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Bermuda Triangle
NASA image of the western Atlantic, showing the popular borders of the Bermuda Triangle. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program
Classification
Grouping: Paranormal places
Description
Also Known As: Devil's Triangle
Country: International waters
Status: Urban legend


The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a region of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean in which a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared. International waterways Several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas A surface ship is any type of naval Ship that is confined to the surface of the sea Some people have claimed that these disappearances fall beyond the boundaries of human error or acts of nature. Popular culture has attributed some of these disappearances to the paranormal, a suspension of the laws of physics, or activity by extraterrestrial beings. Paranormal is an Umbrella term used to describe unusual Phenomena or experiences that lack an obvious Scientific explanation A physical law or scientific law is a Scientific generalization based on empirical Observations of physical behavior (i Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. [1] Though a substantial documentation exists showing numerous incidents to have been inaccurately reported or embellished by later authors, and numerous official agencies have gone on record as stating the number and nature of disappearances to be similar to any other area of ocean, many have remained unexplained despite considerable investigation. [2][3][4]

Contents

The Triangle area

The boundaries of the Triangle vary with the author; some stating its shape is akin to a trapezoid covering the Straits of Florida, the Bahamas, and the entire Caribbean island area east to the Azores; others add to it the Gulf of Mexico. A trapezoid (in North America or a trapezium (in Britain and elsewhere is a Quadrilateral (a closed plane shape with four linear sides that has at least one The Straits of Florida, Florida Straits, or Florida Strait is a Strait located south-southeast of the North American Mainland, generally accepted The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world The more familiar, triangular boundary in most written works has as its points somewhere on the Atlantic coast of Florida; San Juan, Puerto Rico; and the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda, with most of the accidents concentrated along the southern boundary around the Bahamas and the Florida Straits. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the San Juan (saŋ hwaŋ (from the Spanish San Juan Bautista, " Saint John the Baptist " is the Capital and largest municipality in Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean.

The area of the Triangle varies by author.
The area of the Triangle varies by author.

The area is one of the most heavily-sailed shipping lanes in the world, with ships crossing through it daily for ports in the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean Islands. Cruise ships are also plentiful, and pleasure craft regularly go back and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a heavily flown route for commercial and private aircraft heading towards Florida, the Caribbean, and South America from points north. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a

The Gulf Stream ocean current flows through the Triangle after leaving the Gulf of Mexico; its current of five to six knots may have played a part in a number of disappearances. The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current that Sudden storms can and do appear, and in the summer to late fall hurricanes strike the area. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding The combination of heavy maritime traffic and tempestuous weather makes it inevitable that vessels could founder in storms and be lost without a trace – especially before improved telecommunications, radar, and satellite technology arrived late in the 20th century. [5]

History of the Triangle story

According to the Triangle authors, Christopher Columbus was the first person to document something strange in the Triangle, reporting that he and his crew observed "strange dancing lights on the horizon", flames in the sky, and at another point he wrote in his log about bizarre compass bearings in the area. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer From his log book, dated October 11, 1492 he wrote: [6]

The land was first seen by a sailor (Rodrigo de Triana), although the Admiral at ten o'clock that evening standing on the quarter-deck saw a light, but so small a body that he could not affirm it to be land; calling to Pero Gutiérrez, groom of the King's wardrobe, he told him he saw a light, and bid him look that way, which he did and saw it; he did the same to Rodrigo Sánchez of Segovia, whom the King and Queen had sent with the squadron as comptroller, but he was unable to see it from his situation. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Rodrigo de Triana (born 1469 in Sevilla, Spain was a Jewish Spanish sailor and the first European since the Vikings known to have seen America The Admiral again perceived it once or twice, appearing like the light of a wax candle moving up and down, which some thought an indication of land. But the Admiral held it for certain that land was near. . .

Modern scholars checking the original log books have surmised that the lights he saw were the cooking fires of Taino natives in their canoes or on the beach; the compass problems were the result of a false reading based on the movement of a star. The Taínos were pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles.

The first article of any kind in which the legend of the Triangle began appeared in newspapers by E. V. W. Jones on September 16, 1950, through the Associated Press. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [7] Two years later, Fate magazine published "Sea Mystery At Our Back Door" [8], a short article by George X. Fate is a magazine of Paranormal phenomena founded in 1948 by Raymond A Sand covering the loss of several planes and ships, including the loss of Flight 19, a group of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger bombers on a training mission. Flight 19 was the designation of five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers which disappeared on December 5 1945 during a United States Navy -authorized overwater navigation WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Sand's article was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses took place. Flight 19 alone would be covered in the April 1962 issue of American Legion Magazine. [9] It was claimed that the flight leader had been heard saying "We are entering white water, nothing seems right. We don't know where we are, the water is green, no white. " It was also claimed that officials at the Navy board of inquiry stated that the planes "flew off to Mars. " This was the first article to connect the supernatural to Flight 19, but it would take another author, Vincent Gaddis, writing in the February 1964 Argosy magazine to take Flight 19 together with other mysterious disappearances and place it under the umbrella of a new catchy name: "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle";[10] he would build on that article with a more detailed book, Invisible Horizons, the next year. [11] Others would follow with their own works: John Wallace Spencer (Limbo of the Lost, 1969) [12]; Charles Berlitz (The Bermuda Triangle, 1974)[13]; Richard Winer (The Devil's Triangle, 1974) [14], and many others, all keeping to some of the same supernatural elements outlined by Eckert. Charles Frambach Berlitz ( November 20, 1914 &ndash December 18, 2003) was a linguist and language teacher known for his books on Richard Winer is an American author of fiction books dealing mainly with the Supernatural or the paranormal [15]

Kusche's explanation

Lawrence David Kusche, a research librarian from Arizona State University and author of The Bermuda Triangle Mystery: Solved (1975)[16] has challenged this trend. Lawrence David Kusche (born November 1, 1940) is an American author and pilot Arizona State University ( ASU) is the largest public Research university in the United States under a single administration with total student Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies between Berlitz's accounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others involved in the initial incidents. He noted cases where pertinent information went unreported, such as the disappearance of round-the-world yachtsman Donald Crowhurst, which Berlitz had presented as a mystery, despite clear evidence to the contrary. Donald Crowhurst (1932&ndash1969 was a British Another example was the ore-carrier Berlitz recounted as lost without trace three days out of an Atlantic port when it had been lost three days out of a port with the same name in the Pacific Ocean. Kusche also argued that a large percentage of the incidents which have sparked the Triangle's mysterious influence actually occurred well outside it. Often his research was surprisingly simple: he would go over period newspapers and see items like weather reports that were never mentioned in the stories.

Kusche came to several conclusions:

Kusche concluded that:

The Legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured mystery… perpetuated by writers who either purposely or unknowingly made use of misconceptions, faulty reasoning, and sensationalism. [16] §Epilogue, p. 277

Other responses

The marine insurer Lloyd's of London has determined the Triangle to be no more dangerous than any other area of ocean, and does not charge unusual rates for passage through the region. For the film see Lloyd's of London (film. Lloyd's of London is a British Insurance market United States Coast Guard records confirm their conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances is relatively insignificant considering the number of ships and aircraft which pass through on a regular basis.

The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish, through their inquiries, much documentation[17] contradicting many of the incidents written about by the Triangle authors. In one such incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking of the tanker V.A. Fogg in the Gulf of Mexico, the Coast Guard photographed the wreck and recovered several bodies[18] despite one Triangle author stating that all the bodies had vanished, with the exception of the captain, who was found sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching a coffee cup. VA Fogg was a T2 tanker vessel built in Alabama, beginning January 1944 and launched as SS Four Lakes'. The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world [12], 1973 edition

The NOVA / Horizon episode The Case of the Bermuda Triangle (1976-06-27) was highly critical stating that "When we've gone back to the original sources or the people involved the mystery evaporates. Nova is a Popular science Television series from the US produced by WGBH Boston Horizon is a current and long-running BBC popular Science and Philosophy documentary programme Science does not have to answer questions about the Triangle because those questions are not valid in the first place. . . . Ships and planes behave in the Triangle the same way they behave everywhere else in the world" [19]

Skeptical researchers, such as Ernest Taves[20] and Barry Singer[21], have noted how mysteries and the paranormal are very popular and profitable. This has led to the production of vast amounts of material on topics such as the Bermuda Triangle. They were able to show that some of the pro-paranormal material is often misleading or not accurate, but its producers continue to market it. They have therefore claimed that the market is biased in favour of books, TV specials, et cetera. which support the Triangle mystery and against well-researched material if it espouses a skeptical viewpoint.

Finally, if the Triangle is assumed to cross land, such as parts of Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, or Bermuda itself, there is no evidence for the disappearance of any land-based vehicles or persons. The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and Located inside the Triangle, Freeport operates a major shipyard, an airport which yearly handles 50,000 flights and is visited by over a million tourists annually. Freeport is a city and Free trade zone on the island of Grand Bahama, located approximately 100 mi (160 km east-northeast of Fort Lauderdale,

Natural explanations

Methane hydrates

Main article: Methane clathrate
Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferred offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996.Source: USGS
Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferred offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996. Methane clathrate, also called methane hydrate or methane ice, is a solid form of water that contains a large amount of Methane within its Crystal
Source: USGS
False-color image of the Gulf Stream flowing north through the western Atlantic Ocean. (NASA)
False-color image of the Gulf Stream flowing north through the western Atlantic Ocean. The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. (NASA)

An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on the presence of vast fields of methane hydrates on the continental shelves. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each Continent and associated Coastal plain, which is covered during interglacial periods such Laboratory experiments carried out in Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model ship by decreasing the density of the water[22]; any wreckage consequently rising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current that It has been hypothesized that periodic methane eruptions (sometimes called "mud volcanoes") may produce regions of frothy water that are no longer capable of providing adequate buoyancy for ships. Note See the Volcano article for information on Magmatic volcanoes such as Mount St In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is If this were the case, such an area forming around a ship could cause it to sink very rapidly and without warning.

A white paper was published in 1981 by the United States Geological Survey about the appearance of hydrates in the Blake Ridge area, off the southeastern United States coast. A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that often addresses problems and how to solve them The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The Blake Basin is a deep area of the Atlantic Ocean which runs along the East coast of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [23] However, according to a USGS web page, no large releases of gas hydrates are believed to have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years. [24]

Compass variations

Compass problems are one of the cited phrases in many Triangle incidents. A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists Some have theorized the possibility of unusual local magnetic anomalies in the area, however these have not been shown to exist. It should also be remembered that compasses have natural magnetic variations in relation to the Magnetic poles. The magnetic declination (also known as grid magnetic angle in military circles at any point on the Earth is the angle between the local magnetic field -- the direction For example, in the United States the only places where magnetic (compass) north and geographic (true) north are exactly the same are on a line running from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Earth's North Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's surface at which the Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards (i noted by the Chinese Polymath Shen Kuo in the 11th century and possibly the egyptians over 6 millenia ago Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world Navigators have known this for centuries. But the public may not be as informed and think there is something mysterious about the compass "changing" across an area as large as the Triangle, which it naturally will.

Hurricanes

Hurricanes are extremely powerful storms which are spawned in the Atlantic near the equator, and have historically been responsible for thousands of lives lost and billions of dollars in damage. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding The sinking of Francisco de Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502 was the first recorded instance of a destructive hurricane. Francisco de Bobadilla was a Spanish colonial Administrator. Member of the Order of Calatrava, in 1499 de Bobadilla was appointed to succeed These storms have in the past caused a number of incidents related to the Triangle.

Gulf Stream

The Gulf Stream is an ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, and then through the Straits of Florida, into the North Atlantic. The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current that The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world The Straits of Florida, Florida Straits, or Florida Strait is a Strait located south-southeast of the North American Mainland, generally accepted In essence, it is a river within an ocean, and like a river, it can and does carry floating objects. A small plane making a water landing or a boat having engine trouble will be carried away from its reported position by the current, as happened to the cabin cruiser Witchcraft on December 22, 1967, when it reported engine trouble near the Miami buoy marker one mile (1. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. 6 km) from shore, but was not there when a Coast Guard cutter arrived.

Freak waves

Main article: Rogue wave (oceanography)

Extremely large waves can appear seemingly at random, even in calm seas. Rogue waves, also known as freak waves, monster waves or extreme waves, are relatively large and spontaneous Ocean surface waves that are a threat One such rogue wave caused the Ocean Ranger, then the world's largest offshore platform, to capsize off the coast of Newfoundland in 1982. Rogue waves, also known as freak waves, monster waves or extreme waves, are relatively large and spontaneous Ocean surface waves that are a threat The ODECO The Ocean Ranger was a Semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit that sank in Canadian waters on 15 February 1982. There is, however, no particular reason to believe rogue waves are more common in the Bermuda region, and this explanation cannot account for the loss of airplanes.

Acts of man

Human error

One of the most cited explanations in official inquiries as to the loss of any aircraft or vessel is human error. Whether deliberate or accidental, humans have been known to make mistakes resulting in catastrophe, and losses within the Bermuda Triangle are no exception. For example, the Coast Guard cited a lack of proper training for the cleaning of volatile benzene residue as a reason for the loss of the tanker V. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 A. Fogg in 1972. Human stubbornness may have caused businessman Harvey Conover to lose his sailing yacht, the Revonoc, as he sailed into the teeth of a storm south of Florida on January 1, 1958. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It should be noted that many losses remain inconclusive due to the lack of wreckage which could be studied, a fact cited on many official reports.

Deliberate acts of destruction

This can fall into two categories: acts of war, and acts of piracy. Records in enemy files have been checked for numerous losses; while many sinkings have been attributed to surface raiders or submarines during the World Wars and documented in the various command log books, many others which have been suspected as falling in that category have not been proven; it is suspected that the loss of USS Cyclops in 1918, as well as her sister ships Proteus and Nereus in World War II, were attributed to submarines, but no such link has been found in the German records. A world war is a War affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Piracy, as defined by the taking of a ship or small boat on the high seas, is an act which continues to this day. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering While piracy for cargo theft is more common in the western Pacific and Indian oceans, drug smugglers do steal pleasure boats for smuggling operations, and may have been involved in crew and yacht disappearances in the Caribbean. Historically famous pirates of the Caribbean (where piracy was common from about 1560 to the 1760s) include Edward Teach (Blackbeard) and Jean Lafitte. Edward Teach (tɛtʃ c 1680 – November 22, 1718) better known as Blackbeard, was a notorious English Pirate in the Caribbean Jean Lafitte (ca 1776 - ca 1826 was a Privateer in the Gulf of Mexico in the early 19th century Lafitte is sometimes said to be a Triangle victim himself.

Another form of pirate operated on dry land. Bankers or wreckers would shine a light on shore to misdirect ships, which would then founder on the shore; the wreckers would then help themselves to the cargo. Wrecking is the practice of taking valuables from a Shipwreck which has foundered near or close to shore It is possible that these wreckers also killed any crew who protested. Nags Head, North Carolina, was named for the wreckers' practice of hanging a lantern on the head of a hobbled horse as it walked along the beach. Nags Head is a town in Dare County, North Carolina, United States. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States

Popular theories

Triangle writers have used a number of supernatural theories to explain the events. One explanation pins the blame on leftover technology from the lost continent of Atlantis. Atlantis (in Greek,, "island of Atlas " is the name of a Legendary Island, first mentioned in Plato 's dialogues Sometimes connected to the Atlantis story is the submerged rock formation known as the Bimini Road off the island of Bimini in the Bahamas, which is in the Triangle by some definitions. The Bimini Road is an underwater rock formation near North Bimini island in the Bahamas. Bimini (ˈbɪmɨni is a district of the Bahamas composed of a chain of islands Followers of the purported psychic Edgar Cayce take his prediction that evidence of Atlantis would be found in 1968 or '69 as referring to the discovery of the Bimini Road. Edgar Cayce ( March 18, 1877 &ndash January 3, 1945) (ˈkeɪsiː was an American psychic. The Bimini Road is an underwater rock formation near North Bimini island in the Bahamas. Believers describe the formation as a road, wall, or other structure, though geologists consider it to be of natural origin. [25]

Other writers attribute the events to UFOs. This idea was used by Steven Spielberg for his film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost Flight 19 as alien abductees. Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. Close Encounters of the Third Kind is a 1977 Science fiction film directed and written by Steven Spielberg. Flight 19 was the designation of five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers which disappeared on December 5 1945 during a United States Navy -authorized overwater navigation

Charles Berlitz, grandson of a distinguished linguist and author of various additional books on anomalous phenomena, has kept in line with this extraordinary explanation, and attributed the losses in the Triangle to anomalous or unexplained forces. Charles Frambach Berlitz ( November 20, 1914 &ndash December 18, 2003) was a linguist and language teacher known for his books on [13]

Famous incidents

Main article: List of Bermuda Triangle incidents

Flight 19

US Navy TBF Grumman Avenger flight, similar to Flight 19. This photo had been used by various Triangle authors to illustrate Flight 19 itself. (US Navy)
US Navy TBF Grumman Avenger flight, similar to Flight 19. This is a listing of some incidents that are claimed to have occurred within the boundaries of the Bermuda Triangle, which was blamed for many unexplained disappearances that occurred in This photo had been used by various Triangle authors to illustrate Flight 19 itself. (US Navy)
Main article: Flight 19

Flight 19 was a training flight of TBM Avenger bombers that went missing on December 5, 1945 while over the Atlantic. Flight 19 was the designation of five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers which disappeared on December 5 1945 during a United States Navy -authorized overwater navigation Flight 19 was the designation of five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers which disappeared on December 5 1945 during a United States Navy -authorized overwater navigation WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The impression is given that the flight encountered unusual phenomena and anomalous compass readings, and that the flight took place on a calm day under the supervision of an experienced pilot, Lt. Charles Carroll Taylor. Charles Carroll Taylor ( October 25, 1917 - presumably December 5, 1945) was a United States Navy Lieutenant Adding to the intrigue is that the Navy's report of the accident was ascribed to "causes or reasons unknown. " It is believed that Taylor's mother wanted to save her son's reputation, so she made them write "reasons unknown" when actually Taylor was 50 km NW from where he thought he was. [26]

While the basic facts of this version of the story are essentially accurate, some important details are missing. The weather was becoming stormy by the end of the incident; only Taylor had any significant flying time, but he was not familiar with the south Florida area and had a history of getting lost in flight, having done so three times during World War II, and being forced to ditch his planes twice into the water; and naval reports and written recordings of the conversations between Taylor and the other pilots of Flight 19 do not indicate magnetic problems. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [26]

Mary Celeste

The mysterious abandonment in 1872 of the Mary Celeste is often but inaccurately connected to the Triangle, the ship having been abandoned off the coast of Portugal. The Mary Celeste (sometimes incorrectly spelled Marie Celeste was a Brigantine discovered in the Atlantic Ocean unmanned and under sail Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The event is possibly confused with the sinking of a ship with a similar name, the Mari Celeste, off the coast of Bermuda on September 13, 1864. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year [27]

Ellen Austin

The Ellen Austin supposedly came across an abandoned derelict, placed on board a prize crew, and attempted to sail with it to New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict disappeared; others elaborating further that the derelict reappeared minus the prize crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board. A check of Lloyd's of London records proved the existence of the Meta, built in 1854; in 1880 the Meta was renamed Ellen Austin. There are no casualty listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that would suggest a large number of missing men placed on board a derelict which later disappeared. [28]

USS Cyclops

Main article: USS Cyclops (AC-4)

The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of the US Navy not related to combat occurred when USS Cyclops under the command of Lt Cdr G. History Cyclops was launched 7 May, 1910, by William Cramp and Sons, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, and placed in service Lieutenant Commander ( Lieutenant-Commander in the Royal Navy) is a Commissioned officer rank in many navies Superior W. Worley, went missing without a trace with a crew of 309 sometime after March 4, 1918, after departing the island of Barbados. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation Although there is no strong evidence for any theory, storms, capsizing and enemy activity have all been suggested as explanations. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [29][30]

Theodosia Burr Alston

Main article: Theodosia Burr Alston

Theodosia Burr Alston was the daughter of former United States Vice President Aaron Burr. Theodosia Burr Alston (1783-1813 was the daughter of the controversial U Theodosia Burr Alston (1783-1813 was the daughter of the controversial U The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death This article discusses Aaron Burr (1756-1836 the US politician Her disappearance has been cited at least once in relation to the Triangle. [31] She was a passenger on board the Patriot, which sailed from Charleston, South Carolina to New York City on December 30, 1812, and was never heard from again. Charleston is a city in Charleston county in the US state of South Carolina. The City of New York Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Both piracy and the War of 1812 have been posited as explanations, as well as a theory placing her in Texas, well outside the Triangle. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies

Spray

Main article: Spray (sailing vessel)

Captain Joshua Slocum's skill as a mariner was beyond argument; he was the first man to sail around the world solo. The SV Spray was the vessel rebuilt by Joshua Slocum and used in his successful attempt to circumnavigate the world single-handedly, the first voyage of its Joshua Slocum ( February 20, 1844 &ndash on or shortly after 14 November, 1909) was a Canadian -born American seaman In 1909, in his boat Spray he set out on a course to take him through the Caribbean to Venezuela. The SV Spray was the vessel rebuilt by Joshua Slocum and used in his successful attempt to circumnavigate the world single-handedly, the first voyage of its The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the He disappeared; there was no evidence he was even in the Triangle when Spray was lost. It was assumed he was run down by a steamer or struck by a whale, the Spray being too sound a craft and Slocum too experienced a mariner for any other cause to be considered likely, and in 1924 he was declared legally dead. While a mystery, there is no known evidence for, or against, paranormal activity.

Carroll A. Deering

Main article: Carroll A. Deering
Schooner Carroll A. Deering, as seen from the Cape Lookout lightship on January 29, 1921, two days before she was found deserted in North Carolina. (US Coast Guard)
Schooner Carroll A. Deering, as seen from the Cape Lookout lightship on January 29, 1921, two days before she was found deserted in North Carolina. Carroll A Deering was a five-masted commercial Schooner that was found run aground off Cape Hatteras A schooner (ˈskuːnɚ is a type of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts Schooners were first used by the Carroll A Deering was a five-masted commercial Schooner that was found run aground off Cape Hatteras Cape Lookout can refer to Cape Lookout (North Carolina, in the United States Cape Lookout (Oregon, in the United States Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States (US Coast Guard)

A five-masted schooner built in 1919, the Carroll A. Deering was found hard aground and abandoned at Diamond Shoals, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on January 31, 1921. Cape Hatteras is a cape on the coast of North Carolina. It is the point that protrudes the furthest to the southeast along the northeast-to-southwest line of the North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Rumors and more at the time indicated the Deering was a victim of piracy, possibly connected with the illegal rum-running trade during Prohibition, and possibly involving another ship, S. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol S. Hewitt, which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknown steamer sailed near the lightship along the track of the Deering, and ignored all signals from the lightship. It is speculated that the Hewitt may have been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in the Deering crew's disappearance. [32]

Douglas DC-3

Main article: NC16002 disappearance

On December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami. The disappearance of the Airborne Transport DC-3 Airliner, NC16002 occurred the night of December 28, 1948 near the end Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The disappearance of the Airborne Transport DC-3 Airliner, NC16002 occurred the night of December 28, 1948 near the end No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people onboard was ever found. From the documentation compiled by the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation, a possible key to the plane's disappearance was found, but barely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the plane's batteries were inspected and found to be low on charge, but ordered back into the plane without a recharge by the pilot while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to complete electrical failure will never be known. However, since piston-engined aircraft rely upon magnetos to provide spark to their cylinders rather than batteries, this theory is not strongly convincing. [33]

Star Tiger and Star Ariel

Main article: Star Tiger and Star Ariel

These Avro Tudor IV passenger aircraft disappeared without trace en route to Bermuda and Jamaica, respectively. The Star Tiger and Star Ariel were two Avro Tudor IV passenger aircraft owned and operated Avro was a British Aircraft manufacturer, with numerous landmark designs such as the Avro 504 trainer in the First World War, the Avro WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Star Tiger was lost on January 30, 1948 on a flight from the Azores to Bermuda. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Star Ariel was lost on January 17, 1949, on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kingston is the Capital and largest city of Jamaica and is located on the southeastern coast of the island country Neither aircraft gave out a distress call; in fact, their last messages were routine. A possible clue to their disappearance was found in the mountains of the Andes in 1998: the Star Dust, an Avro Lancastrian airliner run by the same airline, had disappeared on a flight from Buenos Aires, Argentina, to Santiago, Chile on August 2, 1947. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Star Dust was a British South American Airways airliner that mysteriously disappeared on 2 August The Avro 691 Lancastrian was a British passenger and mail transport aircraft of the 1940s and 1950s developed from the Avro Lancaster bomber (an inhabitant Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The plane's remains were discovered at the melt end of a glacier, suggesting that either the crew did not pay attention to their instruments, suffered an instrument failure or did not allow for headwind effects from the jetstream on the way to Santiago when it hit a mountain peak, with the resulting avalanche burying the remains and incorporating it into the glacier. Jet streams are fast flowing relatively narrow air currents found at the Tropopause, the transition between the Troposphere (where temperature decreases However, this is mere speculation with regard to the Star Tiger and Star Ariel, pending the recovery of the aircraft. It should be noted that the Star Tiger was flying at a height of just 2,000 feet (610 m), which would have meant that if the plane was forced down, there would have been no time to send out a distress message. It is also far too low for the jetstream or any other high-altitude wind to have any effect. [34]

KC-135 Stratotankers

On August 28, 1963 a pair of U.S. Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed into the Atlantic. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Triangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis [14][13][10]) of this story specifies that they did collide and crash, but there were two distinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However, Kusche's research[16] showed that the unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that the debris field defining the second "crash site" was examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled in an old buoy. Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic Multicellular, benthic marine Algae. Driftwood is Wood that has been washed onto a shore or beach of a sea or river by the action of winds tides waves or man

SS Marine Sulphur Queen

Main article: SS Marine Sulphur Queen

SS Marine Sulphur Queen, a T2 tanker converted from oil to sulfur carrier, was last heard from on February 4, 1963 with a crew of 39 near the Florida Keys. History The vessel originally named SS Esso New Haven, was built by Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company Chester, Pennsylvania in March 1944 The T2 tanker, or T2, was an oil tanker constructed and produced in large quantities in the United States during World War II. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Marine Sulphur Queen was the first vessel mentioned in Vincent Gaddis' 1964 Argosy Magazine article,[10] but he left it as having "sailed into the unknown", despite the Coast Guard report which not only documented the ship's badly-maintained history, but declared that it was an unseaworthy vessel that should never have gone to sea. [35][36]

Raifuku Maru

One of the more famous incidents in the Triangle took place in 1921 (some say a few years later), when the Japanese vessel Raifuku Maru (sometimes misidentified as Raikuke Maru) went down with all hands after sending a distress signal which allegedly said "Danger like dagger now. Raifuku Maru, a Japanese Freighter ship that allegedly "vanished" during a voyage from Boston to Hamburg, Germany, with Come quick!", or "It's like a dagger, come quick!" This has led writers to speculate on what the "dagger" was, with a waterspout being the likely candidate (Winer). A waterspout is an intense columnar Vortex (usually appearing as a Funnel -shaped Cloud) that occurs over a Body of water and is connected to In reality the ship was nowhere near the Triangle, nor was the word "dagger" a part of the ship's distress call ("Now very danger. Come quick. "); having left Boston for Hamburg, Germany, on April 21, 1925, she got caught in a severe storm and sank in the North Atlantic with all hands while another ship, RMS Homeric, attempted an unsuccessful rescue. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History It took Britain's Cunard Line less than a year following World War I to re-establish their Atlantic supremacy with a three ship weekly service [37]

Connemara IV

A pleasure yacht found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is usually stated in the stories (Berlitz, Winer [13][14]) that the crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season lists only one storm coming near Bermuda towards the end of August, hurricane "Edith"; of the others, "Flora" was too far to the east, and "Katie" arrived after the yacht was recovered. The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 15, 1955, and lasted until November 15, 1955. It was confirmed that the Connemara IV was empty and in port when "Edith" may have caused the yacht to slip her moorings and drift out to sea.

Triangle authors

The popular Triangle incidents cited above, apart from the official documentation, come from the following works. It should be noted that some incidents mentioned as having taken place within the Triangle are found only in these sources:

For additional listings, including newspaper references used, see Bermuda Triangle source page.

See also

References

  1. ^ Cochran-Smith, Marilyn (2003). The Michigan Triangle is purportedly an area of Lake Michigan where unexplained phenomena have occurred This is a listing of some incidents that are claimed to have occurred within the boundaries of the Bermuda Triangle, which was blamed for many unexplained disappearances that occurred in Chuck Wakely is an American pilot who in 1964 reported an unexplained in-flight phenomenon MiyakeFromKozuTyoJpDec04-01jpg|thumb|150px|Miyake Island from Kozu Island]] The or Dragon's Triangle or The Pacific Bermuda Triangle is a region of the The Formosa Triangle is a region of roughly 5 million square kilometers (1 930 511 sq The Vile Vortices are twelve roughly evenly distributed geographic areas that are alleged to have the same mysterious qualities popularly associated with the Bermuda Triangle The Sargasso Sea is an elongated region in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean surrounded by Ocean currents. Atlantis (in Greek,, "island of Atlas " is the name of a Legendary Island, first mentioned in Plato 's dialogues The SS Cotopaxi was a Tramp steamer named after the Cotopaxi stratovolcano and lost under mysterious circumstances in December 1925 while en route "Bermuda Triangle: dichotomy, mythology, and amnesia". Journal of Teacher Education 54.  
  2. ^ Introduction. Bermuda Triangle .org.
  3. ^ Aircraft Losses. Bermuda Triangle .org.
  4. ^ Missing Vessels. Bermuda Triangle .org.
  5. ^ Bermuda Triangle. strangegr.
  6. ^ Excerpts from Christopher Columbus' Log.
  7. ^ E. V. W. Jones. "unknown title, newspaper articles", Associated Press, September 16, 1950.  
  8. ^ George X. Sand (October 1952). "Sea Mystery At Our Back Door". Fate. Fate is a magazine of Paranormal phenomena founded in 1948 by Raymond A  
  9. ^ Allen W. Eckert (April 1962). "The Lost Patrol". American Legion.  
  10. ^ a b c Vincent Gaddis (Feb 1964). "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle". Argosy: p. 28-29, 116-118. .  
  11. ^ Vincent Gaddis (1965). Invisible Horizons.  
  12. ^ a b c John Wallace Spencer (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.  
  13. ^ a b c d e Charles Berlitz (1974). The Bermuda Triangle, 1st, Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.  
  14. ^ a b c d Richard Winer (1974). Richard Winer is an American author of fiction books dealing mainly with the Supernatural or the paranormal The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0553106880.  
  15. ^ "Strange fish: the scientifiction of Charles F. Berlitz, 1913-2003." (March , 2004). Skeptic.  
  16. ^ a b c d Lawrence David Kusche (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. ISBN 0-87975-971-2.  
  17. ^ Office of Investigations and Analysis.
  18. ^ V A Fogg (PDF). USCG.
  19. ^ "The Case of the Bermuda Triangle". NOVA / Horizon. Nova is a Popular science Television series from the US produced by WGBH Boston Horizon is a current and long-running BBC popular Science and Philosophy documentary programme PBS. 1976-06-27. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden
  20. ^ Taves, Ernest (1978). " ". The Skeptical Inquirer 111 (1): p. The Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American Magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI with the subtitle 75-76.  
  21. ^ Singer, Barry (1979). " ". The Humanist XXXIX (3): p. 44-45.  
  22. ^ Methane Bubble. Monash Univ. .
  23. ^ Gas Hydrate at the USGS. Woods Hole (1981).
  24. ^ Gas Hydrate at the USGS, Bermuda Triangle. Woods Hole.
  25. ^ "A Geologist's Adventures with Bimini Beachrock and Atlantis True Believers" (Jan 2004). Skeptical Inquirer.  
  26. ^ a b The Disappearance of Flight 19. Bermuda Triangle .org.
  27. ^ a b Daniel Berg (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.  
  28. ^ Ellen Austin. Bermuda Triangle .org.
  29. ^ Bermuda triangle. D Merrill.
  30. ^ Myths and Folklore of Bermuda. Bermuda Cruises.
  31. ^ a b Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0446599611.  
  32. ^ Carroll A Deering. Graveyard of the Atlantic.
  33. ^ Airborne Transport, Miami, December 1948 (PDF). Aviation Safety.
  34. ^ The Tudors. Bermuda Triangle .org.
  35. ^ Marine Sulphur Queen (PDF). USCG.
  36. ^ The Queen with the Weak Back. TIME.
  37. ^ "The Case of the Bermuda Triangle". NOVA / Horizon. Nova is a Popular science Television series from the US produced by WGBH Boston Horizon is a current and long-running BBC popular Science and Philosophy documentary programme PBS. 1976-06-27. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden

External links

Dictionary

Bermuda Triangle

-proper noun

  1. An area in the Atlantic Ocean where many ships and planes have disappeared under allegedly mysterious circumstances.
  2. By extension, any area where things mysteriously disappear.
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