The term Berne International refers to the skeleton continuation, formally called the International Socialist Commission (ISC), of the socialist Second International after the latter's break-up due to World War I. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All It was based in Berne (the capital of Switzerland). The city of Berne or Bern (, Berne, Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the Bundesstadt ( Federal Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation
When World War I began, most members of the Second International supported their national governments in the conflict, betraying the principles of international working class solidarity that had animated the International. This led to a break between the "social patriotic" and reformist right-wing leaderships of the parties (see social democracy), on the one hand, and anti-war elements, on the other. Social Patriotism is an openly patriotic standpoint which combines Patriotism with Socialism. Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The latter included pacifists, the revolutionary left, and "centrists" who vacillated between reformist and revolutionary positions. In Politics, centrism usually refers to the political ideal of promoting Moderate policies which land in the middle ground between different political extremes After a Vorkonferenz (preparatory conference) at Berne in July 1915, the anti-war groups came together in September 1915 at Zimmerwald, near Berne in neutral Switzerland, in an International Socialist Conference. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Zimmerwald was until December 31, 2003 an independent municipality in the Canton of Berne, Switzerland. The Zimmerwald Conference was held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, from September 5 through September 8, 1915. The Conference was chaired by Robert Grimm of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland. Robert Grimm ( 16 April 1881 – 8 March 1958) was a Swiss Socialist politician and former President of the Swiss National The Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (also rendered as Socialist Party of Switzerland Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz (SP Parti socialiste suisse (PS Partito Socialista The Conference met again in Kienthal in April 1916. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The centrist current, known as the Zimmerwald Centre, of which Grimm was a leading member, were dominant at both meetings. The centrists, notably Clara Zetkin, also dominated the International Women’s Socialist Conference concerning the attitude to be adopted towards the war in March 1915 in Berne. Clara Zetkin, maiden name Eissner ( 5 July 1857 - 20 June 1933) was an influential socialist German politician [1]
The Swiss delegates took on the task of maintaining the organisation of the International.
After the war, veterans of the Second International called for its restoration. They called a conference, known as the Berne conference, at Berne from February 3 to February 10, 1919. The conference debated the status of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The majority of delegates, led by Karl Hjalmar Branting of the Swedish Social Democrats, welcomed the revolution, but were critical of the path taken by the Bolsheviks after the revolution, while a minority, led by German Social Democrats Karl Kautsky and Eduard Bernstein, were critical of the revolution itself. ( 23 November 1860 – 24 February 1925) was a Swedish politician Karl Kautsky ( October 16 1854 - October 17 1938) was a leading theoretician of Social democracy. Eduard Bernstein ( January 6 1850 December 18 1932) was a German social democratic theoretician and A third faction, to the left, led by French socialist Jean Longuet were more pro-Bolshevik and advocated the new international not taking a position on it. Jean-Laurent-Frederick Longuet (Johnny (1876-1938 was a French socialist and Karl Marx 's grandson The Berne conference undertook to send a delegation to Moscow to investigate the question, including Kautsky, Rudolf Hilferding and others, but the delegation never went. Rudolf Hilferding ( 10 August 1877 &ndash February 11, 1941) was an Austrian-born Marxist Economist, leading Socialist [2]
During the First Congress of the Third Communist International, the Berne conference was criticized by Lenin, in particular its support of imperialist intervention and war in Soviet Russia, who described it as a "yellow international". The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow Yellow socialism has two meanings It is primarily a system of government devised by Pierre Biétry in 1904 that offers the working classes a contrasting alternative to "red [3]
The remnants of the Second International who had met at Berne in 1919 met again in Lucerne in August 1919 and Geneva in July 1920. Lucerne ( Italian Lucerna) is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking This last meeting officially relaunched the Second International. The centrists, however, did not join it, and went on to form the International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP), known as the "Two-and-a-half International". The International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP also known as 2½ International or the Vienna International; German: Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft The IWUSP met in Berne in December 1920 and was formally launched in Vienna in February 1921. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. The two finally merged in 1923 to form the Labour and Socialist International. Socialist International is a worldwide organization of socialist ( social democratic and labour) political parties
- Note: After the break of the anarchists from the majority First International at its Hague Congress (1872), an alternative libertarian First International, known as the Anarchist St. Imier International was formed. The Hague Congress was the Fifth congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA held in (September 1872) in The Hague Holland which anarchists consider Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the The Anarchist St Imier International was an international Anarchist organization formed in 1872 when the anarchist sections were expelled from the First International This held its 1876 congress in Berne, sometimes known as the Berne Congress, and by the anarchists as the Eighth Confress of the First International. [4]
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