delivery is no longer the main reason for the delivery of removable media, as it may have been in the past[7]. In some instances messengers may be used purely for the air of importance the delivery method lends to a package.

Working conditions

The conditions of employment of bicycle messengers vary from country to country, city to city and even company to company. Contracts governing the relationship between individual courier and company are subject as much to customary practice, as local ordinance. In some places messengers are independent contractors paid on commission and do not receive benefits such as health insurance. An independent contractor is a Natural person, Business or Corporation which provides goods or services to another entity under terms The payment of commission as Remuneration for services rendered or products sold is a common way to reward sales people. In other places they will be regular employees of the courier company enjoying all the benefits thereof. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee.

In the US, the Obama-Durbin Independent Contractor Proper Classification Act of 2007 was introduced to deal with the problem of workers 'misclassified' as independent contractors. [8]. It is not clear what effect this legislation, if enacted, will have on the U. S. courier market. But if, as is the Act's intention, courier companies are forced to treat those workers that they previously declared independent contractors, as employees, with all the benefits thereof, then there is no doubt that costs will rise. [9] It should be noted that this legislation is aimed at 10 million workers in the US, not merely couriers and messengers.

The employment status of the bicycle messengers of one of the UK's biggest sameday courier services, CitySprint, was challenged by the GMB trade union in December 2007. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming The challenge arises from the firm deciding to terminate the contract of one of its riders. The GMB seeks to establish that more than 1500 CitySprint operatives currently classified as self-employed sub-contractors should be re-classified as employees. [10]

It is very common for the job to carry a low degree of compensation relative to the risk and effort required. In 2002, a Harvard Medical School study of injury rates amongst Boston bicycle messengers determined that the rate of injury requiring time off work amongst the sample group was more than 13 times the US average, and more than 3 times higher than the next highest, workers in the meat-packing industry. Harvard Medical School ( HMS) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University and currently the #1 medical school in America as ranked by U [11] At least one bicycle messenger is killed while working every year in the US. [12][13][14] 7 bicycle messengers are known to have been killed while working in London between 1989 and 2003. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [15] Because payment is made at piece rates, and cycle couriers often fail to file accurate tax returns, it is hard to find good evidence of messenger income. Piece work or piecework describes types of Employment in which a Worker is paid a fixed "piece rate" for each unit produced or A study published in 2006 stated that the average daily wage of London bicycle messengers was £65 a day, and that of bicycle messenger in Cardiff was £45. [16] The UK legal minimum wage is £5. 52/hour. [17] Based on a 9 hour day, this gives a legal minimum daily rate of around £49, before deductions.

History

Western Union bicycle courier, 1912
Western Union bicycle courier, 1912

Almost immediately after Pierre Lallement developed the forerunner of the modern pedal-driven velocipede in 1864, people began to use the bicycle for delivery purposes. Pierre Lallement (born between August 30, 1843 and August 29, 1844; died August 29 1891 could be the inventor of the Bicycle. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year David Herlihy's 2004 book on the early history of the bicycle contains several references to bicycle messengers working during the late 19th century, including a description of couriers employed by the Paris stock exchange in the 1870s[18]. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " During the bicycle boom of the 1890s in the United States, Western Union employed a number of bicycle messengers in New York City and other large population centers. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Western Union Company ( is a financial services and communications company based in the United States. The City of New York

The earliest recorded post-war American bicycle courier company was founded by Carl Sparks, in San Francisco 1945. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city According to the San Francisco Bicycle Messenger Association, 'Sparkie's went on to become Aero, which was bought out in 1998 [and] later absorbed into CitySprint. '[19] By the late 1970s, there were well-established companies offering bicycle messenger services in many major cities in the U. S.

In Europe, the bicycle had fallen out of favour as a means of delivery in the third quarter of the 20th century. It was not until 1983 that bicycle messengers made their reappearance in Europe. London's On Yer Bike and Pedal-Pushers were pioneers of pedal over petrol, and the rest of the city's courier companies followed suit. By the late 1980s, cycle couriers were a common sight in central London and a British manufacturer named a range of mountain-bikes for them, the Muddy Fox 'Courier'. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. [20] Entrepreneurs in continental Europe, some inspired by seeing couriers in the US or in London, began to offer bicycle courier services in the late 1980s, and by 1993 there were sufficiently large numbers of bicycle couriers in Northern Europe and North America that over 400 attended the inaugural Cycle Messenger Championships in Berlin, Germany. [21] Bicycle messengers have not become common in southern Europe, the heartland of world competitive cycling. There are very few bicycle couriers in Portugal, France, Spain, or Italy. Outside Europe and North America, there are now large bicycle messenger services in Japan—notably Tokyo—and also in New Zealand and Australia. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Equipment

Bicycle

A multi-speed freewheel messenger bicycle
A multi-speed freewheel messenger bicycle
A fixed-gear bicycle
A fixed-gear bicycle

The essential equipment of a bicycle messenger is a bicycle. Messengers can be found using many different types of bicycles, including road bikes, hybrids, mountain bikes, BMX bicycles and fixed-gear bicycles. road bicycle is a Bicycle designed for use primarily on paved Roads as opposed to Off-road terrain For motorized-pedal hybrids see Motorized bicycle A hybrid bicycle is a bicycle designed for use on roads and bike paths combining in highly variable A mountain bike or mountain bicycle (abbreviated MTB or ATB (all terrain bicycle is a Bicycle designed for off-road cycling including BMX ( Bicycle Motocross) is a form of Cycling on specially designed bicycles which usually have 20 inch wheels A fixed-gear bicycle or fixed wheel bicycle, is a Bicycle without the ability to coast Although not ridden by a majority of messengers, the fixed-gear bicycle is currently most often associated with bicycle messengers. [22]

Bag

The majority of messengers use a bag to carry their deliveries and personal effects. Bags with a single strap that wraps diagonally across the wearer's chest - popularly known as messenger bags - are popular among messengers because they can be swung around the messenger's body to allow access to the compartment without removing the bag. A messenger bag (also called a courier bag) is a type of sack usually made out of some kind of cloth (natural or synthetic that is worn Similarly specialized two-strap backpacks are also available for messengers. A backpack (also called These must be at least partially removed to access the storage compartments, but distribute the weight of the bag across both shoulders, and are less likely to shift while riding.

Clasps which can be adjusted with one hand (ideal for riding), clips, pockets and webbing loops on the strap for holding a cell phone or two-way radio and other equipment also feature on purpose-built messenger bags. two-way radio is a radio that can both transmit and receive (a Transceiver) unlike a broadcast receiver which only receives content Messenger bags generally have large capacities (up to 50 liters or 3,000 cubic inches, large enough to hold a box of ten reams of paper). Various measures of Paper quantity have been and are in use; Writing paper measurements 25 sheets = 1 quire 500 sheets = 20 quires = 1 ream 1000 sheets = Baskets and racks, mounted on the front or rear of a bike, can also provide carrying space, and at least one messenger service (in New York City) equips its riders with specialized three-wheel cycles (sometimes known as cargo-trikes), which have a large trunk in the rear for carrying items, in lieu of bags. The City of New York Freight bicycles, carrier cycles, freight Tricycles or cargo bikes' are Human powered vehicles designed and constructed specifically

London bicycle messenger, 2007. Note lock carried around waist.
London bicycle messenger, 2007. Note lock carried around waist.

Communications

Messengers communicate and are dispatched to assignments via hand-held communication devices including two-way radios, cell phones, and personal digital assistants. two-way radio is a radio that can both transmit and receive (a Transceiver) unlike a broadcast receiver which only receives content Many of the larger messenger services now equip their riders with GPS tracking devices[23], for ease of location. A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine the precise location of a vehicle person or other asset to which it is attached and

Lock

Large cities are often severely affected by bicycle theft. [24] To protect their bikes from thieves, most messengers carry a lock to secure their bike during deliveries. Simple chain and padlock systems are used by many messengers, who wear the locked chain around their waist like a belt while riding. U-locks (also known as D-locks) are also popular. A bicycle lock is a Physical security device used on a bicycle to prevent Theft. These are carried in the bag, a rear pocket, or purpose-built belt which holds the lock in a loop.

Tools

Messengers typically carry basic tools to deal with mechanical problems they might encounter, weather-proof clothing and a map of the city or town in which they operate. [25]

Licensing

Some jurisdictions require the licensing of courier bicycles. In Calgary, Alberta, for example, metal license plates are by law required to be affixed to bicycles used for courier work. Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 [26]

Messenger culture and influence

Events

A Texas bicycle messenger doing a hands-free track stand while juggling at CMWCXIII NYC.
A Texas bicycle messenger doing a hands-free track stand while juggling at CMWCXIII NYC. The track stand is a technique that Bicycle riders can use to stay balanced on
The Swiss cycle messenger championships under way in 2004.
The Swiss cycle messenger championships under way in 2004.
Messenger bike, Soho, London
Messenger bike, Soho, London

Some messengers see their occupation as a sport as well as a job. Starting in 1993, Cycle Messenger Championships have taken place at national, continental and world levels. [27] In addition to these international races, bicycle messengers organise events of many kinds. These range from weekend events featuring multiple competitions[28], to roller races[29] held in bars, to alleycats and social rides. An Alleycat race is an informal bicycle race Alleycats almost always take place in cities and are often organized by Bicycle messengers The informality of the organization These events are held as much for fun and messenger networking as for competition. Bicycle messengers also take part in formal cycle competitions at all levels, and in all disciplines. Nelson Vails, silver medallist on the velodrome in the 1984 Olympics, worked as a bicycle messenger in New York City in the early 1980s. Nelson Beasley Vails (born October 13, 1960 in New York) is a retired Road and Track cyclist from the United States, The City of New York Ivonne Kraft, who competed in the 2004 Olympic cross country mountain bike race, is a multiple former Cycle Messenger World Champion, and worked as a bicycle messenger in Germany for a number of years. These are the results of the women's cross-country event in Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Media

Messengers have been used in fiction media as symbols of urban living, and have been the subject of novels[30], memoirs[31], feature films[32], television series[33], comic-books[34] and sociological studies[35]. Mexican artist José Guadalupe Posada created a popular icon of a marijuana-smoking bicycle courier everyman in his 19th century engravings. José Guadalupe Posada ( 2 February 1852 &ndash 20 January 1913) was a Mexican engraver and illustrator. In literature and drama the term everyman has come to mean an ordinary individual with whom the audience or reader is supposed to be able to identify easily and who is often placed

News media have made portrayals of messengers ranging from innocuous urban libertines to reckless, cliquish nihilists. Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose The latter portrayal is often sparked by local incidents involving bike messengers in collisions with other road-users or run-ins with authority figures[36]. These incidents also occasionally lead to proposals for, and dispute over, new ordinances and regulations on messengers and messengering. [37] [38]

Fashion

The influence of bicycle messengers can be seen in urban fashion, most notably the popularity of single-strap messenger bags, which are a common accessory among people who do not ride a bicycle regularly. The rise in popularity of fixed-gear bicycles in the mid-2000's, complete with affectations such as spoke cards (gathered from "alleycats" typically), is attributed to bicycle messengers. A fixed-gear bicycle or fixed wheel bicycle, is a Bicycle without the ability to coast Spoke cards are used to identify competitors in Alleycat races held between Bicycle messengers Originally Tarot cards were used with the race number written An Alleycat race is an informal bicycle race Alleycats almost always take place in cities and are often organized by Bicycle messengers The informality of the organization [39] Some messengers disparagingly refer to persons sporting these affectations as 'fakengers' or 'posengers'. [40][41]

See also

References

  1. ^ Seaton, Matt (2007-07-05). An Alleycat race is an informal bicycle race Alleycats almost always take place in cities and are often organized by Bicycle messengers The informality of the organization A courier is a Person or company employed to deliver Messages packages and Mail. Freight bicycles, carrier cycles, freight Tricycles or cargo bikes' are Human powered vehicles designed and constructed specifically A messenger bag (also called a courier bag) is a type of sack usually made out of some kind of cloth (natural or synthetic that is worn Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Two Wheels column. Guardian Media. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
  2. ^ Tomasson, Robert (1990-03-19). Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Fax Displacing Manhattan Bike Couriers. New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
  3. ^ Soft Pedal. The Economist (2006-06-29). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland.
  4. ^ Hendry, Joe. Bicycle messengers are pedaling uphill against the Internet. messmedia. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
  5. ^ Authenticity and Integrity in the Digital Environment. Council on Library and Information Recources (2000-05-01). 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
  6. ^ Piracy And Securing The Digital Media Supply Chain. Video Insider (2007-12-31). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
  7. ^ Sneakernet Redux: Walk Your Data. Wired Magazine (2002-08-26). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  8. ^ Obama introduces pro-labor legislstion today. BarackObama. com (2007-09-12). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Retrieved on 2007-10-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony
  9. ^ Ron Da Parma. "IRS says FedEx may owe $319 million" (html), Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, 2007-12-27 accessdate=2008-01-03.  
  10. ^ Nick Mathiason. "Christmas sacking starts fight for rights of dispatched courier" (html), London, UK: Guardian Media, 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Retrieved on 2007-12-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes  
  11. ^ Dennerlein, Meeker (2002-02-06). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio "Occupational Injuries Among Boston Bicycle Messengers" (html). . Harvard School of Public Health Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
  12. ^ Mark Brown (2007-08-19). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Messengers pay tribute with 'ghost bike'. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved on 2007-09-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English  “Death of one of their own shows group's tight bond”
  13. ^ Emily Vasquez (2006-08-11). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Manhattan: Bike Messenger Killed. New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-09-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English
  14. ^ Thomas McBride. Messenger Memorial (1999). Retrieved on 2007-09-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English  “d. 26. April. 1999 murdered by Carnell Fitzpatrick, driver of a Chevy Tahoe. ”
  15. ^ 'Buffalo' Bill Chidley (2005-10-13). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Dedication. Moving Target. Retrieved on 2007-09-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English  “London Bicycle Messengers killed while working: Joe Cooper, Calvin Simpson, Paul Ellis, Edward Newstead, Mark Francis, Reidar "Danny" Farr, Sebastian Lukomski”
  16. ^ Fincham, Ben (2007). "‘Generally speaking people are in it for the cycling and the beer’: Bicycle couriers, subculture and enjoyment". The Sociological Review 55 ((2)).  
  17. ^ National Minimum Wage. UK Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (2005-10-13). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
  18. ^ Herlihy, David V. , Bicycle: The History Yale University press
  19. ^ A History of Bike Messengering in San Francisco (html). San Francisco Bicycle Messenger Association (September 1996). Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
  20. ^ Value Judgement (html). The Washing Machine Post (1998-04-11). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.  “When I entered the grand world of cycling in a proper way instead of playing on a terrible ten speed racer, i bought a Muddy Fox Courier for £300 [sic]”
  21. ^ A Short history of the Cycle Messenger World Championships (html). International Federation of Bicycle Messengers and Associations (October 1998). Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.  “500 messengers showed up, raced, drank beer, smoked and hung out. The Cycle Messenger World Championships had been born. ”
  22. ^ Don't kill the bike messenger. NY Times News Service (2005-06-11). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
  23. ^ Chidley, 'Buffalo' Bill. The End of Bicycle Messengering As We Know It?. Moving Target. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
  24. ^ Bicycles stolen every 71 seconds (html). BBC News (2007-04-27). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Retrieved on 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.  “The hotspots for [bicycle] thefts are central London”
  25. ^ Chidley and others, 'Buffalo' Bill. How to be a messenger and not get stitched up, nicked or run over. London Bicycle Messenger Association. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
  26. ^ Alberta Traffic Act
  27. ^ Joe Hendry. CYCLE MESSENGER WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS since 1993. messmedia. org. Retrieved on 2007-10-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.
  28. ^ Berlin Annual International Cycle Courier Team Trophy. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
  29. ^ Rollapaluza, the London messenger roller race. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
  30. ^ Gibson, William (1994-10-06). Virtual Light. Virtual Light is the first book in William Gibson 's Bridge trilogy. London: Viking Press. Viking Press is an American Publishing company currently owned by Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140157727.  
  31. ^ Reilly, Rebecca (2000-08). Nerves of Steel : Bike Messengers in the United States. New York: Spoke and Word. ISBN 978-0970342607.  
  32. ^ Quicksilver, 1986 film about a stock broker who becomes a NYC messenger
  33. ^ Streetwise, a UK children's TV series about a cycle courier company. Quicksilver is a 1986 Feature film starring Kevin Bacon. Written and directed by Thomas Michael Donnelly, the film also includes Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
  34. ^  Jones, Jay (w),  Jones, Jay (p),  Messenger 29 vol. 1,  #1 (September 1989)  September Press
  35. ^ Fincham, Ben (2007). "‘Generally speaking people are in it for the cycling and the beer’: Bicycle couriers, subculture and enjoyment". The Sociological Review 55 ((2)): 189–202.  
  36. ^ Messenger mayhem. messmedia.
  37. ^ McNulty, Timothy (1999-09-08). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Messengers don't like Council's signals. Pittsburgh Post Gazzette. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  38. ^ An Ordinance Concerning The Registration Of Commercial Bicycle Services And The Licensing Of Commercial Messengers, 2000. City of Boston. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  39. ^ Ryan, Singel. Fixed-Gear Bikes an Urban Fixture. Wired Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
  40. ^ the track bike, Ephraim. Ask A Track Bike. San Francisco Weekly. Retrieved on 09/18/07.
  41. ^ Chidley, 'Buffalo' Bill. Fakenger. Moving Target. Retrieved on 09/18/07.

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