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| Citrus aurantium ssp. In biology trinomial nomenclature refers to names for taxa below the rank of species bergamia (Risso) Wright & Arn. |
The bergamot (Citrus aurantium ssp. George Arnott Walker-Arnott ( February 6, 1799 - June 17, 1868) was a Scottish Botanist. bergamia) is a small and roughly pear-shaped citrus fruit originating and grown mainly in Calabria, Italy. Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Bergamot grow on small evergreen trees known as bergamots, which are produced from a cross of the pear lemon and the Seville orange or grapefruit. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round For the fruit known as "Chinese Bitter Orange" see Trifoliate orange. The grapefruit is a subtropical Citrus Tree grown for its Fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit " of Barbados Shoots of the bergamot tree can also be grafted into similar citrus trees to produce the bergamot fruit. The flowers of the bergamot tree blossom during the spring. Alternate meanings See Blossom (disambiguation Blossom is a term given to the Flowers of Stone fruit trees Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer.
The bergamot orange is unrelated to the herb of the same name, Monarda didyma. Monarda didyma ( Bergamot, Scarlet Beebalm, Scarlet Monarda, Oswego Tea, or Crimson Beebalm) is an aromatic
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Production
Production mostly is limited to the Ionian coastal region of the province of Calabria in Italy, to such an extent that it is a symbol of the entire region. The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Most of the bergamot comes from a short stretch of land where the temperature is favourable. In no other part of the world does it fructify with the same yield and quality of essence; it is cultivated in Argentina, Brazil and Georgia, but the quality of the obtained essence is not comparable with the essence produced from the bergamots of Reggio Calabria due to the argillite, limestone and alluvial deposits found there. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule "Argillite" may also refer to Argillite Kentucky. An argillite (ˈɑrdʒɨlaɪt is a fine-grained Sedimentary rock composed Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running
Uses
In food
An essence extracted from the aromatic skin of this sour fruit is used to flavour Earl Grey tea and confectionery. Earl Grey tea is a Tea blend with a distinctive flavour and aroma derived from the addition of oil extracted from the rind of the Bergamot orange, a fragrant Confectionery is a set of Food items that are rich in Sugar; modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well One Italian food manufacturer produces a commercial marmalade using the fruit as its principal ingredient. It is also popular in Greece as a preserve, made with bergamot peel boiled in sugar syrup.
As a scent
Bergamot peel is used in perfumery for its ability to combine with an array of scents to form a bouquet of aromas which complement each other. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Approximately one third of all men's and about half of women’s perfumes contain bergamot essential oil. Bergamot was a component of the original Eau de Cologne developed in 17th century Germany - in 1704 the bergamot was first used to make the now famous "Eau de toilette" from the bergamot fruit by scooping out the pulp and squeezing the peel into sponges. Cologne or Eau de Cologne is a Toiletry, a Perfume in a style of that from Cologne, Germany. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living
Bergamot peel is also used in aromatherapy to treat depression and as a digestive aid. Aromatherapy is a form of Alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials known as Essential oils (EOs and other aromatic compounds from plants for In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe
Companion plant
Bergamot's aromatic roots are thought to mask other nearby plants from pests that attack their roots, and so are sometimes grown as a companion in vegetable gardens.
Toxicology
In one study, oil of bergamot has been linked to certain phototoxic[1] effects (due to the chemical bergaptene) and blocking the absorption of potassium in the intestines. Phototoxicity is a phenomenon known in live-cell where illuminating a fluorescent molecule (the fluorescently active site is called a Fluorophore) causes the selective In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists [2]
Bergamot is also a source of bergamottin which, along with the chemically related compound 6’,7’-dihydroxybergamottin, is believed to be responsible for the grapefruit juice effect in which the consumption of the juice affects the metabolism of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs. Bergamottin is a natural Furanocoumarin found principally in Grapefruit juice. Grapefruit and grapefruit juice has the potential to interact with numerous Drugs. [3]
In sunscreens
In the past psoralen - extracted from bergamot oil - has been used in tanning accelerators and sunscreens. Psoralen (also called psoralene) is the parent compound in a family of natural products known as Furocoumarins ' Tanning activators are chemicals that increase the effect of UV-radiation on the human skin Sunscreen protects against two common forms of skin cancer Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC and Basal cell carcinoma (BCC and several sunscreen ingredients protect Psoralens penetrate the skin, where they increase the amount of direct DNA damage. Direct DNA damage can occur when DNA directly absorbs the UV-B-photon This damage is responsible for sunburn and for an increased melanin production.
These substances were known to be photocarcinogenic since 1959,[4] but they were only banned from sunscreens in 1995. Photocarcinogenic substances are those which have a destructive effect on DNA when they are illuminated [5] These photocarcinogenic substances were banned years after they had caused many cases of malignant melanoma and deaths. [6]
Footnotes
- ^ Girard J, Unkovic J, Delahayes J, Lafille C (1979). "[Phototoxicity of Bergamot oil. Comparison between humans and guinea pigs]" (in French). Dermatologica 158 (4): 229–43. PMID 428611.
- ^ Finsterer J (2002). "Earl Grey tea intoxication". Lancet 359 (9316): 1484. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 11988248.
- ^ David G. Bailey, J. Malcolm, O. Arnold, J. David Spence (1998). "Grapefruit juice-drug interactions". Br J Clin Pharmacol 46: 101-110. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Urbach, F (1959). "Modification of ultraviolet carcinogenesis by photoactive agents.". J Invest Dermatol 32: 373–378. PMID 13641813.
- ^ Autier P; Dore J F; Schifflers E; et al (1995). "Melanoma and use of sunscreens: An EORTC case control study in Germany, Belgium and France". Int. J. Cancer 61: 749-755. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Autier P. ; Dore J. -F. ; Cesarini J. -P. (1997). "Should subjects who used psoralen suntan activators be screened for melanoma?". Annals of oncology 8 (5): 435-437. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 0923-7534. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
External links
- Bergamot essential oil in aromatherapy - possible therapeutic uses
- BBC news story on the farming of Bergamot in the Calabria region of Italy
- Information about the hard candy bergamote de Nancy
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