For Wikipedia's policy on avoiding bias, see Wikipedia:Neutral point of view.

Bias is a term used to describe a tendency or preference towards a particular perspective, ideology or result. Preference (also called " taste " or "penchant" is a concept used in the Social sciences particularly Economics. Perspective in theory of Cognition is the choice of a context or a Reference (or the result of this choice from which to Sense, Categorize An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics All information and points of view can generate some form of bias. Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings A person is generally said to be biased if a reasonable observer would conclude that the person is markedly influenced by inner biases, rendering it unlikely for them to be able to be objective. "n objective account is one which attempts to capture the nature of the object studied in a way that does not depend on any features of the particular subject who studies it In careful usage bias refers to a belief that leads to a false judgment.

Contents 1 In practice 2 Effects of biases 3 Forms of biases 4 See also 5 External links

In practice

Bias may result from opining on a subject while holding a particular viewpoint on the subject, and not applying neutral point of view correction to the process, whether consciously or unconsciously. An opinion is a Person 's Ideas and thoughts towards something which it is either impossible to verify the truth of or the truth of which is thought unimportant to In practice, an accusation of bias often results from a perception of unacknowledged favoritism on the part of a critic or judge, or indeed any person in a position requiring the careful and disinterested exercise of arbitration or assessment. Elitism is the belief or attitude that those individuals who are considered members of the Elite &mdash a select group of people with outstanding personal abilities intellect The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law Any tendency to favour a certain set of values naturally lead to an uneven dispensation of judgment. It may also be noted that, if a person were to take their own preexisting view as a priori balanced without acknowledging their own personal inclinations, any person or organization that disagrees with their views is likely to be viewed as biased regardless of that person or organization's actual efforts at balance. "A priori" redirects here For other uses see A priori. It may be observed that bias is, in a sense, reflexive, unacknowledged or unrecognized bias potentially leading to its apprehension (with or without good reason) in others.

Effects of biases

A bias could lead one to accept or deny the truth of a claim, not on the basis of the strength of the arguments in support of the claim themselves, but because of the extent of the claim's correspondence with one's own preconceived ideas. The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality In Proof theory, a sequent is a formalized statement of provability that is frequently used when specifying calculi for deduction. An idea is a form (such as a Thought) formed by Consciousness (including Mind) through the Process of ideation. This is called confirmation bias. In Psychology and Cognitive science, confirmation bias is a tendency to search for or interpret new information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions and avoids it can change the results of certain results

Forms of biases

These are just a few popular ones.

• Class: bias favoring one social class and bias ignoring social or class divisions. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures.
• Commercial: advertising, coverage of political campaigns favoring corporate interests, or reporting favoring media owner interests. Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand
• Cognitive bias
• Cultural bias: interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture. For an article about the conceptual problems of the mind see Cognitive closure (philosophy. Cultural bias is when someone is biased due to his or her culture
• Ethnic or racial: racism, nationalism, regionalism and tribalism. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation In Politics, regionalism is a Political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular Region or group of regions whether traditional or formal The internal social structure of a tribe can vary greatly from case to case but due to the small size of tribes it is always a relatively simple structure with few (if any significant social
• Geographical: describing a dispute as it is conducted in one country, when the dispute is framed differently elsewhere.
• Inductive bias
• Media bias: real or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media, in the selection of which events will be reported and how they are covered
• Nationalistic: favoring or opposing the interests or views of a particular nation. The inductive bias of a learning Algorithm is the set of assumptions that the learner uses to predict outputs given inputs that it has not encountered (Mitchell 1980 Media bias in the United States A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends News is any new information or information on Current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or Word of mouth "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation
• Gender: including sexism and heteronormativity. Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social Sexism is the belief or attitude that one Gender or Sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a Hatred or distrust towards Heteronormativity is a term to describe the marginalization of Non-heterosexual lifestyles and the view that Heterosexuality is the normal Sexual orientation
• Linguistic: bias, favoring certain languages
• Political: bias in favor of or against a particular political party, philosophy, policy or candidate. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions
• Religious: bias for or against religion, faith or beliefs;
• Sensationalist: favoring the exceptional over the ordinary. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Sensationalism is a manner of being extremely Controversial, loud or attention grabbing This includes emphasizing, distorting, or fabricating exceptional news to boost commercial ratings.
• Scientific (including anti-scientific and scientific skepticism): favoring (or disfavoring) a scientist, inventor, or theory for non-scientific reasons. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Antiscience is a position critical of Science and the Scientific method. Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism ( also spelled scepticism) sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a scientific or practical This can also include excessive favoring (or disfavoring) prevalent scientific opinion, if in doing so, notable viewpoints are no longer being treated neutrally.
• Statistical: one example is a biased sample. A biased sample is a statistical sample of a population in which some members of the population are less likely to be included than others
• Systematic: bias resulting from a flaw integral to the system within which the bias arises (for example, an incorrectly calibrated thermostat may consistently read — that is 'be biased' — several degrees hotter or colder than actual temperature). System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract A thermostat is a device for regulating the Temperature of a System so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature As a consequence, systematic bias commonly leads to systematic errors, as opposed to random errors, which tend to cancel one another out. Systematic errors are Biases in Measurement which lead the situation where the Mean of many separate measurements differs Significantly In Statistics and optimization, the concepts of statistical error and residual are easily confused with each other

See also

• Bias (textile)
• List of cognitive biases
• Scholarly method
• Weasel words

External links

The bias (US or cross-grain (UK direction of a piece of woven fabric, usually referred to simply as "the bias" or "the cross-grain" A Cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgement that occurs in particular situations (see also Cognitive distortion and the Lists of thinking-related topics Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as Weasel words is an informal term for words that are ambiguous and cannot be substantiated by facts

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