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Berliner Philharmoniker

Background information
Also known as Berlin Philharmonic
Origin Berlin, Germany
Genre(s) Classical
Occupation(s) Symphony orchestra
Years active 1887-present
Website www.Berliner-Philharmoniker.de
Members
Principal Conductor
Simon Rattle
Pianist-in-Residence
András Schiff
Pierre-Laurent Aimard
Former members
Founder
Ludwig von Brenner
Notable instrument(s)
Concert Organ
Karl Schuke, Berlin IV-72

The Berlin Philharmonic (in German: Die Berliner Philharmoniker [pl]), is an orchestra based in Berlin, Germany. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Simon Denis Rattle, CBE, FRSA, (born January András Schiff (born December 21, 1953) is a Hungarian -born British classical Pianist. Pierre-Laurent Aimard (born 9 September 1957) is a French Pianist. A manual is a keyboard designed to be played with the hands on a Pipe organ, Harpsichord, Clavichord, An organ stop (or just stop) is a component of a Pipe organ which admits pressurized air (known as wind) to a set of Organ pipes Its name The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. In 2006, a group of ten European media outlets voted the Berlin Philharmonic number three on a list of "top ten European Orchestras", after the Vienna Philharmonic and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. The Vienna Philharmonic (in German: die Wiener Philharmoniker) is an Orchestra in Austria, regularly considered one of the finest in the The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (In Dutch: Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest) is the best-known and most respected Symphony orchestra of the [1] Its primary concert venue is the Philharmonie, located in the Kulturforum area of the city. Berlin Philharmonic rehearsingjpg|thumb|right|200px|The Berlin Philharmonic rehearsing inside the Philharmonie]]The Berliner Philharmonie is a Concert hall in Berlin The Kulturforum is a collection of cultural buildings in Berlin, Germany. Since 2002, its principal conductor is Sir Simon Rattle. The title of music director or musical director is used by many Symphony orchestras to designate the primary conductor and artistic leader of the orchestra WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Simon Denis Rattle, CBE, FRSA, (born January The BPO also supports several chamber music ensembles. Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber The funding for the organization is subsidized by the city of Berlin and a partnership with Deutsche Bank. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Deutsche Bank AG (literally "German Bank" ˈdɔɪtʃə,) is an international Universal bank with a broad private clients franchise headquartered in

Contents

History

Entrance to the concert hall.
Entrance to the concert hall.

The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra was founded in Berlin in spring 1882 by 54 musicians under the name Frühere Bilsesche Kapelle (literal translation, "Former Bilse's Band"); the group broke away after their previous conductor Benjamin Bilse announced his intention of taking the band on a fourth class train to Warsaw for a concert. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. The orchestra was given its current name and reorganized under the financial management of Hermann Wolff in 1887. Its first conductor under the new organization was Ludwig von Brenner; in 1887 Hans von Bülow, one of the most esteemed conductors in the world, joined, and from then on, the orchestra's reputation became established, with guests Hans Richter, Felix von Weingartner, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, Johannes Brahms and Edvard Grieg conducting the orchestra over the next few years. Ludwig von Brenner ( 19 September 1833 &ndash 9 February 1902) was a German conductor and Composer. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Hans Guido Freiherr von Bülow (January 8 1830 &ndash February 12 1894 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Hans Richter ( 4 April 1843 in Raab WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Paul Felix von Weingartner, Edler von Münzberg Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 &ndash 8 September 1949 was a German Composer of the late Romantic era and early modern era particularly noted Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer Programmes of this period show, surprisingly, that the orchestra possessed only 46 strings as against the Wagnerian ideal of 64.

In 1895, Arthur Nikisch became chief conductor, and was succeeded in 1923 by Wilhelm Furtwängler. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Arthur Nikisch (Hungarian Nikisch Artúr) ( 12 October WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Wilhelm Furtwängler (January 25 1886 &ndash November 30 1954 was a Despite several changes in leadership the orchestra continued to perform throughout World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including After Furtwängler fled to Switzerland in 1945, Leo Borchard became chief conductor. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Lew Ljewitsch "Leo" Borchard ( March 31, 1899 This arrangement lasted only a few months, however, as Borchard was accidentally shot and killed by American forces occupying Berlin. Sergiu Celibidache then took over as chief conductor for seven years, from 1945 to 1952. Sergiu Celibidache (/'serʤju ʧelibi'dake/ ser-joo chay-lee-bee-DAH-kay ( June 28, 1912 &ndash August 14, 1996) was a Romanian-born German Furtwängler returned in 1952 and conducted the orchestra until his death in 1954.

His successor was Herbert von Karajan, who led the orchestra from 1955 until his resignation in April 1989, only months before his death. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Herbert von Karajan ( April 5 Under him, the orchestra made a vast number of recordings and toured widely.

Claudio Abbado became principal conductor after him, expanding the orchestra's repertoire beyond the core classical and romantic works into more modern 20th century works. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Claudio Abbado, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (born June The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as 1750 to 1810 Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 At the turn of the 20th century classical music was characteristically late Romantic in style while at the same time the Impressionist movement spearheaded by Claude Debussy He stepped down from this post in 2002. During the post-unification period, the orchestra encountered financial problems resulting from budgetary stress in the city of Berlin. [2] Several years after his departure as chief conductor, in 2006, the Orchestra Academy of the Berlin Philharmonic established the Claudio Abbado Composition Prize in Abbado's honour. [3]

Sir Simon Rattle conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
Sir Simon Rattle conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra

In June 1999, the musicians elected Sir Simon Rattle as their next chief conductor. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Simon Denis Rattle, CBE, FRSA, (born January [4] Rattle made it a condition of his signing with the Berlin Philharmonic that it be turned into a self-governing public foundation, with the power to make its own artistic and financial decisions. This required a change to state law, which was approved in 2001, allowing him to join the organization in 2002. Rattle's contract with the orchestra was initially through 2012. In April 2008, the BPO musicians voted in favour of retaining Rattle as their chief conductor. [5] The current Intendantin of the orchestra is Pamela Rosenberg. In April 2008, the orchestra announced that Rosenberg would not continue as Intendantin after the expiration of her contract in 2010. [6]

In 2006, the orchestra announced it would investigate its role during the Nazi regime. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers [7] In 2007, Misha Aster published the book The Reich's Orchestra, his study of the relationship of the Berlin Philharmonic to the rulers of the Third Reich. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers [8]

The first concert hall of the orchestra was destroyed during WWII in 1944. A concert hall is a cultural building which serves as performance venue chiefly for classical instrumental music Since 1963, the orchestra has been resident at the Philharmonie, which was constructed from 1960-1963, after the design of architect Hans Scharoun. Bernhard Hans Henry Scharoun ( September 20 1893 &ndash November 25 1972) was a German Architect best known for designing On 20 May 2008, a fire broke out at the Philharmonie. One-quarter of the roof underwent considerable damage as firefighters cut openings to reach the flames beneath the roof. [9] [10] The hall interior did sustain water damage as well, but was otherwise "generally unharmed. " The firefighters limited damage by the use of foam. The orchestra is restricted from use of the hall for concerts until at least 2 June 2008. [11]

UNICEF appointed the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and Sir Simon Rattle as Goodwill Ambassadors in November 2007. The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Simon Denis Rattle, CBE, FRSA, (born January [12]

Principal conductors

Awards and recognition

Classical BRIT Awards
  • 2001 - "Ensemble/Orchestral Album of the Year" - Sir Simon Rattle, Mahler: Symphony No. 10 (EMI, 2000)
  • 2003 - "Ensemble/Orchestral Album of the Year" - Sir Simon Rattle, Mahler: Symphony No. 5 (EMI, 2002)
Grammy Awards
  • 1970 - Best Opera Recording - Herbert von Karajan, Helga Dernesch, Thomas Stolze, Jess Thomas, Wagner: Siegfried (DGG, 1969)
  • 1979 - Best Orchestral Performance - Herbert von Karajan, Beethoven: Symphonies (9) (Complete)
  • 1993 - Best Orchestral Recording - Leonard Bernstein, Mahler: Symphony No. 9 (DGG, 1992; recording 1979)
  • 1995 - Best Chamber Music Performance - Daniel Barenboim, Dale Clevenger, Larry Combs, Daniele Damiano, Hansjörg Schellenberger, Beethoven/Mozart: Quintets (Chicago-Berlin) (1994)
  • 1998 - Best Small Ensemble Performance - Claudio Abbado, Hindemith: Kammermusik Nr. Ludwig von Brenner ( 19 September 1833 &ndash 9 February 1902) was a German conductor and Composer. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Hans Guido Freiherr von Bülow (January 8 1830 &ndash February 12 1894 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Arthur Nikisch (Hungarian Nikisch Artúr) ( 12 October WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Wilhelm Furtwängler (January 25 1886 &ndash November 30 1954 was a WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Lew Ljewitsch "Leo" Borchard ( March 31, 1899 Sergiu Celibidache (/'serʤju ʧelibi'dake/ ser-joo chay-lee-bee-DAH-kay ( June 28, 1912 &ndash August 14, 1996) was a Romanian-born German WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Wilhelm Furtwängler (January 25 1886 &ndash November 30 1954 was a WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Herbert von Karajan ( April 5 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Claudio Abbado, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (born June WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Simon Denis Rattle, CBE, FRSA, (born January The Classical BRIT Awards are an annual awards ceremony held in the United Kingdom covering aspects of classical music, and are the classical equivalent of pop music's The Symphony No 10 by Gustav Mahler was written in 1910 and was his final composition The Symphony No 5 by Gustav Mahler was written in 1901 and 1902 mostly during the summer months at Mahler's cottage at Maiernigg. The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences The 12th Grammy Awards were held in 1970. They recognized accomplishments of musicians for the year 1969. The Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording has been awarded since 1961 Helga Dernesch (b February 3, 1939 in Vienna) is an Austrian Soprano and Mezzo soprano. Jess Thomas ( August 4, 1927, Hot Springs South Dakota — October 11, 1993, San Francisco California) was a lyric and Siegfried is the third of the four Operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) by Richard Wagner The 21st Grammy Awards were held in 1979, and were broadcast live on American television The Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance has been awarded since 1959 The Musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven ( 1770 – 1827) are known by various designations including by the Opus numbers assigned by The 35th Grammy Awards were held in 1993. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year The Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance has been awarded since 1959 WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes The Symphony No 9 in D major by the Composer Gustav Mahler was written in 1909 and 1910 and was the last Symphony that he completed The 37th Grammy Awards were presented March 1, 1995. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year The Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance has been awarded since 1959 Daniel Barenboim (born November 15, 1942) is a pianist and conductor. Dale Clevenger has been Principal Horn of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra since 1966 Larry Combs is an American Clarinetist. His principal teachers were Stanley Hasty at the Eastman School of Music and Leon Russianoff in New York Hansjörg Schellenberger is a German oboist born in 1948 Won the first prize at the German Jugend Musiziert Competition with seventeen which led to a scholarship enabling him to The 40th Grammy Awards were held on February 25, 1998. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year The Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance (with or without conductor has been awarded since 1997 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Claudio Abbado, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (born June 1 mit Finale 1921, Op. 24 No. 1 (with members of Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra) (EMI, 1996)
  • 2000 - Best Classical Vocal Performance - Claudio Abbado, Anne Sofie von Otter, Thomas Quasthoff: Mahler: Des Knaben Wunderhorn (DGG, 1999)
  • 2001 - Best Orchestral Performance - Sir Simon Rattle, Mahler: Symphony No. The 42nd Grammy Awards were held on February 23, 2000. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year The Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance has been awarded since 1959 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Claudio Abbado, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (born June Anne Sofie von Otter (born 9 May 1955) is a Swedish mezzo-soprano Thomas Quasthoff (born in Hildesheim, Germany, November 9, 1959) is a German Bass-baritone generally regarded as one of The 43rd Grammy Awards were held on February 21, 2001. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year The Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance has been awarded since 1959 10 (EMI, 2000)
  • 2007 - Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance With Orchestra - Antonio Pappano, Leif Ove Andsnes: Rachmaninov, Piano Concertos 1 & 2 (EMI, 2006)
Gramophone Awards
  • 1981 - "Orchestral Record of the Year" - Herbert von Karajan, Mahler: Symphony No. The 49th Annual Grammy Awards is a ceremony honoring the best in music for the recording year beginning September 15, 2005 and ending September 14, WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Antonio Pappano (born 30 December 1959) is a Leif Ove Andsnes is a Norwegian Pianist. He studied with Jiří Hlinka at the Grieg Academy of Music in Bergen The Gramophone Awards are one of the most significant honours bestowed on the classical Record industry, often referred to as the Oscars for classical 9 (DGG, 1980)
  • 1984 - "Record of the Year" - Herbert von Karajan, Mahler: Symphony No. 9 (DGG, 1984; live recording 1982)
  • 2000 - "Orchestral Record of the Year" - Sir Simon Rattle, Mahler: Symphony No. 10 (EMI, 2000)
  • 2004 - "Concerto" - Mariss Jansons, Leif Ove Andsnes, Grieg: Piano Concerto and Schumann: Piano Concerto (EMI, 2004)
  • 2006 - "Record of the Year" - Claudio Abbado, Mahler: Symphony No. 6 (DGG, 2005)
ECHO (formerly Deutscher Schallplattenpreis) of Deutsche Phono-Akademie
  • 2003 - Chorwerkeinspielung - Sir Simon Rattle, Rundfunkchor Berlin, MDR-Rundfunkchor Leipzig, Ernst-Senff-Chor Berlin, Karita Mattila, Anne Sofie von Otter, Thomas Moser, Philip Langridge, Thomas Quasthoff: Schoenberg, Gurrelieder (EMI, 2002)
  • 2006 - Musik-DVD Produktion des Jahres - Sir Simon Rattle, Thomas Grube und Enrique Sánchez Lansch (Regie), Uwe Dierks (Produzent): Rhythm Is It! (2005)
  • 2006 - Sinfonische Einspielung - Claudio Abbado: Mahler, Symphonie Nr. Mariss Jansons (born January 14, 1943) is a Latvian conductor, the son of conductor Arvīd Jansons. Leif Ove Andsnes is a Norwegian Pianist. He studied with Jiří Hlinka at the Grieg Academy of Music in Bergen The Piano Concerto in A minor, Op 16 by Edvard Grieg (1843-1907 was the only Concerto Grieg completed Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic The Piano Concerto in A minor, Op54 is a famous Romantic Concerto by Robert Schumann, completed in 1845. The Symphony No 6 in A minor by Gustav Mahler, sometimes referred to as the Tragische ("Tragic" was composed between 1903 and 1904 (rev ECHO is a German music award granted every year by the Deutsche Phono-Akademie (an association of recording companies The Deutscher Schallplattenpreis was a prize that the Deutsche Phono-Akademie awarded from 1963 through 1992 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Simon Denis Rattle, CBE, FRSA, (born January Karita Mattila (pronounced KAH-ree-tah MAHT-ee-lah is a leading opera Soprano. Anne Sofie von Otter (born 9 May 1955) is a Swedish mezzo-soprano WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> Philip Langridge CBE (born 16 December 1939 is an English Tenor considered Thomas Quasthoff (born in Hildesheim, Germany, November 9, 1959) is a German Bass-baritone generally regarded as one of Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Claudio Abbado, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (born June 6 (DGG, 2005)
Timbre de Platine (Platinum Stamp) awarded by Opéra International magazine [1]
  • 1987 - Riccardo Muti, Mozart: Requiem (EMI, 1987)

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ^ (Playbill Arts) Matthew Westphal, "The Top Ten European Orchestras, According to Ten European Media Outlets", 10 October 2006. The 12 cellists of the Berlin Philharmonic (Die 12 Cellisten der Berliner Philharmoniker are 12 cellists members of the Berlin Philharmonic as the name implies The Konzerthausorchester Berlin (until 2006 known as the Berlin Symphony Orchestra in English and Berliner Sinfonie-Orchester in German) is a Throughout its history Berlin was a musical center in North Germany Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Accessed 30 May 2008. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  2. ^ Kate Connolly. "Band of no gold", The Guardian, 10 November 1999. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli  
  3. ^ Matthew Westphal. "Berlin Philharmonic Names Winner of First Claudio Abbado Composition Prize", Playbill Arts, 6 November 2006. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.  
  4. ^ Andrew Clements. "Picking up the baton", The Guardian, 24 June 1999. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli  
  5. ^ Charlotte Higgins. "Berlin Philharmonic keeps Rattle", The Guardian, 29 April 2008. Retrieved on 2008-04-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule  
  6. ^ Catherine Hickley. "Rosenberg Will Leave Berlin Philharmonic; Rattle Negotiates", Bloomberg News, 24 April 2008. Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title  
  7. ^ Agence France-Presse. "Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra to probe Nazi-era history", European Jewish Express, 1 May 2007. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli  
  8. ^ Tony Paterson. "Berlin Philharmonic 'was obedient servant of Hitler'", The Independent, 28 August 2007. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.  
  9. ^ Kate Connolly. "Musicians flee Philharmonic fire in Berlin", The Guardian, 21 May 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.  
  10. ^ Nicholas Kulish and Daniel J. Wakin. "Fire Under Control at Home of Berlin Philharmonic", New York Times, 21 May 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.  
  11. ^ Daniel J. Wakin. "Hall Interior in Berlin Intact After Fire", New York Times, 22 May 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.  
  12. ^ UNICEF: UNICEF appoints Berliner Philharmoniker Goodwill Ambassador 2007-11-17. The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946

External links

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