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Bernard Rudofsky (April 13, 1905 - 1988) was an Austrian-born American writer, architect, collector, teacher, designer, and social historian. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar)

Rudofsky earned a doctorate in architecture in Austria before working in Germany, Italy, and a dozen other countries. He temporarily settled in Brazil in the 1930s and opened an architectural practice there, building several notable residences in São Paulo. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world An entry in a 1941 design competition brought an invitation from MOMA to tour the US; in the wake of Pearl Harbor, as an Austrian native, he was given the option of staying in the US. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street between Fifth He remained based in New York City until his death, although he continued to travel (sometimes for years at a stretch). Rudofsky variously taught at Yale, MIT, Cooper-Hewitt, Waseda University in Tokyo, and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. He was a Ford, Fulbright and Guggenheim Fellow.

Rudofsky was most influential for organizing a series of controversial MOMA exhibits in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. He is best remembered today for a number of urbane books that still provide relevant design insight that is concealed in entertaining, subversive sarcasm. His interests ranged from vernacular architecture to Japanese toilets and sandal design. Taken together his written work constitutes one sustained argument for humane and sensible design.

For instance, "Now I Lay Me Down to Eat" is an entertaining tour of historical and cultural alternatives to the design problems of everyday life – dining, sleeping, sitting, cleansing, and bathing – and was "neither meant to spread dangerous heresies nor to undermine our birthright to make the worst of possible choices. Rather, it demonstrates by means of random examples that life can be less dull than we make it. " By contrasting current western design solutions with earlier practices, he makes our current "solutions" look open to improvement, if not outright ridiculous and arbitrary. For instance, he asks why the standard American-style toilet is effectively a septic humidifier, and why American-style bathtubs are impossible for adults to lie down in and are as a matter of routine permanently fixed two or three feet away from a septic humidifier.

In 1944 Rudofsky and his wife Berta were invited to Black Mountain College for two weeks. Black Mountain College, founded in 1933 near Asheville North Carolina, was known as one of the leading progressive schools in the United States Bernard gave two lectures on the sad state of clothing design, calling contemporary dress "anachronistic, irrational, impractical and harmful" and literally unsuitable. One of his lectures was called "How Can People Expect to Have Good Architecture When They Wear Such Clothes?" Berta was convinced to organize an informal, impromptu course on sandalmaking. Berta was invited back the following year, and their successful venture Bernardo Sandals was organized in 1947 and still thrives. Bernardo Sandals was founded in 1946 by architect Bernard Rudofsky and Bertha Rudofsky using designs Bertha taught at Black Mountain College and the humane


Major works

Publications by other authors on Rudofsky's work

Architecture Without Architects is a book by Bernard Rudofsky originally published in 1964.
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