Bernardo O\'Higgins - Citizendia

2^nd Supreme Director of Chile
Bernardo O'Higgins

In office February 16, 1817 – January 28, 1823
Preceded by	José Miguel Carrera
Succeeded by	Ramón Freire

Born	August 20, 1778 (1778-08-20) Chillán, Chile
Died	October 24, 1842 (aged 64) Lima, Peru

Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (August 20, 1778 – October 24, 1842), South American independence leader, was one of the commanders – together with José de San Martín – of the military forces that freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common José Miguel Carrera Verdugo ( 15 October, 1785 - 4 September, 1821) was a Chilean general considered one of the founders of independent Ramón Freire Serrano ( November 29, 1787 &ndash December 9, 1851) was a Chilean Political figure. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1778 ( MDCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Chillán is a city in the Bío-Bío Region of Chile located about 400 km south of the capital Santiago, near the geographical center of the country Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1778 ( MDCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín ( 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850) was an Argentine Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Chilean War of Independence, was an armed conflict between the people of Chile and Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 10, 1810 Although he was the second Supreme Director of Chile (1817–23), O'Higgins was the first holder of this title to head a fully independent Chilean state.

1 Early life
2 Role in the Chilean Independence and Government
3 Death and legacy
4 Additional information

Early life

As noted in his certificate of baptism, he was the illegitimate son of Ambrosio O'Higgins, Marquis of Osorno, a Spanish officer born in County Sligo in Ireland, who became governor of Chile and later viceroy of Peru. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted County Sligo ( is a county in the province of Connacht in the west of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. His mother was Isabel Riquelme y Meza, a prominent lady of a noble family in Chillán. María Isabel Riquelme de la Barrera y Meza (b 1758 - April 21, 1839) was the mother of Chilean independence leader Bernardo O'Higgins Chillán is a city in the Bío-Bío Region of Chile located about 400 km south of the capital Santiago, near the geographical center of the country O'Higgins spent his early years with his mother's family in Central-south Chile. He had a distant relationship with his father, who supported him financially and was concerned with his education, but the two never met in person. Spanish government officials in America were forbidden to marry locals. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America ^[1]

Clarence House, Richmond, London. Richmond is a town and the principal settlement of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in England.

As Ambrose O'Higgins became Viceroy of Peru, at fifteen Bernardo was sent to a Catholic school in London to complete his studies. Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ^[2] There, Bernardo became acquainted with American-independentist ideas: he knew Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda and joined the Masonic Logia Lautaro. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez ( Caracas, March 28, 1750 – in prison El Arsenal de la Carraca, Cadiz, Lautaro The Lautaro Lodge (Logia Lautaro was for many years believed to have been founded in 1797 in London by Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco

Role in the Chilean Independence and Government

In 1810, he joined the nationalist rebels fighting for independence from Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In 1814, his Chilean rebels were defeated by the Spanish and retreated into the Andes. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. In 1817, O'Higgins went back on the offensive with the aid of Argentine General José de San Martín. José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín ( 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850) was an Argentine On February 12, 1817, he led a cavalry charge that won the Battle of Chacabuco. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on The Battle of Chacabuco, fought during the Chilean War of Independence, occurred on February 12, 1817. He became the first leader of independent Chile, and was granted dictatorial powers as Supreme Director on February 16, 1817. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common On February 12, 1818, Chile was proclaimed an independent republic. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

His six-year rule saw the founding of the Military Academy and the approval of the new (and current) Chilean flag. The National flag of Chile, also known as La estrella solitaria ( Spanish for "the lone star" consists of two equal horizontal However, his more radical and liberal reforms, (such as the establishment of democracy and abolition of nobility titles) were resisted by the powerful conservative large-land owners. For other uses see Reform (disambiguation Reform means beneficial change or sometimes more specifically reversion to a pure original Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime A title is a prefix or suffix added to a person's name to signify either veneration an official position or a professional or academic qualification Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Landholder or landowner is a holder of the Estate in land with considerable rights of ownership or simply put an owner of land During his government, he founded the cities of La Unión and Vicuña. La Unión is a city and commune in southern Chile administered by the municipality of La Unión Vicuña is a city in northern Chile founded during the government of Bernardo O'Higgins, to secure sovereignty over the Elqui Valley. From his later exile in Peru, he promoted the Chilean expansion southward, concluding in the foundation of Punta Arenas in 1845. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Punta Arenas (literally in Spanish: "Sandy Point" is the most prominent settlement on the Strait of Magellan and the capital of the Magallanes y la Also, his government was involved in the killing of enemy independentist leaders José Miguel Carrera, his brothers Juan José and Luis in Argentina, and Carreras' friend and guerrilla leader Manuel Rodríguez. José Miguel Carrera Verdugo ( 15 October, 1785 - 4 September, 1821) was a Chilean general considered one of the founders of independent For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Manuel Javier Rodríguez Erdoíza ( February 27 1785 - May 26 1818) Chilean Lawyer and guerrilla leader He was deposed by a conservative coup on January 28, 1823. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

During his government, he also assisted José de San Martín to organize the Expedition and an Army and Navy to support the Independence of Peru. José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín ( 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850) was an Argentine He also organized the Chilean Army and the first Chilean Navy, under the command of Lord Cochrane and Manuel Blanco Encalada. By right or might The Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile is the naval force of Chile. Admiral Lord Sir Thomas Alexander Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Marquês do Maranhão GCB, RN (14 December Manuel José Blanco y Calvo de Encalada ( April 21, 1790, Buenos Aires &ndash September 5, 1876 Santiago de Chile) was

Death and legacy

O'Higgins' blue plaque in London.

After his deposition, O'Higgins spent the rest of his life in exile, and died in Lima, Peru in 1842. Deposition by Political means concerns the removal of a Politician or Monarch. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.

After his death, his remains were repatriated to Chile in 1869; moved in 1979 from the Military School to a place of honor in the Altar de la Patria's mausoleum in front of the Palacio de La Moneda government palace; and then back again temporarily to the Military School, in 2004, for a year, during transformation of the Altar de la Patria into the new Plaza de la Ciudadanía (Citizens' Square). A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons The Coin House ( Spanish for "Mint Palace" or simply La Moneda, is the seat of the President of the Republic of Chile. Plaza de la Ciudadanía ( Citizenry Square) is a public square located in the southern façade of the Palacio de La Moneda ( Chile 's presidential palace The Chilean village of Villa O'Higgins was named in his honor. Villa O'Higgins is a village ( aldea) in southern Chile, located in the Capitán Prat Province, in the south of Aisén Region. The main thoroughfare of the Chilean capital, Santiago, is Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, popularly known as La Alameda (meaning a road surrounded by Poplar trees is Santiago Chile 's main

There is a statue of O'Higgins in Richmond, in south-west London in a square named after him, O'Higgins Square. Richmond is a town and the principal settlement of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in England. A blue plaque was erected in his honor at Clarence House in Richmond, where he lived while studying in London. In the United Kingdom, a blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event There is also a plaque in his honor in Merrion Square in Dublin and in the Garavogue River Walkway in Sligo, Ireland, and a sculpture at Central Railway Station on Elizabeth St in Sydney, Australia. Merrion Square ( Cearnóg Mhuirfean in Irish) is situated on the south side of Dublin city centre and is considered one of the city's finest Georgian Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. The Garavogue (An Garbh Óg is a short and small River located in County Sligo, Ireland. Sligo (disambiguation Sligo ( (ˈslaɪɡoʊ "sly-go" Irish ˈɕlʲɪɟəx is the County town of County Sligo in Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

A plaque has also been erected in Cadiz, Spain, in the Plaza de Candalaria, where he resided for four years. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight

He never married but by María del Rosário Puga Vidaurre, wife of José María Soto Aguilar, he had a natural son Pedro Demetrio O'Higgins Puga (Concepción, June 29, 1818 – Lima, December, 1868). History Concepción was founded by Pedro de Valdivia in 1550 north of the Bío-Bío River, at the site which is today known as Penco. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap His descents live in Peru.

Additional information

References

^ Crow, John A. ; The Epic of Latin America (Fourth Edition); University of California Press, 1992; Page 166. Here he discusses that Viceroys and their subordinates could not contract marriage.
^ "Ambrose Bernard O'Higgins". Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.

External links

Political offices
Preceded by None	Member of Government Junta 1811	Succeeded by None
Preceded by José Miguel Carrera	Supreme Director of Chile 1817 - 1823	Succeeded by Ramón Freire
Military offices
Preceded by José de San Martín	Army Commander-in-chief 1819-1823	Succeeded by Ramón Freire
Preceded by José Miguel Carrera	Army Commander-in-chief 1813-1814	Succeeded by José Miguel Carrera

Government Junta of Chile ( November 16, 1811) also known as the Provisional Junta, was the political structure established to rule Chile following José Miguel Carrera Verdugo ( 15 October, 1785 - 4 September, 1821) was a Chilean general considered one of the founders of independent Ramón Freire Serrano ( November 29, 1787 &ndash December 9, 1851) was a Chilean Political figure. José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín ( 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850) was an Argentine By right or might Ramón Freire Serrano ( November 29, 1787 &ndash December 9, 1851) was a Chilean Political figure. José Miguel Carrera Verdugo ( 15 October, 1785 - 4 September, 1821) was a Chilean general considered one of the founders of independent By right or might José Miguel Carrera Verdugo ( 15 October, 1785 - 4 September, 1821) was a Chilean general considered one of the founders of independent

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