| Berlin | |||
 | |||
| Flag | Coat of arms | ||
| |||
| Location within Germany and EU | |||
 | |||
| Coordinates | Coordinates: | ||
| Time zone | CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) | ||
| Administration | |||
| Country |  Germany | ||
| NUTS Region |  DE3 | ||
| City subdivisions | 12 boroughs | ||
| Governing Mayor | Klaus Wowereit (SPD) | ||
| Governing parties | SPD / Left | ||
| Votes in Bundesrat | 4 (of 69) | ||
| Basic statistics | |||
| Area | 892 km² (344 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 34 - 115m | ||
| Population | 3,415,742 (11/2007)[1] | ||
| - Density | 3,830 /km² (9,920 /sq mi) | ||
| - Urban | 3,700,000 | ||
| - Metro | 4,940,000 | ||
| Other information | |||
| GDP/ Nominal | € 81. The Coat of arms of Berlin is used by the German City state as well as the city itself while Berlin's various boroughs use their Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode Berlin is both a city and one of Germany's federal states. It is made up of twelve boroughs ( Bezirke in German also known as districts or The following list of mayors of Berlin shows all the Mayors ( Oberbürgermeister, Regierender Bürgermeister) of Berlin, Germany since Klaus Wowereit (born October 1, 1953 in West Berlin) is a German Politician, member of the SPD (Social Democratic Party and A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral The Left (Die Linke is a German political party that came into being on 16 June 2007 as a merger of The Left Party/PDS the former The Bundesrat ("federal council" or "upper house of German parliament" is the representation of the 16 Federal States ( Bundesländer) of Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central 7 billion (2007) | ||
| Postal codes | 10001–14199 | ||
| Area codes | 030 | ||
| Licence plate code | B | ||
| Website | berlin.de / 3D Berlin | ||
Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. __FORCETOC__ Postal codes in Germany, Postleitzahl (plural Postleitzahlen abbreviated to PLZ consist of five digits which indicate the wider area (first two digits and the see also Telephone numbering in Germany for further codes including service numbers cell phones etc German car number plates ( Kfz-Kennzeichen) show the place where the car carrying them is registered A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. With a population of 3. 4 million in its city limits, Berlin is the country's largest city. [2] It is the second most populous city and the ninth most populous urban area in the European Union. This is a list of the largest cities in the European Union by population within city limits. This is a list of all the Urban areas of the European Union which have more than 750000 inhabitants in 2005 The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [3] Located in northeastern Germany, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan area, comprising 5 million people from over 180 nations. Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. [4]
First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was successively the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1918), the German Empire (1871-1918), the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) and the Third Reich (1933-1945). The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers [5] After the Second World War, the city was divided; East Berlin became the capital of East Germany while West Berlin became a Western enclave, surrounded by the Berlin Wall from 1961-1989. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including East Berlin was the name given to the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including [6] Following the reunification of Germany in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of all Germany. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany [7]
Berlin is a major center in European politics, culture, media, and science. See also Politics of the European Union The politics of Europe deals with the continually evolving politics within the continent Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding [8][9][10] It serves as a continental hub for air and rail transport. The city's economy is primarily based on the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, media corporations, environmental services, congress and convention venues. There are many different definitions aimed at describing one of the newest media terms creative industries sometimes referred to as creative economy [11][12] Berlin is the third most-visited tourist destination in the EU. A tourist destination is a city town or other area that is dependent to a significant extent on the revenues accruing from Tourism. [13] Other industries include traffic engineering, optoelectronics, IT, vehicle manufacturing, health care, biomedical engineering, and biotechnology. Optoelectronics is the study and application of electronic devices that source detect and control Light, usually considered a sub-field of Photonics. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Biomedical engineering ( BME) is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine.
The metropolis is home to world-renowned universities, research institutes, sporting events, orchestras, museums and personalities. A metropolis (from the Greek μήτηρ mētēr meaning 'mother' and πόλις pólis meaning 'city/town' is a big City, in most cases with [14] Berlin's urban landscape and historical legacy has made it a popular setting for international film productions. [15] Recognized for its festivals, contemporary architecture, nightlife and avant-garde arts,[16] Berlin has evolved into a focal point for individuals attracted by liberal lifestyle, modern zeitgeist and low cost of living. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Zeitgeist ( pronounced) is a German language expression literally translated Zeit time; Geist spirit, meaning "the Cost of living is the Cost of maintaining a certain Standard of living. [17][18]
Contents |
History
The name Berlin, which is pronounced /bɚˈlɪn/ in English and /bɛɐˈliːn/ in German, is of unknown origin, but may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl- "swamp". English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Polabian language, which became extinct in the 18th century was a group of Slavic Dialects spoken in present-day northern Germany: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [19]
The earliest evidence of Berlin is an artifact dated approximately 45 years before the official founding of the city. A wooden beam from a cellar near the (demolished) Petrikirche in Petriplatz, which is now located in Berlin's Mitte District but was originally part of Cölln, has been dated to 1157. Localities of the Mitte borough The new borough of Mitte consists of six localities Mitte (the former Mitte borough Moabit In the 13th century Cölln was the sister town of Altberlin, located on the southern Spree Island in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. [20] The first written mention of towns in the area of present-day Berlin dates from the late 12th and early 13th century. The suburb of Spandau is first mentioned in 1197, and Köpenick in 1209, though these areas did not join Berlin until 1920. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. For the Spandau machine gun see Maschinengewehr 08. For the 1980s New Romantic group see Spandau Ballet. Köpenick is an area in the borough of Treptow-Köpenick in Berlin. The central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns: Cölln (on the Fisher Island) is first mentioned in a 1237 document that references a priest at Petrikirche. In the 13th century Cölln was the sister town of Altberlin, located on the southern Spree Island in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Museum Island (Museumsinsel in Berlin, Germany is the name of the northern half of the Spreeinsel, an island in the Spree river in the [20] Berlin (across the Spree in what is now called the Nikolaiviertel) is referenced in a document from 1244. Founded about 1200 the Nikolaiviertel (Nikolai Quarter of Altberlin, together with the neighbouring settlement of Cölln, is the reconstructed historical heart From the beginning, the two cities formed an economic and social unit. In 1307, the two cities were united politically. Over time, the twin cities came to be known simply as Berlin, the larger of the pair.
In 1415, Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. Frederick (Friedrich September 21, 1371 &ndash September 20, 1440) was Burgrave of Nuremberg as Frederick VI and The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl This article lists the Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg during the period of time that Brandenburg was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire His successor, Frederick II, established Berlin as capital of the margraviate, and subsequent members of the Hohenzollern family ruled until 1918 in Berlin, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and finally as German emperors. This article is about Frederick II of Brandenburg See Frederick II for other rulers Frederick II (Friedrich II Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state In 1448 citizens rebelled in the “Berlin Indignation” against the construction of a new royal palace by Elector Frederick II Irontooth. This article is about Frederick II of Brandenburg See Frederick II for other rulers Frederick II (Friedrich II This protest was not successful, however, and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. In 1451 Berlin became the royal residence of the Brandenburg electors, and Berlin had to give up its status as a free Hanseatic city. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade In 1539, the electors and the city officially became Lutheran. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther
17th–19th century
The Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648 had devastating consequences for Berlin. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. A third of the houses were damaged and the city lost half of its population. Frederick William, known as the “Great Elector”, who had succeeded his father George William as ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious tolerance. Frederick William (Friedrich Wilhelm February 16 1620 &ndash April 29 1688) was the Elector of Brandenburg and the George William (Georg Wilhelm ( 13 November 1595 &ndash December 1 1640) of the Hohenzollern dynasty was Margrave and Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Religious toleration is the condition of accepting or permitting others' religious beliefs and practices which disagree with one's own With the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Frederick William offered asylum to the French Huguenots. The Edict of Potsdam (Edikt von Potsdam was a proclamation issued by Frederick William Elector of Brandenburg, in Potsdam on 29 October 1685 Right of asylum (or political asylum) is an ancient Judicial notion under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth More than 15,000 Huguenots went to Brandenburg, of whom 6,000 settled in Berlin. By 1700, approximately twenty percent of Berlin's residents were French, and their cultural influence on the city was immense. Many other immigrants came from Bohemia, Poland, and Salzburg. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly consisting of the present-day state of Salzburg (the
With the coronation of Frederick I in 1701 as king, Berlin became the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia. Biography Born in Königsberg, he was the third son of Frederick William Elector of Brandenburg by his father's first marriage to Louise Henriette The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising In 1740 Friedrich II, known as Frederick the Great (1740-1786) came to power. Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the Berlin became, under the rule of the philosophically-oriented Frederick II, a center of the Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Following France's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Berlin in 1806, but granted self-government to the city. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or The Fourth Coalition against Napoleon's French Empire was defeated in a war spanning 1806&ndash1807 Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Industrial Revolution transformed Berlin during the 19th century; the city's economy and population expanded dramatically, and it became the main rail hub and economic center of Germany. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Additional suburbs soon developed and increased the area and population of Berlin. In 1861, outlying suburbs including Wedding, Moabit, and several others were incorporated into Berlin. Wedding ( "der Wedding") is a locality in the borough of Mitte, Berlin, Germany and was a separate borough in the north-western Moabit is an Inner city locality of Berlin. Since Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it belongs to the newly regrouped governmental borough In 1871, Berlin became capital of the newly founded German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification
20th century
At the end of the First World War in 1918, the Weimar Republic was proclaimed in Berlin. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 In 1920, the Greater Berlin Act united dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around Berlin into a greatly expanded city and established Berlin as a separate administrative region. The Greater Berlin Act (Groß-Berlin-Gesetz in full the Law Regarding the Reconstruction of the New Local Authority of Berlin (Gesetz über die Bildung einer neuen Stadtgemeinde After this expansion, Berlin had a population of around four million.
On January 30th, 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power. Machtergreifung ( is a German word meaning "seizure of power" Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Nazi rule destroyed Berlin's Jewish community, which had numbered 170,000 before 1933. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ After the Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938, thousands of the city's German Jews were imprisoned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp or, in early 1943, were shipped to death camps, such as Auschwitz. Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses Sachsenhausen (zaksənˈhaʊzən was a Concentration camp in Germany, operating between 1936 and 1945 "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany During the war, large parts of Berlin were destroyed in the 1943–45 air raids and during the Battle of Berlin. The Battle of Berlin was a British bombing campaign on Berlin from November 1943 to March 1944 as well as other German cities to prevent concentration For the bombing campaign on Berlin by the RAF from November 1943 to March 1944 see Battle of Berlin (air. After the end of the war in Europe in 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The final battles of the European Theatre of World War II as well as the German surrender took place in late April and early May 1945 The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous to the occupation zones into which Germany was divided. The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country west of the Oder-Neisse line into four occupation zones for administrative The sectors of the Western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sector formed East Berlin. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 East Berlin was the name given to the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 [21]
All four allies retained shared responsibility for Berlin. However, the growing political differences between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union led the latter, which controlled the territory surrounding Berlin, to impose the Berlin Blockade, an economic blockade of West Berlin. The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 11 May 1949 was one of the first major international crises of the Cold war. The allies successfully overcame the Blockade by airlifting food and other supplies into the city from 24 June 1948 to 11 May 1949. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [22] In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and consisted of the American, British and French zones, but excluded those 3 countries' zones of Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state West Berlin remained a free city that was separate from the Federal Republic of Germany, and issued its own postage stamps. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British and French airlines. Lufthansa and other German airlines were prohibited from flying to West Berlin.
The founding of the two German states increased Cold War tensions. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory. East Germany, however, proclaimed East Berlin (which it described only as "Berlin") as its capital, a move that was not recognized by the Western powers. Although half the size and population of West Berlin, it included most of the historic center of the city. The tensions between east and west culminated in the construction of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin and other barriers around West Berlin by East Germany on 13 August 1961 and were exacerbated by a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie on 27 October 1961. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Checkpoint Charlie was the name given by the Western Allies to a crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during the Cold War Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany.
Berlin was completely separated. It was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other only through strictly controlled checkpoints. For most Easterners, travel to West Berlin or West Germany was no longer possible. In 1971, a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access across East Germany to West Berlin and ended the potential for harassment or closure of the routes. The Four Power Agreement on Berlin also known as the Berlin Agreement or the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin was agreed on 3 September,
In 1989, pressure from the East German population brought a transition to a market-based economy in East Germany, and its citizens gained free access across the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, which was subsequently mostly demolished. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Not much is left of it today; the East Side Gallery in Friedrichshain near the Oberbaumbrücke over the Spree preserves a portion of the Wall. The East Side Gallery is an international memorial for freedom Friedrichshain is a part of Berlin's borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. The Spree (ʃpʁeː Sprowja Sprjewja Spréva is a River in Saxony, Brandenburg and Berlin, Germany and in Ústecký
On 3 October 1990 the two parts of Germany were reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin became the German capital according to the unification treaty. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany In 1999, the German parliament and government began their work in Berlin. The Bundestag ("Federal Diet " or "Lower House of German Parliament" is the Parliament of Germany.
Geography
Berlin is located in eastern Germany, about 70 kilometers (44 mi) west of the border with Poland in an area with marshy terrain. Localities of the Mitte borough The new borough of Mitte consists of six localities Mitte (the former Mitte borough Moabit A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Berlin's landscape was shaped by ice sheets during the last Ice Age. An ice sheet is a mass of Glacier Ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50000 km² (20000 mile²) An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets The city center lies along the river Spree in the Berlin-Warsaw Urstromtal (ancient river valley), formed by water flowing from melting ice sheets at the end of the last Ice Age. The Spree (ʃpʁeː Sprowja Sprjewja Spréva is a River in Saxony, Brandenburg and Berlin, Germany and in Ústecký The Urstromtal lies between the low Barnim plateau to the north, and the Teltow plateau to the south. In Geology and Earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting In Spandau, Berlin's westernmost borough, the Spree meets the river Havel, which flows from north to south through western Berlin. For the Spandau machine gun see Maschinengewehr 08. For the 1980s New Romantic group see Spandau Ballet. The Havel (ˈhaːfəl is a river in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Berlin and Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The course of the Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and Großer Wannsee. The Wannsee is both a locality in the southwestern Berlin borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Germany, and a linked pair of Lakes adjoining A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through the Großer Müggelsee in eastern Berlin. Müggelsee is the largest of the Berlin Lakes (74 km² 43 km long 2 [23]
Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughs Reinickendorf and Pankow lie on the Barnim plateau, while most of the boroughs Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg, and Neukölln lie on the Teltow plateau. Localities Reinickendorf is split in ten localities population in brackets Reinickendorf (73847 Tegel (33873 Konradshöhe Localities The Pankow borough consists of 13 localities History The village of Pankow is named after the small Panke river a tributary of the Spree Localities Charlottenburg Charlottenburg-Nord Grunewald Halensee Localities The Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough consists of seven localities Steglitz Lichterfelde Lankwitz Localities Tempelhof-Schöneberg consists of six localities as from north to south Schöneberg Friedenau Tempelhof History When first mentioned in 1360 the village was called Richardsdorf and owned by the Order of St The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Urstromtal and partly on the Nauen Plain, which stretches to the west of Berlin. The highest elevations in Berlin are the Teufelsberg in the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf and the Müggelberge in the borough of Treptow-Köpenick. Teufelsberg ( German for Devil's Mountain) is a hill in Berlin, Germany, in former West Berlin. Localities Alt-Treptow Plänterwald Baumschulenweg Johannisthal Niederschöneweide Both hills have an elevation of about 115 meters (377 ft). The Teufelsberg is in fact an artificial pile of rubble from the ruins of the Second World War. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Climate
Berlin has a temperate/mesothermal climate (Cfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system. The Havel (ˈhaːfəl is a river in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Berlin and Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist The mean annual temperature for Berlin-Dahlem (a location within Steglitz-Zehlendorf) is 9. Localities The Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough consists of seven localities Steglitz Lichterfelde Lankwitz 4 °C (48. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 9 °F) and its mean annual precipitation totals 578 millimeters (22. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 8 in). Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. The warmest months are June, July, and August, with mean temperatures of 16. 7 to 17. 9 °C (62. 1 to 64. 2 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with mean temperatures of −0. 4 to 1. 2 °C (31. 3 to 34. 2 °F). [24] Berlin's built-up area creates a microclimate, with heat stored by the city's buildings. A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the Climate differs from the surrounding area Temperatures can be 4 °C (7. 2 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.
| Weather averages for Berlin | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
| Average high °C (°F) | 3 (37) | 4 (39) | 9 (48) | 13 (55) | 19 (66) | 22 (72) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 19 (66) | 13 (55) | 7 (45) | 4 (39) | |
| Average low °C (°F) | -2 (28) | -2 (28) | -1 (30) | 4 (39) | 9 (48) | 12 (54) | 14 (57) | 14 (57) | 11 (52) | 6 (43) | 2 (36) | 0 (32) | |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 42 (1. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 7) | 33 (1. 3) | 41 (1. 6) | 37 (1. 5) | 54 (2. 1) | 69 (2. 7) | 56 (2. 2) | 58 (2. 3) | 45 (1. 8) | 37 (1. 5) | 44 (1. 7) | 55 (2. 2) | |
| Source: worldweather. org[24] 2007-07-26 | |||||||||||||
Cityscape
The city's appearance today is predominantly shaped by the key role it played in Germany's history in the 20th century. The Spree (ʃpʁeː Sprowja Sprjewja Spréva is a River in Saxony, Brandenburg and Berlin, Germany and in Ústecký The Fernsehturm ( German for "television tower" is a Television Tower in the city centre of Berlin, Germany. Each of the national governments based in Berlin —the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany— initiated ambitious construction programs, each with its own distinctive character. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Berlin was devastated by bombing raids during the Second World War and many of the old buildings that escaped the bombs were eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s in both West and East. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Much of this destruction was initiated by municipal architecture programs to build new residential or business quarters and main roads. Berlin's unique recent history has left the city with an eclectic array of architecture and sights.
In the eastern part, many Plattenbauten can be found, reminders of Eastern Bloc ambitions to create complete residential areas with fixed ratios of shops, kindergartens and schools. Plattenbau (plural Plattenbauten is the German word for a building whose structure is constructed of large prefabricated Concrete slabs The word During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were Another difference between former east and west is in the design of little red and green men on pedestrian crossing lights (Ampelmännchen in German); the eastern versions received an opt-out during the standardization of road traffic signs after reunification. (little traffic light man is the symbolic person shown on Traffic lights at Pedestrian crossings in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR - East Germany The eastern Ampelmännchen design is now used in the western part of the city as well.
Architecture
The Fernsehturm (TV tower) at Alexanderplatz in Mitte is the second highest building in the European Union at 368 meters (1,207 ft). The Fernsehturm ( German for "television tower" is a Television Tower in the city centre of Berlin, Germany. is a large open square and public transport hub in the Berlin district of Mitte in the city centre near the river Spree and the Berliner Dom Built in 1969, it is visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin. The city can be viewed from its 204 meter (669 ft) high observation floor. Starting here the Karl-Marx-Allee heads east, an avenue lined by monumental residential buildings, designed in the Socialist Classicism Style of the Stalin era. The Karl-Marx-Allee is a monumental Socialist Boulevard built by the young GDR between 1952 and 1960 in Berlin Friedrichshain Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Adjacent to this area is the Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall), with its distinctive red-brick architecture. The Rotes Rathaus (Red Town Hall is the town hall of Berlin, located on Rathausstraße in the borough of Berlin-Mitte. The previously built-up part in front of it is the Neptunbrunnen, a fountain featuring a mythological scene. The Neptun Fountain in Berlin was built in 1891 and was designed by Reinhold Begas.
The East Side Gallery is an open-air exhibition of art painted directly on the last existing portions of the Berlin Wall. The East Side Gallery is an international memorial for freedom The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including It is the largest remaining evidence of the city's historical division. It has recently undergone a restoration.
The Brandenburg Gate is an iconic landmark of Berlin and Germany. The Brandenburg Gate (Brandenburger Tor is a former City gate and one of the main symbols of Berlin and Germany. The Brandenburg Gate (Brandenburger Tor is a former City gate and one of the main symbols of Berlin and Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It also appears on German euro coins (10 Cent / 20 Cent and 50 Cent). Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e The Reichstag building is the traditional seat of the German Parliament, renovated in the 1950s after severe Second World War damage. The Reichstag building in Berlin was constructed to house the Reichstag, the first Parliament of the German Empire. The Bundestag ("Federal Diet " or "Lower House of German Parliament" is the Parliament of Germany. The building was again remodeled by British architect Norman Foster in the 1990s and features a glass dome over the session area, which allows free public access to the parliamentary proceedings and magnificent views of the city. Norman Robert Foster Baron Foster of Thames Bank, OM, FRIBA, RDI, (born 1 June 1935) is a British architect whose company
Gendarmenmarkt, a neoclassical square in Berlin whose name dates back to the Napoleonic occupation of the city, is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, the French Cathedral with its observation platform and the German Cathedral. The Gendarmenmarkt is a square in Berlin, and the site of the Konzerthaus and the French and German Cathedrals. Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo Französischer Dom ( German for French Cathedral) is a Protestant Church located in Berlin on the Gendarmenmarkt across The Konzerthaus (Concert Hall), home of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, stands between the two cathedrals.
The Berliner Dom, a Protestant cathedral and the third church on this site, is located on the Spree Island across from the site of the Berliner Stadtschloss and adjacent to the Lustgarten. ( English Potsdam Square, is an important Public square and traffic intersection in the centre of Berlin, Germany, lying about one kilometre Berlin Cathedral ( German: Berliner Dom) is an Evangelical Church in Germany Cathedral in Berlin, Germany. Museum Island (Museumsinsel in Berlin, Germany is the name of the northern half of the Spreeinsel, an island in the Spree river in the The Stadtschloss (Berliner Stadtschloss rendered in English as Berlin City Palace) was a royal palace in the centre of Berlin, capital of Germany The Lustgarten ("Pleasure Garden" is a park on Museum Island in central Berlin, near the site of the former Berliner Stadtschloss A large crypt houses the remains of some of the earlier Prussian royal family. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Like many other buildings, it suffered extensive damage during the Second World War. The Cathedral of St. Hedwig is Berlin's Roman Catholic cathedral. St Hedwig's Cathedral ( German: Sankt-Hedwigs-Kathedrale) is a Roman Catholic Cathedral on the Bebelplatz in Berlin,
Unter den Linden is a tree lined east-west avenue from the Brandenburg Gate to the site of the former Berliner Stadtschloss, and was once Berlin's premier promenade. Unter den Linden ("under the linden trees" is a Boulevard in the centre of Berlin, the capital of Germany. The Stadtschloss (Berliner Stadtschloss rendered in English as Berlin City Palace) was a royal palace in the centre of Berlin, capital of Germany Many Classical buildings line the street and part of Humboldt University is located there. For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin.
Friedrichstraße was Berlin's legendary street during the Roaring Twenties. The Friedrichstraße (ˈfʀiːdʀɪçˌʃtʀaːsə (lit Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Roaring Twenties is a phrase used to describe the 1920s principally in North America, that emphasizes the period's social artistic and cultural dynamism It combines twentieth century traditions with the modern architecture of today's Berlin.
Potsdamer Platz is an entire quarter built from scratch after 1995 and was not rebuilt as it was divided by the Wall. The Reichstag building in Berlin was constructed to house the Reichstag, the first Parliament of the German Empire. ( English Potsdam Square, is an important Public square and traffic intersection in the centre of Berlin, Germany, lying about one kilometre [25] To the west of Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses the Gemäldegalerie, and is flanked by the Neue Nationalgalerie and the Philharmonic. The collection The Gemäldegalerie prides itself on its scientific methodology in collecting and displaying art Neue Nationalgalerie at the Kulturforum is a Museum for classical Modern art in Berlin, with main focus on early the 20th century The Berlin Philharmonic (in German: Die Berliner Philharmoniker) is an Orchestra based in Berlin, Germany. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, a Holocaust memorial, is situated to the north. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas also known as the Holocaust Memorial (German Holocaust-Mahnmal) is The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as [26]
The area around Hackescher Markt is home to the fashionable culture, with countless clothing outlets, clubs, bars, and galleries. This includes the Hackesche Höfe, a conglomeration of buildings around several courtyards, reconstructed around 1996. Oranienburger Straße and the nearby New Synagogue were the center of Jewish culture before 1933, and regains being it today. The Neue Synagoge ("New Synagogue" was built 1859–1866 as the main Synagogue of the Berlin Jewish community, on Oranienburger PLEASE TAKE NOTE************
The Straße des 17. Juni, connecting the Brandenburg Gate and Ernst-Reuter-Platz, serves as central East-West-Axis. The Straße des 17 Juni ( English: 17th June Street is a street in central Berlin, the capital of Germany. Ernst Rudolf Johannes Reuter ( July 29 1889 &ndash September 29 1953) was the German Mayor of West Berlin from Its name commemorates the uprisings in East Berlin of 17 June 1953. East Berlin was the name given to the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Approximately half-way from the Brandenburg Gate is the Großer Stern, a circular traffic island on which the Siegessäule (Victory Column) is situated. The Victory Column ( German:) is a famous monument in Berlin, Germany. This monument, built to commemorate Prussia's victories, was relocated 1938–39 from its previous position in front of the Reichstag. The Reichstag building in Berlin was constructed to house the Reichstag, the first Parliament of the German Empire. The site is annually used as the center stage for the Love Parade. The Love Parade (German Loveparade) is a popular Festival and Parade that originated in 1989 in Berlin, Germany, and is held
The Rathaus Schöneberg, where John F. Kennedy made his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner!" speech, is situated in Tempelhof-Schöneberg. Rathaus Schöneberg is the city hall for the Borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg in Berlin. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of " Ich bin ein Berliner " ("I am a Berliner quot is a quotation from a June 26, 1963 speech by U Localities Tempelhof-Schöneberg consists of six localities as from north to south Schöneberg Friedenau Tempelhof
The Kurfürstendamm is home to some of Berlin's luxurious stores with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at its eastern end on Breitscheidplatz. The Kurfürstendamm, known locally as the Ku'damm, is one of the most famous avenues in Berlin, Germany. The Protestant Kaiser William Memorial Church (in German Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche) is located in Berlin on the Kurfürstendamm in the Breitscheidplatz is a major public square in the western part of Berlin Germany. The church was destroyed in the Second World War and left in ruins. Near by on Tauentzienstraße is KaDeWe, claimed to be continental Europe's largest department store. The Kaufhaus des Westens (English "Department Store of the West" commonly abbreviated KaDeWe) is a Department store in Berlin.
West of the center, Schloss Bellevue is the residence of the German President. Schloss Bellevue is a Château in the centre of Berlin. It is situated on the north edge of the Tiergarten park beside the Spree, near Schloss Charlottenburg, which was burnt out in the Second World War and largely destroyed, has been rebuilt and is the largest surviving historical palace in Berlin. Charlottenburg Palace (German Schloss Charlottenburg) is the largest palace in Berlin and the only building in the city dating back to the time of the Hohenzollern
Funkturm Berlin is a 150 meter (492 ft) tall lattice radio tower at the fair area, built between 1924 and 1926. The Berliner Funkturm or Funkturm Berlin (Radio Tower Berlin is a transmitting tower in Berlin, built between 1924 and 1926 by Heinrich Straumer. It is the only observation tower, which stands on insulators, and has a restaurant 55 meters (180 ft) and an observation deck 126 meters (413 ft) above ground, which is reachable by an elevator. As the Berliner Funkturm is an open lattice structure, its elevator has windows.
Government
Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany and is the seat of the President of Germany, whose official residence is Schloss Bellevue. The Reichstag building in Berlin was constructed to house the Reichstag, the first Parliament of the German Empire. The President of Germany (deutscher Bundespräsident is Germany 's Head of state. Schloss Bellevue is a Château in the centre of Berlin. It is situated on the north edge of the Tiergarten park beside the Spree, near [27] Since German reunification on 3 October 1990, it has been one of the three city states, together with Hamburg and Bremen, among the present sixteen states of Germany. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German Freie Hansestadt Bremen) is the smallest of Germany's 16 Federal States ( Bundesländer) Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular The Bundesrat ("federal council") is the representation of the Federal States (Bundesländer) of Germany and has its seat at the former Prussian Herrenhaus (House of Lords). The Bundesrat ("federal council" or "upper house of German parliament" is the representation of the 16 Federal States ( Bundesländer) of Though most of the ministries are seated in Berlin, some of them, as well as some minor departments, are seated in Bonn, the former capital of West Germany. Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia The European Union invests in several projects within the city of Berlin. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Infrastructure, education and social programs are co-financed with budgets taken from EU cohesion funds. [28]
City state
The city and state parliament is the House of Representatives (Abgeordnetenhaus), which currently has 141 seats. Klaus Wowereit (born October 1, 1953 in West Berlin) is a German Politician, member of the SPD (Social Democratic Party and TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those Berlin's executive body is the Senate of Berlin (Senat von Berlin). In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. The Senate of Berlin consists of the Governing Mayor (Regierender Bürgermeister) and up to eight senators holding ministerial positions, one of them holding the official title "Mayor" (Bürgermeister) as deputy to the Governing Mayor. The following list of mayors of Berlin shows all the Mayors ( Oberbürgermeister, Regierender Bürgermeister) of Berlin, Germany since The Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Left (Die Linke) took control of the city government after the 2001 state election and won another term in the 2006 state election. The Left (Die Linke is a German political party that came into being on 16 June 2007 as a merger of The Left Party/PDS the former The Berlin state election 2001, was conducted on October 21, 2001, to elect members to the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies of Berlin The Berlin state election 2006, was held on September 17, 2006, to elect members to the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies of Berlin [29]
The Governing Mayor is simultaneously Lord Mayor of the city (Oberbürgermeister der Stadt) and Prime Minister of the Federal State (Ministerpräsident des Bundeslandes). The office of Berlin's Governing Mayor is in the Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall). The Rotes Rathaus (Red Town Hall is the town hall of Berlin, located on Rathausstraße in the borough of Berlin-Mitte. Since 2001 this office has been held by Klaus Wowereit of the SPD. Klaus Wowereit (born October 1, 1953 in West Berlin) is a German Politician, member of the SPD (Social Democratic Party and [30][31] The city's government is based on a coalition between the Social Democratic Party and The Left. The Left (Die Linke is a German political party that came into being on 16 June 2007 as a merger of The Left Party/PDS the former
Budget
The total annual state budget of Berlin in 2007 exceeded €20. 5 ($28. 7) billion including a budget surplus of €80 ($112) million. The figures indicate the first surplus in the history of the city state. [32] Due to increasing growth rates and tax revenues, the Senate of Berlin calculates an increasing budget surplus in 2008 and 2009. The total budget includes an estimated amount of €5. 5 ($7. 7) bn, which is directly financed by either the German government or the German Bundesländer. [33] Mainly due to reunification-related expenditures, Berlin as a German state has accumulated more debt than any other city in Germany, with the most current estimate being €60 ($84)bn in December 2007. [34]
Boroughs
Berlin is subdivided into twelve boroughs (Bezirke), but before Berlin's 2001 administrative reform there were 23. Berlin is both a city and one of Germany's federal states. It is made up of twelve boroughs ( Bezirke in German also known as districts or Berlin is subdivided into 12 Boroughs ( Bezirke in German) which are administrative units with political Each borough is subdivided into a number of localities (Ortsteile), which represent the traditional urbanized areas that inhabitants identify with. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Some of these have been rearranged several times over the years. At present the city of Berlin consists of 95 such localities. The localities often consist of a number of city neighborhoods (usually called Kiez in the Berlin dialect) representing small residential areas. Kiez (pronounced kiːts is a German word that refers to a City Neighbourhood, a relatively small Community within a larger town
Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (Bezirksamt) consisting of five Councilors (Bezirksstadträte) and a Borough Mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). The Borough Council is elected by the Borough Assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). The boroughs of Berlin are not independent municipalities. The power of borough governments is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Berlin. The borough mayors form the Council of Mayors (Rat der Bürgermeister), led by the city's Governing Mayor, which advises the Senate.
The localities have no government bodies of their own, even though most of the localities have historic roots in older municipalities that predate the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The subsequent position of locality representative (Ortsvorsteher) was discontinued in favor of borough mayors.
Sister cities
Town twinning between Berlin and other cities began with Los Angeles in 1967. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West East Berlin's partnerships were canceled at the time of German reunification and later partially reestablished. West Berlin's partnerships had previously been restricted to the borough level. [35] During the Cold War era, the partnerships had reflected the different power blocs, with West Berlin partnering with capitals in the West, and East Berlin mostly partnering with cities from the Warsaw Pact and its allies. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe.
There are several joint projects with many other cities, such as Copenhagen, Helsinki, Johannesburg, Shanghai, Seoul, Sofia, Sydney, and Vienna. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Berlin participates in events organized by international city associations such as the Union of the Capitals of the European Union, Eurocities, Network of European Cities of Culture, Metropolis, Summit Conference of the World's Major Cities, Conference of the World's Capital Cities. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Berlin has partnerships with 17 cities. [36]
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Demographics
- See also: Berlin population statistics
Berlin has been a center for national and international immigration. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Berlin is the second most populous city in the European Union, as calculated by city-proper population (not metropolitan area Kreuzberg, since 2001 part of the combined Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough located south of Mitte, is one of the best-known areas of Berlin Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term In 2006, 26 % of its population had an international migration background, while almost half of these inhabitants have either become naturalized German citizens or obtained citizenship by virtue of birth in Germany. About 40 % of Berlin residents below 18 years of age have a background of migration, which means that they either were born outside of Germany, or have at least one parent who is born abroad. [37]
Migration into the city has a long history since the Edict of Potsdam in 1685. The Edict of Potsdam (Edikt von Potsdam was a proclamation issued by Frederick William Elector of Brandenburg, in Potsdam on 29 October 1685 The Edict guaranteed religious freedom and a tax-free status to French Calvinists for ten years. The Greater Berlin Act in 1920 incorporated many suburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. The Greater Berlin Act (Groß-Berlin-Gesetz in full the Law Regarding the Reconstruction of the New Local Authority of Berlin (Gesetz über die Bildung einer neuen Stadtgemeinde It formed most of the territory that comprises modern Berlin. The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 square kilometers (25. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 5 sq mi) to 883 square kilometers (341 sq mi) and the population from 1. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 9 million to 4 million. Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin have initiated waves of immigrants in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1990s the Aussiedlergesetze made immigration from the former Soviet Union possible. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The current decade experiences a continual increasing influx from various Western countries and especially young EU-Europeans are settling in the city.
The largest religious groupings are No religion 60%, Protestant (mostly belonging to the Evangelical Church in Germany) 23% (757,000), Roman Catholic 9% (312,000), Muslim 6% (213,000), Jewish 0. Irreligion is a lack of religion indifference to religion or hostility to religion EKD redirects here For the Basque political party see Democracia Cristiana Vasca. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut 4% (12,000). [38]
As of September 2007, the city state Berlin numbered 3,410,147 registered inhabitants[39] in an area of 891. 82 km² (344. 31 sq mi). The population density amounts to 3,820 inhabitants per km² (9,900/sq mi). The urban area comprises about 3. 7 million people while the metropolitan area of the Berlin-Brandenburg region is home to about 4. 3 million in an area of 5,370 square kilometers (2,073 sq mi). The Larger Urban Zone comprised about 4. 94 million people in an area of 17,405 km² in the year 2001. [40]
470,004 (14. 0%) residents were of foreign nationality in December 2007, coming from 184 different countries. [41] The largest groups by nationality are citizens from Turkey (113,779), Poland (44,400), Serbia (23,370), Russia (14,615), Italy (14,446), United States (13,761), France (12,611), Vietnam (12,165), Croatia (11,029), Bosnia and Herzegovina (10,576), UK (9,797), Greece (9,749), Austria (8,813), Ukraine (8,709), Lebanon (7,691), Spain (6,637), the People's Republic of China (6,013), Bulgaria (6,621), Thailand (5,878). Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj
Economy
After the reunification of Germany and Berlin in 1990, substantial subsidies were phased out, formerly received by the city of West Berlin. The industrial base of former East Berlin decreased significantly within a decade, leading to stagnant nominal GDP growth and high unemployment rates until 2005. Since then the unemployment rate steadily decreased to 14. 1% (Nov/2007) and remains above the German (8. 4%/Sept/2007) average. [42][43] In 2007 the nominal GDP of Berlin experienced a growth rate of 1. 8% (2. 5% in Germany) and totaled €81. 7 ($114) billion. [44]
Among the Forbes Global 2000 and the 30 German DAX companies only Siemens and Deutsche Bahn control a headquarters in Berlin. The Forbes Global 2000 is an annual ranking of the top 2000 Public companies in the world by Forbes magazine DAX 30 ( Deutscher Aktien IndeX 30, formerly Deutscher Aktien-Index 30 (German stock index is a Blue Chip Stock market index consisting of the Deutsche Bahn AG ( DB AG, DBAG or DB) is the German national Railway company Nevertheless, a multitude of German and international companies established secondary departments or service offices in the city. Among the 20 largest employers in Berlin are the railway company Deutsche Bahn AG, the hospital company Charité, the local public transport company BVG, the service provider Dussmann and the Piepenbrock Group. Daimler manufactures cars, and BMW builds motorcycles in Berlin. ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 BMW Motorrad, a division of BMW, is a German Motorcycle manufacturer BayerSchering Pharma and Berlin Chemie are major pharmaceutical companies headquartered in the city.
The Science and Business Park of Berlin-Adlershof is among the 15 biggest technology parks world-wide. Research and development have established economic significance, and the Berlin Brandenburg region ranks among the top three innovative regions in the EU. [45][38]
Fast-growing sectors are communications, life sciences, mobility and services with information and communication technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology and environmental services, transportation and medical engineering. [46] Berlin is among the top three congress cities in the world and is home to Europe's biggest convention center in the form of the Internationales Congress Centrum (ICC). [11] It contributes to the rapidly increasing tourism sector encompassing 592 hotels with 90,700 beds and numbered 17. 3 million overnight stays and 7. 5 million hotel guests in 2007. Berlin has established itself as the third most visited city destination in the European Union. [47][48]
| 2005 EUROSTAT[49] | Area | Population | GDP/Nominal in billion | GDP/Nominal per capita | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Berlin | 892 km² | 344 sq mi | 3,400,000 | € 79 / ~$111 | € 23,292 / ~$32,609 |
 Brandenburg | 29,478 km² | 11,382 sq mi | 2,550,000 | € 48 / ~$67 | € 18,781 / ~$26,294 |
| Germany | 357,050 km² | 137,858 sq mi | 82,000,000 | € 2,245 / ~$3,143 | € 27,219 / ~$38,107 |
| EU27 | 4,325,675 km² | 1,670,152 sq mi | 494,000,000 | € 11,019 / ~$15,426 | € 22,400 / ~$31,360 |
Media
- See also: List of films featuring Berlin
Berlin is the home of many television and radio stations; international, national as well as regional. Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in —This is a list of films whose setting is Berlin, Germany. A2Z 2005, Old man and his Lolita are commited to kill each other this The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading Film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin [50] The public broadcaster RBB has its headquarters there as well as the commercial broadcasters MTV Europe, VIVA, TVB, FAB, N24 and Sat.1. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB (Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting is the organization responsible for public radio and television in the German federal MTV Europe launched on 1 August 1987 under a co-operative agreement by Viacom and British Telecom PLC until 1991 when Viacom took over full ownership VIVA is a private German music Television channel located in Berlin. Television Broadcasts Limited ( commonly known as TVB, was the first over-the-air commercial Television station in Hong Kong. N24 is a television news channel based in Germany. It is owned and operated by ProSiebenSat Sat1 is a privately owned German television broadcasting station German international public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has its TV production unit in Berlin. Deutsche Welle ('Welle' pronounced with a 'v' sound IPA /'vɛlə/ or DW, is Germany's international broadcaster. Additionally, most national broadcasters have a studio in the city.
Berlin has Germany's largest number of daily newspapers, with numerous local broadsheets (Berliner Zeitung, Der Tagesspiegel), and three major tabloids, as well as national dailies of varying sizes, each with a different political affiliation, such as Die Welt, Junge Welt, Neues Deutschland, and Die Tageszeitung. Broadsheet is the largest of the various Newspaper formats and is characterized by long vertical pages (typically 22 inches or more The Berliner Zeitung, founded in 1945, is a German center-left daily newspaper based in Berlin, published by Berliner Verlag. Der Tagesspiegel ("The Daily Mirror" motto "rerum cognoscere causas", or "to know the causes of things" is a Classical liberal A tabloid is a Newspaper industry term which refers to a smaller newspaper format per spread to a weekly or semi-weekly alternative newspaper that focuses on local-interest Die Welt ( English: The World) is a German national daily newspaper published by the Axel Springer AG company junge Welt ("Young World" is a Marxist German daily newspaper published in Berlin. Neues Deutschland (ND ( English: New Germany is a national German daily Newspaper. die tageszeitung (referred to commonly as taz) founded in 1978 in Berlin, is a cooperative-owned German daily Newspaper. In addition, several weekly papers publish here (Junge Freiheit), and Berlin has three alternative weeklies focusing on culture and entertainment. The Junge Freiheit ( JF, Young Freedom) is a German weekly newspaper for politics and culture The Exberliner, a monthly magazine, is Berlin's only English-language periodical. Exberliner is an English-language magazine published in Berlin. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Berlin is also the headquarters of two major German-language publishing houses: Walter de Gruyter and Springer, each of which publishes books, periodicals, and multimedia products. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Walter de Gruyter is a scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature Axel Springer AG is one of the largest newspaper publishing companies in Europe, having over 150 newspapers and magazines in over 30 countries including
Berlin is an important center in the European and German film industry. Cinema in Germany can be traced back to the very beginnings of the medium at the end of the 19th century It is home to more than one thousand film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year. [38] The venerable Babelsberg Studios and the production company UFA are located outside Berlin in Potsdam. The Babelsberg Studios, located in Potsdam - Babelsberg, Germany, is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world Universum Film AG, better known as Ufa or UFA, was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic Also see Potsdam New York (in the USA For the Potsdam Conference see Potsdam Conference. The city is also home of the European Film Academy and the German Film Academy, and hosts the annual Berlin Film Festival. The European Film Academy and the European Film Awards are an initiative of a group of European filmmakers who came together in Berlin on the occasion of the first The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading Film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin [51][52]
Education
The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the European Union. The city has four universities and numerous private, professional and technical colleges (Fachhochschulen), offering students a wide range of disciplines. A Fachhochschule (plural Fachhochschulen) or University of Applied Sciences is a German type of University, sometimes specialized in certain topical areas [53] Around 130,000 students attend the universities and professional or technical colleges. [39] The three largest universities account for around 100,000 students. These are the Freie Universität Berlin (Free University of Berlin) with around 35,000 students, the Humboldt Universität zu Berlin with 35,000 students, and the Technische Universität Berlin with 30,000 students. The Free University of Berlin ( FU Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin is the second largest of the four Universities in Berlin. For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin. The Technical University of Berlin ( Berlin Institute of Technology, TUB, TU Berlin, German Technische Universität Berlin) is located The Universität der Künste has about 4,300 students. The Universität der Künste Berlin UdK ( Berlin University of the Arts) is a German university founded in 1975 with the merger of the Berlin State
The city has a high concentration of research institutions, such as the Fraunhofer Society and the Max Planck Society, which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities. The Fraunhofer Society (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is a German research organization with 58 institutes spread throughout Germany each focusing on different fields of applied The Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e A total number of 62,000 scientists are working in research and development. The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers [38]
In addition to the libraries affiliated with the various universities, the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin is a major research library. The Berlin State Library (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin is a library in Berlin, Germany and a property of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation. It has two main locations: one near Potsdamer Platz on Potsdamer Straße and one on Unter den Linden. ( English Potsdam Square, is an important Public square and traffic intersection in the centre of Berlin, Germany, lying about one kilometre Unter den Linden ("under the linden trees" is a Boulevard in the centre of Berlin, the capital of Germany. There are 108 public libraries to be found in the city. [38]
Berlin has 878 schools teaching 340,658 children in 13,727 classes and 56,787 trainees in businesses and elsewhere. The Canisius-Kolleg (CK is a coeducational private and Catholic University-preparatory school in Berlin, Germany directed by the [38] The city has a six-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students progress to one of the four types of secondary schools for six further years: Hauptschule, Realschule, Gymnasium, or Gesamtschule. A "Hauptschule" (general school is a Secondary school in Germany and Austria, starting after 4 years of Elementary schooling Any student The Realschule is a type of Secondary school in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. A gymnasium (pronounced with ɡ- in several languages is a type of school providing Secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar Berlin has a unique bilingual school program embedded in the "Europaschule". At these schools children get taught the curriculum in German and a foreign language, starting in grammar school and later in secondary school. Throughout nearly all boroughs, a range of 9 major European languages in 29 schools can be chosen. [54] While most European School teach English, one of them, the Französisches Gymnasium Berlin which was founded in 1689 for the benefit of Huguenot refugees, offers (German/French) instruction. The Französisches Gymnasium Berlin or Collège Français de Berlin is a long-existing Francophone gymnasium in Berlin, Germany. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people [55] The John F. Kennedy School, a bilingual German-American public school located in Zehlendorf, is particularly popular with children of Diplomats and the expat community. The John F Kennedy School is a primary and secondary school in Berlin Germany. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the There are also four schools ("Humanistische Gymnasien") teaching Latin and Classical Greek, which are traditionally renowned for highest academic standards. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Two of them are state schools (Steglitzer Gymnasium in Steglitz and Goethe-Gymnasium in Wilmersdorf), one is Protestant (Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in Wilmersdorf) and one Jesuit (Canisius-Kolleg in the "Embassy Quarter" in Tiergarten). Steglitz is a locality of the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough in the south-west of Berlin, the capital of Germany. Wilmersdorf is a Inner city locality of Berlin, formerly a borough by itself but since Berlin's 2001 administrative reform a part of the new borough Wilmersdorf is a Inner city locality of Berlin, formerly a borough by itself but since Berlin's 2001 administrative reform a part of the new borough The Canisius-Kolleg (CK is a coeducational private and Catholic University-preparatory school in Berlin, Germany directed by the TiergartenViewjpg|thumb|right|View within the Tiergarten]] Tiergarten ( German for Animal Garden) is the name of both a large Park in the
Culture
- See also: 1920s Berlin
Berlin is noted for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation. The Golden Twenties in Berlin was a vibrant period in the History of Berlin, German history, and European history in general The Alte Nationalgalerie (Old National Gallery on Museum Island in Berlin is a gallery showing many important 19th century works from the collection of the Prussian Museum Island (Museumsinsel in Berlin, Germany is the name of the northern half of the Spreeinsel, an island in the Spree river in the A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [14][56] The diversity and vivacity of the Zeitgeist Metropolis led to an ever-changing and trendsetting image among major cities. [57] The city has a very diverse art scene, and is home to hundreds of art galleries. It hosts the annual Art Forum - an international art fair, which focuses on contemporary art. [58] Young Germans and international artists continue to settle in the city,[59] and Berlin has established itself as a center of youth and popular culture in Europe. A youth subculture is a Youth -based Subculture with distinct styles behaviours and interests Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — [60][61] Signs of this expanding role were the 2003 announcement that the annual Popkomm, Europe's largest music industry convention, would move to Berlin after 15 years in Cologne. The music industry is the business of Music. Although it encompasses the activity of many music-related businesses and organizations it is currently dominated by the "big A convention, in the sense of a meeting is a gathering of individuals who meet at a arid place and time in order to discuss or engage in some common interest [62] Shortly thereafter, the Universal Music Group and MTV also decided to move their European headquarters and main studios to the banks of the River Spree in Friedrichshain. Universal Music Group (UMG is the largest Business group and family of Record labels in the Recording industry. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. The Spree (ʃpʁeː Sprowja Sprjewja Spréva is a River in Saxony, Brandenburg and Berlin, Germany and in Ústecký Friedrichshain is a part of Berlin's borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. [63] Since 2005, Berlin has been listed as a UNESCO City of Design. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 [12]
Nightlife, festivals
Berlin has one of the most diverse and vibrant nightlife scenes in Europe. [64] After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, many buildings in Mitte, the former city center of East Berlin, were renovated. Localities of the Mitte borough The new borough of Mitte consists of six localities Mitte (the former Mitte borough Moabit Many had not been rebuilt since the Second World War. Illegally occupied by young people, they became a fertile ground for all sorts of underground and counter-culture gatherings. Underground culture, or just underground, is a term to describe various Alternative cultures which either consider themselves different from the Mainstream Counterculture (also " counter-culture " is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a Cultural group, or It is also home to many nightclubs, including Kunst Haus Tacheles, techno clubs Tresor, WMF, Ufo, E-Werk, the infamous Kitkatclub and Berghain. The Kunsthaus Tacheles is a former department store which now houses a self-organized collective of artists on Oranienburger Straße in Berlin-Mitte. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s Tresor (German for Safe or vault) is an underground techno Nightclub and Record label - one of the most influential clubs for techno The E-Werk was a Techno music club in Berlin, which was previously an Electrical substation. For the 18th century English club in London with strong political and literary associations see the Kit-Cat Club. Berghain is a Berlin nightclub named after its location on the border between Kreuz'''berg''' and Friedrichs'''hain'''. The Linientreu, near the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, has been well known since the 1990s for techno music. The Protestant Kaiser William Memorial Church (in German Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche) is located in Berlin on the Kurfürstendamm in the Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s The LaBelle discotheque in Friedenau became famous as the location of the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing. Friedenau is a locality within the borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg in Berlin, Germany. The Berlin discotheque bombing of April 5, 1986 was a terrorist attack on the La Belle discotheque West Berlin, Germany, that was [65]
SO36 in Kreuzberg originally focused largely on punk music but today has become a popular venue for dances and parties of all kinds. SOUND, located from 1971 to 1988 in Tiergarten and today in Charlottenburg, gained notoriety in the late 1970s for its popularity with heroin users and other drug addicts as described in Christiane F.'s book Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo. Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative Drug addiction is widely considered a pathological state. The disorder of addiction involves the progression of acute Drug use to the development of drug-seeking Christiane F (born Christiane Vera Felscherinow on May 20, 1962) is a former Heroin addict famous for her contribution to the Autobiographical [66]
The Karneval der Kulturen, a multi-ethnic street parade celebrated every Pentecost weekend, and the Christopher Street Day, which is Central Europe's largest gay-lesbian pride event and is celebrated the last weekend of June, are openly supported by the city's government. Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the Christopher Street Day ( CSD) is an annual European LGBT celebration held in various cities across Europe [67] Berlin is also well known for the techno carnival Love Parade and the cultural festival Berliner Festspiele, which include the jazz festival JazzFest Berlin. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s The Love Parade (German Loveparade) is a popular Festival and Parade that originated in 1989 in Berlin, Germany, and is held The Berliner Festspiele arts center brings together a variety of arts and culture events under one roof each year in Berlin. JazzFest Berlin (also known as the Berlin Jazz Festival) is a Jazz festival based in Berlin, Germany.
Several technology and media art festivals and conferences are held in the city, including Transmediale and Chaos Communication Congress. transmediale is an annual festival for art and digital culture held in Berlin, Germany. The Chaos Communication Congress is an annual meeting of the international hacker scene organized by the Chaos Computer Club.
Museums, galleries
- See also: List of museums and galleries in Berlin
Berlin is home to 153 museums. This is a list of notable Museums and galleries in Berlin, Germany. The Ishtar Gate ( Assyrian: ܕܵܪܘܲܐܙܲܐ ܕܥܵܐܫܬܲܪ translit Darwaza D'Ishtar, Arabic:بوابة عشتار was the Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq The Pergamon Museum ( German: Pergamonmuseum) is among the museums on Museum Island in Berlin. [38] The ensemble on the Museum Island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is situated in the northern part of the Spree Island between the Spree and the Kupfergraben. Museum Island (Museumsinsel in Berlin, Germany is the name of the northern half of the Spreeinsel, an island in the Spree river in the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [14] As early as 1841 it was designated a “district dedicated to art and antiquities” by a royal decree. Subsequently, the Altes Museum (Old Museum) in the Lustgarten displaying the bust of Queen Nefertiti,[68] and the Neues Museum (New Museum), Alte Nationalgalerie (Old National Gallery), Pergamon Museum, and Bode Museum were built there. The Altes Museum ( German: Old Museum) is one of several internationally renowned museums on Berlin 's Museum Island in Berlin Nefertiti (pronounced at the time something like *nafratiːta (c The Neues Museum (New Museum located north of (behind the Altes Museum (Old Museum on Berlin 's Museum Island, was built between 1843 The Alte Nationalgalerie (Old National Gallery on Museum Island in Berlin is a gallery showing many important 19th century works from the collection of the Prussian The Pergamon Museum ( German: Pergamonmuseum) is among the museums on Museum Island in Berlin. The Bode Museum belongs to the group of Museums on Museum Island in Berlin and is a historically preserved building While these buildings once housed distinct collections, the names of the buildings no longer necessarily correspond to the names of the collections they house.
Apart from the Museum Island, there is a wide variety of museums. The Gemäldegalerie (Painting Gallery) focuses on the paintings of the "old masters" from the 13th to the 18th centuries, while the Neue Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery, built by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe) specializes in 20th century European painting. The collection The Gemäldegalerie prides itself on its scientific methodology in collecting and displaying art Neue Nationalgalerie at the Kulturforum is a Museum for classical Modern art in Berlin, with main focus on early the 20th century Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (ˈlʊdvɪç miːs faːn dɛʀ ˈʀoːɐ born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies ( March 27, 1886 &ndash August 17, 1969 The Hamburger Bahnhof, located in Berlin-Moabit, exhibits a major collection of modern and contemporary art. You might be looking for Hamburg 's central train station Hamburg Hauptbahnhof. Moabit is an Inner city locality of Berlin. Since Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it belongs to the newly regrouped governmental borough In spring 2006, the expanded Deutsches Historisches Museum re-opened in the Zeughaus with an overview of German history through the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The Deutsches Historisches Museum (DHM German Historical Museum) was founded in 1987 by the chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl and the mayor of Berlin The Bauhaus Archiv is an architecture museum. The Bauhaus Archive (Bauhaus-Archiv Museum of Design in Berlin, collects items documents and literature which relate to the Bauhaus School (1919 - 1933 the most
The Jewish Museum has a standing exhibition on 2,000 years of German-Jewish history. The German Museum of Technology in Kreuzberg has a large collection of historical technical artifacts. Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin ("German Museum of Technology" was founded in 1982 in Berlin, Germany, and exhibits a large collection of historical Kreuzberg, since 2001 part of the combined Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough located south of Mitte, is one of the best-known areas of Berlin The Museum für Naturkunde (museum of natural history) near Berlin Hauptbahnhof has the largest mounted dinosaur in the world (a brachiosaurus), and the best preserved specimen of the early bird Archaeopteryx. The Museum für Naturkunde (in English, the Museum of Natural History) widely known as the Naturkundemuseum, occasionally as the Humboldt Museum Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods or Berlin Central Station, is the main Railway station in Berlin, Germany and the largest crossing station in Europe. Brachiosaurus (ˌbrækiəˈsɔrəs meaning "arm lizard" from the Greek brachion /βραχιων meaning "arm" and sauros Archaeopteryx, sometimes referred to by its German name Urvogel ("original bird" or "first bird" is the earliest and most primitive Bird
In Dahlem, there are several museums of world art and culture, such as the Museum of Indian Art, the Museum of East Asian Art, the Ethnological Museum, the Museum of European Cultures, as well as the Allied Museum (a museum of the Cold War), the Brücke Museum (an art museum). This article refers to the neighborhood in Berlin For other places with the same name please see Dahlem (disambiguation. The Museum of Asian Art ( German: Museum für Asiatische Kunst) is located in the Dahlem neighborhood of the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the In Lichtenberg, on the grounds of the former East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi), is the Stasi Museum. Localities Friedrichsfelde Karlshorst Lichtenberg Falkenberg Malchow For the regular police in East Germany see Volkspolizei. The Ministerium für Staatssicherheit ( Ministry for State Security The site of Checkpoint Charlie, one of the renowned crossing points of the Berlin Wall, is still preserved and also has a museum. Checkpoint Charlie was the name given by the Western Allies to a crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during the Cold War The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the The museum, which is a private venture, exhibits a comprehensive array of material about people who devised ingenious plans to flee the East. The Beate Uhse Erotic Museum near Zoo Station claims to be the world's largest erotic museum. The Beate Uhse Erotic Museum ( Beate Uhse Erotik-Museum) in Berlin, Germany, opened in 1996. Bahnhof Berlin Zoologischer Garten ( German for Berlin Zoological Garden railway station short form Berlin Zoo or colloquially Bahnhof Zoo) was the central A sex museum is a Museum that displays Erotic art, historical Sexual aids and documents on the history of Erotica.
Performing arts
- See also: Music in Berlin
Berlin is home to more than 50 theaters. Throughout its history Berlin was a musical center in North Germany Berlin Philharmonic rehearsingjpg|thumb|right|200px|The Berlin Philharmonic rehearsing inside the Philharmonie]]The Berliner Philharmonie is a Concert hall in Berlin The Berlin Philharmonic (in German: Die Berliner Philharmoniker) is an Orchestra based in Berlin, Germany. [38] The Deutsches Theater in Mitte was built in 1849–50 and has operated continuously since then, except for a one-year break (1944–45) due to the Second World War. The Deutsches Theater in Berlin is a well-known German Theatre. The Volksbühne on Rosa Luxemburg Platz was built in 1913–14, though the company had been founded already in 1890. The Volksbühne ("People's Theatre" is a Theater in Berlin, Germany. The Berliner Ensemble, famous for performing the works of Bertolt Brecht, was established in 1949, not far from the Deutsches Theater. Overview The Berliner Ensemble is a German Theatre company established by Playwright, Bertolt Brecht and his wife (born; 10 February 1898&ndash14 August 1956 was a German Poet, Playwright, and Theatre director. The Schaubühne was founded in 1962 in a building in Kreuzberg, but moved in 1981 to the building of the former Universum Cinema on Kurfürstendamm. The Schaubühne am Lehniner Platz is a famous theatre in the Wilmersdorf district of Berlin. The Kurfürstendamm, known locally as the Ku'damm, is one of the most famous avenues in Berlin, Germany.
Berlin has three major opera houses: the Deutsche Oper, the Berlin State Opera, and the Komische Oper. An opera house is a theater building used for Opera performances that consists of a stage an orchestra pit audience seating and backstage facilities for costumes The Deutsche Oper Berlin is an Opera company located in Berlin, Germany, in what was formerly West Berlin. Staatsoper Unter den Linden ( Berlin State Opera) is a prominent German Opera company The Komische Oper Berlin is an opera company in Berlin, Germany, which specializes in German language productions of Opera, Operetta The Berlin State Opera on Unter den Linden is the oldest; it opened in 1742. Unter den Linden ("under the linden trees" is a Boulevard in the centre of Berlin, the capital of Germany. Its current musical director is Daniel Barenboim. Daniel Barenboim (born November 15, 1942) is a pianist and conductor. The Komische Oper, which has traditionally specialized in operettas, is located not far from the State Opera just off Unter den Linden. Operetta is a genre of light Opera, light in terms both of music and subject matter It originally opened in 1892 as a theater and has been operating under its current name since 1947. The Deutsche Oper opened in 1912 in Charlottenburg. During the division of the city from 1961 to 1989 it was the only major opera house in West Berlin.
There are seven symphony orchestras in Berlin. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the preeminent orchestras in the world;[69] it is housed in the Berliner Philharmonie near Potsdamer Platz on a street named for the orchestra's longest-serving conductor, Herbert von Karajan. The Berlin Philharmonic (in German: Die Berliner Philharmoniker) is an Orchestra based in Berlin, Germany. Berlin Philharmonic rehearsingjpg|thumb|right|200px|The Berlin Philharmonic rehearsing inside the Philharmonie]]The Berliner Philharmonie is a Concert hall in Berlin ( English Potsdam Square, is an important Public square and traffic intersection in the centre of Berlin, Germany, lying about one kilometre WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Herbert von Karajan ( April 5 [70] The current principal conductor is Simon Rattle, who took over in 2002 from Karajan's successor, Claudio Abbado. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Simon Denis Rattle, CBE, FRSA, (born January WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Claudio Abbado, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (born June [71] The Konzerthausorchester Berlin was founded in 1952 as the orchestra for East Berlin, since the Philharmonic was based in West Berlin. The Konzerthausorchester Berlin (until 2006 known as the Berlin Symphony Orchestra in English and Berliner Sinfonie-Orchester in German) is a Its current principal conductor is Lothar Zagrosek. Lothar Zagrosek (born 13 November 1942 in Otting, Germany) is a German conductor.
The Haus der Kulturen der Welt presents various exhibitions dealing with intercultural issues and stages world music and conferences. The Haus der Kulturen der Welt ("House of World Cultures" in Berlin is an art institution presenting Art exhibitions Theater and Dance [72]
Recreation
Zoologischer Garten Berlin, the older of two zoos in the city, was founded in 1844, and presents the most diverse range of species in the world. The Berlin Zoological Garden (Zoologischer Garten Berlin is the oldest and internationally most well known zoo in Germany. [73] It is the home of the captive-born polar bear Knut, born in December 2006. The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas Knut ( (born 5 December 2006 is a Polar bear who was born in captivity at the Zoologischer Garten Berlin. He is currently the subject of international popularity and controversy. Tierpark Friedrichsfelde, founded in 1955 in the grounds of Schloss Friedrichsfelde in the Borough of Lichtenberg, is Europe's largest zoo in terms of square meters. Localities Friedrichsfelde Karlshorst Lichtenberg Falkenberg Malchow
Berlin's Botanischer Garten includes the Botanic Museum Berlin. With area of 43 Hectares and around 22000 different plant Species, the Botanical Garden in Berlin ( Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum With an area of 43 hectares (106 acres) and around 22,000 different plant species it is one of the largest and most diverse gardens in the world. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U
The Tiergarten (Animal Garden) is Berlin's largest park located in Mitte and was designed by Peter Joseph Lenné. TiergartenViewjpg|thumb|right|View within the Tiergarten]] Tiergarten ( German for Animal Garden) is the name of both a large Park in the TiergartenViewjpg|thumb|right|View within the Tiergarten]] Tiergarten ( German for Animal Garden) is the name of both a large Park in the A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human Localities of the Mitte borough The new borough of Mitte consists of six localities Mitte (the former Mitte borough Moabit Peter Joseph Lenné ( 29 September 1789 — 23 January 1866) was a Prussian gardener and landscape architect from Bonn [74] In Kreuzberg the Viktoriapark provides a good viewing point over the southern part of inner city Berlin. Kreuzberg, since 2001 part of the combined Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough located south of Mitte, is one of the best-known areas of Berlin The Viktoriapark is a Park in the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough of Berlin, Germany. Treptower Park beside the Spree in Treptow has a monument honoring the Soviet soldiers killed in the 1945 Battle of Berlin. Treptower Park is a park along the river Spree in Treptow, in the district of Treptow-Köpenick, south of central Berlin. Treptow is a former borough in the southeast of Berlin. It merged with Köpenick to form Treptow-Köpenick in 2001 The Soviet War Memorial (sometimes translated as the Soviet Cenotaph) is a vast War memorial and military Cemetery in Berlin 's Treptower The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 For the bombing campaign on Berlin by the RAF from November 1943 to March 1944 see Battle of Berlin (air. The Volkspark in Friedrichshain, which opened in 1848, is the oldest park in the city. Friedrichshain is a part of Berlin's borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. Its summit is man-made and covers a Second World War bunker and rubble from the ruins of the city; at its foot is Germany's main memorial to Polish soldiers. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A military bunker is a hardened shelter often buried partly or fully underground designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks The Memorial to Polish Soldiers and German Anti-Fascists ( German: Denkmal des polnischen Soldaten und deutschen Antifaschisten; Polish: Pomnik Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
Berlin is known for its numerous beach bars along the river Spree. Together with the countless cafés, restaurants and green spaces in all districts, they create an important source of recreation and leisure time. [75]
Sports
Berlin hosted the 1936 Olympics and was the host city for the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final. The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th instance of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, an International Multi-sport event which was held in 1936 in Berlin The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th instance of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament [76][77] The IAAF World Championships in Athletics will be held in the Olympiastadion in 2009. The World Championships in Athletics is an event organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF The annual Berlin Marathon and the annual Golden League event ISTAF for athletics are also held here. The Berlin Marathon is a major running and sporting event held annually in Berlin, Germany. [78] The WTA Tour holds the Qatar Total German Open annually in the city. The German Open, currently sponsored as the Qatar Telecom German Open, is a WTA Tour affiliated professional Tennis Tournament for women Founded in 1896, it is one of the oldest tennis tournaments for women. The FIVB World Tour has chosen an inner-city site near Alexanderplatz to present a beach volleyball Grand Slam every year. Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB is the international governing body for the sport of Volleyball. is a large open square and public transport hub in the Berlin district of Mitte in the city centre near the river Spree and the Berliner Dom
Berlin is home to Hertha BSC Berlin, a football team in the Bundesliga, and the basketball team ALBA Berlin (known as the "Berlin Albatrosses"), which won the national championships every year from 1997 to 2003. Hertha BSC Berlin is a German football club based in Berlin. Hertha BSC Berlin was a founding club of the DFB The Bundesliga is the highest level of Germany 's football league system. History The team won seven consecutive German League titles between the years 1997 and 2003 Berlin is also home to the Eisbären Berlin of the German Ice Hockey League, an ice hockey team which was founded in the East German era. Club history 1954-1994 GDR and 1 Bundesliga years The club was founded in 1954 within the existing SC Dynamo Berlin, the sports association The Deutsche Eishockey Liga ( German Ice Hockey League, shortname DEL is a German high-calibre Ice hockey league and has the highest number of American The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state
| Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue | Head Coach |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hertha BSC Berlin | Football | 1892 | Bundesliga | Olympiastadion | Lucien Favre |
| ALBA Berlin | Basketball | 1991 | BBL | Max-Schmeling-Halle | Luka Pavicevic |
| Eisbären Berlin | Ice hockey | 1954 | DEL | Wellblechpalast | Don Jackson |
| SCC Berlin | Volleyball | 1911 | DVB | Sporthalle Charlottenburg | Michael Warm |
| Füchse Berlin | Handball | 1891 | 1. Bundesliga | Max-Schmeling-Halle | Jörn Uwe Lommel |
Infrastructure
Berlin developed a complex transportation and energy-supply infrastructure before the Second World War. Hertha BSC Berlin is a German football club based in Berlin. Hertha BSC Berlin was a founding club of the DFB Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The Bundesliga is the highest level of Germany 's football league system. Lucien Favre (born November 2, in Saint-Barthélemy, Switzerland) is a former Swiss footballer, currently managing Hertha BSC History The team won seven consecutive German League titles between the years 1997 and 2003 Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Max-Schmeling-Halle is a multi-functional Arena in Berlin, Germany, named after the famous German boxer Max Schmeling. Club history 1954-1994 GDR and 1 Bundesliga years The club was founded in 1954 within the existing SC Dynamo Berlin, the sports association Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. The Deutsche Eishockey Liga ( German Ice Hockey League, shortname DEL is a German high-calibre Ice hockey league and has the highest number of American Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Handball (also known as team handball, European handball, or Olympic handball) is a Team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six The Handball- Bundesliga (HBL is the top German professional handball league Max-Schmeling-Halle is a multi-functional Arena in Berlin, Germany, named after the famous German boxer Max Schmeling. or Berlin Central Station, is the main Railway station in Berlin, Germany and the largest crossing station in Europe. After the war, West Berlin was cut off from the surrounding territory and had to develop independent infrastructures. Meanwhile, the government of East Germany purposefully constructed rail lines and motorways that allowed traffic to bypass West Berlin. The political reunification of East and West Berlin has led to the reintegration of Berlin's transportation and energy-supply with the infrastructures of the surrounding region.
Crossing 979 bridges, 5,334 kilometers (3,314 mi) of roads run through Berlin, of which 66 kilometers (41 mi) are motorways. In 2004, 1. 428 million motor vehicles, including 6,800 taxis, were registered in the city. A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of Public transport for a single passenger or small group of passengers typically for a non-shared ride [38] Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany and with many cities in neighboring European countries. Regional rail lines provide access to the surrounding region of Brandenburg and eastern Germany.
Transport
- See also: List of Berlin U-Bahn and S-Bahn stations, Motorways, canals, ports in Berlin, and Berlin airports
Public transport within Berlin is provided by the S-Bahn (166 stations/ 331. This is an alphabetical list of Berlin S-Bahn stations As of 2007 there are 164 active stations Berlin's inner city is partly surrounded by a Motorway (Autobahn the A 100 Berliner Stadtring, that forms a half circle to the west of the center The Berlin S-Bahn is a Rapid transit system operated by S-Bahn Berlin GmbH, a subsidiary of the Deutsche Bahn. The Berlin S-Bahn is a Rapid transit system operated by S-Bahn Berlin GmbH, a subsidiary of the Deutsche Bahn. 5 km net length/ 375. 8 million passengers in 2006), by the U-Bahn (170 stations/ 144. The Berlin de U-Bahn (de Untergrundbahn underground railway is a major part of the Public transport system of the German capital Berlin. 2 km/ 456. 8 million passengers), Straßenbahn (398 stations/ 191,6 km/ 171. Flexityberlinjpg|thumb|260px|New low floor tram cars of the type Flexity Berlin]]The Berlin Straßenbahn (Berlin Tramway is one of the oldest Tram networks in the 3 million passengers), Bus (147 lines/ 1,626 km / 407. 1 million passengers), and ferries (6 lines)—operated by the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe, or BVG. See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and [39] The S-Bahn is a mostly overground urban railway system. The U-Bahn is the city's mainly underground rail system. The Straßenbahn or tram (trolley) system operates almost exclusively in the eastern part of the city. Buses provide extensive service linking outlying districts with the city center and to the U-Bahn and S-Bahn. Almost all means of public transport (U- & S- Bahn, trams, buses and most ferries) can be accessed with the same ticket.
The inner city is crossed from west to east by the elevated main line (Stadtbahn), which carries S-Bahn trains as well as regional and long-distance trains. The Berlin de U-Bahn (de Untergrundbahn underground railway is a major part of the Public transport system of the German capital Berlin. History In 1871 eight main line railways existed in Berlin each with its own Terminal station at the city's edge or outside the city limits This main line passes through most of the city's long-distance and regional train stations, including Berlin-Charlottenburg, Berlin Zoologischer Garten, Berlin Hauptbahnhof, Friedrichstraße, Alexanderplatz, and Berlin Ostbahnhof. Charlottenburg is a locality of Berlin within the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, named after Queen Sophia Charlotte (1668-1705 Bahnhof Berlin Zoologischer Garten ( German for Berlin Zoological Garden railway station short form Berlin Zoo or colloquially Bahnhof Zoo) was the central or Berlin Central Station, is the main Railway station in Berlin, Germany and the largest crossing station in Europe. The Friedrichstraße (ˈfʀiːdʀɪçˌʃtʀaːsə (lit Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the is a large open square and public transport hub in the Berlin district of Mitte in the city centre near the river Spree and the Berliner Dom Berlin Ostbahnhof (translates from German as Berlin East Station) is a mainline Railway station in Berlin, Germany. [79]
The second component of Berlin's rail network is the S-Bahn ring (Ringbahn) that forms a circle around the inner city and crosses the main line at Westkreuz (“west crossing”) and Ostkreuz (“east crossing”). Ostkreuz ( German for "East Cross" is a station on the Berlin S-Bahn Suburban railway, and one of the busiest in all A number of regional and regional express lines connect Berlin with the surrounding regions. The last one is the S-Bahn connection from South to North stopping at Südkreuz and Gesundbrunnen, two of the largest train stations in Berlin. The city is also served by the freight rail yard at Seddin, south of Potsdam. [80]
Berlin has three commercial airports. Tegel International Airport (TXL), Tempelhof International Airport (THF), and Schönefeld International Airport (SXF) handled over 20 million passengers in 2007 and served 173 destinations (01/2008) - 128 of them in Europe. For the United States Air Force military use of this facility see Tempelhof Central Airport Berlin-Tempelhof Airport also Berlin-Schönefeld Airport () is an international airport located in the town of Schönefeld in Brandenburg, adjacent to Berlin 's southern border Schönefeld lies just outside Berlin's south-eastern border in the state of Brandenburg, while the other two airports lie within the city. Tempelhof handles shorter distance and commuter flights, and there are plans to close the airport and transfer its traffic to Schönefeld Airport. There are longer-term plans to close Tegel as well. Schönefeld is currently undergoing expansion. Berlin's airport authority aims to transfer all of Berlin's air traffic in 2011 to a greatly expanded airport at Schönefeld, to be renamed Berlin Brandenburg International Airport. Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport ( German: Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg International) is the tentative name of a new airport that will use some of the [81]
Utilities
Berlin's power supply is mainly provided by the Swedish firm Vattenfall and is relying more heavily than other electricity producers in Germany on lignite as an energy source. Localities of the Mitte borough The new borough of Mitte consists of six localities Mitte (the former Mitte borough Moabit Vattenfall is a Swedish power company and one of the leading energy producers in Northern Europe. Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, or Rosebud coal by Northern Pacific Railroad, is a soft brown fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere Because burning lignite produces harmful emissions, Vattenfall has announced a commitment to shift towards reliance on cleaner, renewable energy sources. Renewable energy is Energy generated from Natural resources mdashsuch as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, tides and geothermal [82] During the division of Berlin, the power grid of West Berlin was cut off from the power grid of the surrounding areas in East Germany. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state West Berlin's electricity supply was provided by thermal power stations. A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of To facilitate buffering during load peaks, accumulators were installed during the 1980s at some of these power stations. These were connected by static inverters to the power grid and were loaded during times of low power consumption and unloaded during times of high consumption. In Electrical engineering, power consumption often refers to the Electrical energy over Time supplied to operate an Electrical appliance, although In 1993 the power connections to the surrounding areas, which had been capped in 1951, were restored. In the western districts of Berlin, nearly all power lines are underground cables; only a 380 kV and a 110 kV line, which run from Reuter substation to the urban Autobahn, use overhead lines. (German ˈaʊtoːbaːn plural Autobahnen; English /ˈɔːtəʊbɑːn/ is the German word for a major high- Speed Road restricted to motor The Berlin 380 kV electric line was constructed when West Berlin's electrical system was a totally independent system and not connected to those of East or West Germany. The Berlin 380-kV electric line is a 383-km double-circuit high- Voltage electric three-phase power line in Berlin. This has now become the backbone of the whole city's power system.
Health system
.jpg/180px-Charité_(Berlin).jpg)
Berlin has a long tradition as a city of medicine and medical technology. The Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin is the Medical school for the Free University of Berlin and the Humboldt University of Berlin. [83] The Berlin Charité Hospital is the largest university hospital in Europe. A teaching hospital is a Hospital that in addition to delivering medical care to patients also provides Clinical education and training to future and current doctors It is a joint institution of the Free University of Berlin and the Humboldt University of Berlin, including a wide range of institutes and medical competence centers. The Free University of Berlin ( FU Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin is the second largest of the four Universities in Berlin. For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin. Among them are the German Heart Center, one of the most renowned transplantation centers, the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine and the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics. Scientific research is complemented by many industry research departments of companies such as Siemens, Schering or debis. The history of medicine has been widely influenced by scientists from Berlin: Rudolf Virchow, the founder of cellular pathology, Ferdinand Sauerbruch, most famous surgeon of the first half of the 20th century or Robert Koch, discoverer of the anthrax bacillus, the tuberculosis bacillus and the cholera bacillus. Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow ( 13 October 1821 &ndash 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, public health Ernst Ferdinand Sauerbruch ( 3 July 1875 &ndash 2 July 1951) was a German surgeon. Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch ( December 11 1843 – May 27 1910) was a German Physician. Anthrax is an acute Disease in humans and animals caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis which is highly lethal in some forms This page is about the bacterial genus For the class see Bacilli. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium
Berlin quotations
- See also: List of quotes featuring Berlin
- "Berlin ist arm, aber sexy. Marlene Dietrich maɐˈleːnə ˈdiːtrɪç (December 27 &ndashMay 6) was a German -born American Actress, Singer and Entertainer Schöneberg is a locality of Berlin. Until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was a separate borough including the locality of Friedenau. "Berlin! Berlin! Wir fahren nach Berlin!" ("Berlin! Berlin! We're going to Berlin!" ( A Chant during the World Cup in 2006. " ("Berlin is poor, but sexy. ")
(Klaus Wowereit, Governing Mayor, in a press interview, 2003)[84] - "Berlin wird leben und die Mauer wird fallen. Klaus Wowereit (born October 1, 1953 in West Berlin) is a German Politician, member of the SPD (Social Democratic Party and " ("Berlin will live and the wall will come down. ")
(Willy Brandt, Former Governing Mayor of West Berlin and chancellor of Germany, November 10, 1989)[85] - “The greatest cultural extravaganza that one could imagine. Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (18 December 1913 - 8 October 1992 was a German politician Chancellor of West Germany 1969&ndash1974 Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) . ”
(David Bowie, singer, on 1970s Berlin)[86] - "Ich bin ein Berliner. David Bowie (ˈboʊiː born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 is an English Musician, actor producer, and arranger. " Ich bin ein Berliner " ("I am a Berliner quot is a quotation from a June 26, 1963 speech by U " ("I am a citizen of Berlin")
(John F. Kennedy, President of the United States, 1963 while visiting Berlin)[87] - "Ich hab noch einen Koffer in Berlin" ("I still have a suitcase in Berlin")
(Marlene Dietrich, song by the actress and singer born in Berlin-Schöneberg, 1951)[88] - "“Berlin ist eine Stadt, verdammt dazu, ewig zu werden, niemals zu sein” ("Berlin is a city condemned forever to becoming and never being. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Marlene Dietrich maɐˈleːnə ˈdiːtrɪç (December 27 &ndashMay 6) was a German -born American Actress, Singer and Entertainer Schöneberg is a locality of Berlin. Until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was a separate borough including the locality of Friedenau. ")
(Karl Scheffler, author of Berlin: Ein Stadtschicksal, 1910)[89]
See also
References
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- ^ Broke but dynamic, Berlin seeks new identity
- ^ INSEE. INSEE ( French: I nstitut N ational de la S tatistique et des É tudes É conomiques; inse (not) in French is the Population des villes et unités urbaines de plus de 1 million d'habitants de l'Union européenne. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Indicators for larger urban zones 1999 - 2003, Eurostat. Accessed March 9, 2007
- ^ Documents of German Unification, 1848-1871, Modern History Sourcebook, Accessed May 30, 2007
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- ^ Culturally, Berlin Is Ascending, if Slowly, New York Times, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ Innovationsindex für die Länder der EU(German), Baden-Württemberg Stat Office, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ Sites and situations of leading cities in cultural globalisations/Media, GaWC Research Bulletin 146, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ a b ICCA publishes top 20 country and city rankings 2007, ICCA, Accessed April 17, 2008
- ^ a b Berlin City of Design Press Release, UNESCO, Accessed October 20, 2006. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Berlin Germany's most popular Destination, Tourismus Marketing GmbH, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ a b c World Heritage Site Museumsinsel, UNESCO, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ Wall-to-wall culture, The Age, Accessed November 30, 2007
- ^ The Club Scene, on the Edge, New York Times, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ For Young Artists, All Roads Now Lead to a Happening Berlin, New York Times, Accessed November 5, 2006
- ^ Poor But Sexy, Newsweek, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ Berger,Dieter. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Geographische Namen in Deutschland, Bibliographisches Institut, 1999. ISBN 3-411-06252-5
- ^ a b Rising, David. Associated Press article, January 30, 2008, quoting city-state official Karin Wagner. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Agreement to divide Berlin, FDR-Library, Accessed October 20, 2006
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- ^ Construction and redevelopment since 1990, Senate Department of Urban Development, Accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ A Forest of Pillars, Recalling the Unimaginable, New York Times, Accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ Bundespräsident Horst Köhler, www. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. bundespraesident. de, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ URBAN regeneration, an European Commission initiative, ErasmusPC, Accessed March 12, 2007
- ^ Berlin state election, 2006/(German), Der Landeswahlleiter für Berlin, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ The Glamor Guy, Time Europe, Accessed October 20, 2006 . Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Berlin Mayor, Symbol of Openness, Has National Appeal, New York Times, Accessed October 20, 2006. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Berlin schafft erstes Etatplus seit dem Krieg(German), SpiegelOnline, Accessed February, 2008
- ^ Ab 2008 keine neuen Schulden mehr(German), rbb-online, Accessed June 21, 2007. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Debt-Laden Berlin Goes to Court For Federal Aid, Deutsche Welle, Accessed October 20, 2006. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Sister cities of Berlin, www. berlin. de, Accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ Berlin's international city relations. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Der Regierende Bürgermeister von Berlin, Referat IV B. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all
- ^ TAZ: Migranten dürfen auch in die Statistik, Article from 2006-08-16
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Berlin fact sheetPDF (99. 1 KiB), www. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International berlin. de, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ a b c Berlin statistical figures(German), Statistisches Landesamt Berlin, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ Urban Audit: City Profiles Berlin, www. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. urbanaudit. org, Accessed February 6, 2008
- ^ Foreign residents of Berlin(German), Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, Accessed April 11, 2008
- ^ Unemployment rate(German), www. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common tagesspiegel. de, Accessed September 27, 2007
- ^ Eurozone jobless marks record low, BBC, Accessed October 2, 2007
- ^ Gross domestic product Berlin, Statistik-Berlin-Brandenburg. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. , Accessed February 6, 2007
- ^ News analysis: innovation index November 2006 (German)
- ^ Poor but sexy, The Economist, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ Jedes Jahr ein neuer Rekord(German), Der Tagesspiegel, Accessed February 6, 2008
- ^ Land Berlin stützt Tourismuswerbung(German), www. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common rbb-online. de, Accessed January 10, 2007
- ^ Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU 27 (PDF), Eurostat, Accessed February 12, 2008
- ^ Media Companies in Berlin and Potsdam, www. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common medienboard. de, Accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ European Film Academy, www. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. europeanfilmacademy. org, Accessed December 19, 2006
- ^ Berlin Film Festival, www. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. berlinale. de, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ Metropolis of Sciences, Berlin Partner GmbH, Accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ Jahrgangsstufe Null(German), Der Tagesspiegel, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ Geschichte des Französischen Gymnasiums(German), Collège francais, Accessed November 18, 2006
- ^ World Heritage Site Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin, UNESCO, Accessed November 6, 2006
- ^ Hub Culture's 2008 Zeitgeist Ranking, www. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. hubculture. com, Accessed January 28, 2008
- ^ That's creativity with a capital B, International Herald Tribune, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ A New Williamsburg!Berlin’s Expats Go Bezirk, New York Observer, Accessed November 18, 2006
- ^ Die Kunstszene(German), Deutschland Online, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ CULTURE of Berlin, Metropolis 2005, Accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ Saucy Berlin transforms itself into a 'music city', Taipei Times, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ Berlin's music business booms, Expatica. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. com, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ Losing your mind in Berlin, metrotimes, Accessed November 18, 2006
- ^ Compensating Victims of the La Belle Attack, German Embassy, Washington D. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. C. , Accessed November 18, 2006
- ^ Christiane F.-Page, christianef, Accessed November 18, 2006
- ^ Berlin for Gays and Lesbians, Berlin Tourismus Marketing GmbH, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ A 3,000-year-old smile, Expatica. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Com, Accessed November 1, 2006
- ^ Is Rattle's Berlin honeymoon over?, The Guardian, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ Music: Berlin, New York Times, Accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ Berlin Philharmonic elects Sir Simon Rattle, Culturekiosque, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ Haus der Kulturen der Welt, www. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. hkw. de, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ Hauptstadt-Zoo beliebtester Tierpark(German), RBB online, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ Peter Joseph Lenné, Senate Department of Urban Development, Accessed November 18, 2006
- ^ 36 Hours in Berlin, NYT, Accessed May 29, 2007
- ^ BERLIN 1936 Games of the XI Olympiad, www. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. olympic. org, Accessed November 18, 2006
- ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup Final in Berlin, Fifaworldcup Official Site, Accessed November 18, 2006
- ^ Berlin Marathon, www. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. scc-events. com, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ Map S-Bahn Stadtbahn, www. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. s-bahn-berlin. de, Accessed November 12, 2006
- ^ Route planner, BVG (Berlin Transport Authority), Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ Airport Berlin Brandenburg International, Airports Berlin, Accessed October 20, 2006
- ^ Abgase tiefer gelegt (German), taz, Accessed November 6, 2006
- ^ Berlin leuchtet(German), www. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. tagesspiegel. de, Accessed October 17, 2007
- ^ „Arm, aber sexy“(German), Focus Online, Accessed November 2, 2006
- ^ Kohl: We are one nation, Guardian Unlimited, Accessed June 2, 2007
- ^ David Bowie's golden years in Berlin, Expatica, Accessed June 2, 2007
- ^ Teaching JFK German CNN Interactive, Accessed November 2, 2006
- ^ Citysongs, The New Colonist, Accessed November 2, 2006
- ^ Scheffler,Karl . Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Berlin: Ein Stadtschicksal, 222 S. ISBN 3-927574-02-3
Bibliography
- Gross, Leonard, The Last Jews in Berlin. Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1999. ISBN 0-7867-0687-2
- Tertius Chandler, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Edwin Mellen Pr, 1987. ISBN 0-88946-207-0
- Ribbe, Wolfgang, Geschichte Berlins. Bwv - Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2002. ISBN 3-8305-0166-8
- Gwertzman, M. Kaufman, The Collapse of Communism, 1990.
- Read, Anthony, and David Fisher, Berlin Rising: Biography of a City. New York: W. W. Norton, 1994. ISBN 0-393-03606-5
- Large, David Clay, Berlin. New York: Basic Books, 2001. ISBN 0-465-02632-X
- Gill, Anton: A Dance Between Flames: Berlin Between The Wars, 1993. John Murray, 304 pages. ISBN 0-7195-4986 8
- Taylor, Frederick: The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 - 9 November 1989, 2007. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Bloomsbury, 752 pages.
External links
- Berlin travel guide from Wikitravel
- Official Website Berlin.de
- Official Tourist Information of Berlin
- Maps of Berlin, from 1738 to the present
- Historical maps of Berlin at about 1900
- EXBERLINER – Magazine for English speakers
- Architecture of Berlin
- Fullscreen Panoramas with Google Maps
- City Panoramas
- 90 Images of Berlin in the 20th century (German)
- Berlin's artistic and cultural landscape (French)
- East Berlin, Past and Present
- 3D-Virtual City Model of Berlin
- Interactive Berlin Map and selected locations
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