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Black beret with military emblem
Black beret with military emblem

A beret (pronounced [be'rɛ] in French or /ˈbɛreɪ/ in English[1], except in the USA, where it is usually pronounced /bəˈreɪ/[2]) is a soft round cap, usually of wool felt, with a flat crown, which is worn by both men and women and traditionally associated with France. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States General American is an accent of American English within American English General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American A cap is a form of Headgear. Caps have crowns that fit closer than Hats and have no brim or only a Visor. Felt is a non-woven cloth that is produced by matting condensing and pressing fibers This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Berets are worn by many military and police units, and in some countries are particularly associated with elite units, who often wear berets in more unusual colours (such as the maroon of Commonwealth parachute troops and the German Kommando Spezialkräfte KSK, the green of the Royal Marines Commandos, French Commandos (Bérets verts), and United States Army Special Forces (Green Berets), the scarlet of the elite Soviet Internal Troops (Spetsnaz) and Police Tactical Unit of Singapore, the beige or tan of Commonwealth special forces units (SAS) and U.S. Army Rangers, or the wide black of French Chasseurs alpins, the first military unit to have worn berets. The maroon beret has been the international symbol of elite Airborne forces since its selection for use by the airborne forces in World War II. The Kommando Spezialkräfte ( Special Forces Command, KSK is part of Germany 's Special Forces. The green beret is the official Headgear as part of the uniform of several military forces 3 Commando Brigade is a commando formation of the British Armed Forces and the main manoeuvre formation of the Royal Marines. The Naval Commandos (Commandos marine are the Special forces of the French Navy. Russian special purpose regiments or Spetsnaz, Specnaz (Войска спец иального наз начения ( спецназ The Tan beret has been adopted as official headdress by several Special operations forces as a symbol of their unique capabilities The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special The United States Army Rangers or simply Army Rangers are specialized elite American light infantry and Special operations troops The Chasseurs Alpins ( Alpine Light Infantry) are the elite Mountain Infantry of the French Army.

Contents

Wearing the beret

The beret when properly worn fits snugly around the head, and the soft crown can be shaped in a variety of ways – it is commonly pushed to one side. Berets were originally worn by Northern Basque peasants (from the border area of Southern France, and Northern Spain) and were knitted from wool. The French Basque Country or Northern Basque Country (Pays basque français Iparralde constitutes the North-Eastern part of the Basque Country and the Western A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Today berets are normally made from woven wool, wool felt, or acrylic fibre. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Felt is a non-woven cloth that is produced by matting condensing and pressing fibers Acrylic fibers are Synthetic fibers made from a polymer ( Polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100000

Uniform berets feature a headband or sweatband attached to the wool, made either from leather or silk, sometimes with a drawstring allowing the wearer to tighten the hat. The drawstrings are, according to custom, either tied and cut off/tucked in or else left to dangle. The beret is often adorned with a cap badge, either in cloth or metal. A cap badge, also known as head badge or hat badge, is a badge worn on Uniform headgear and distinguishes the wearer's nationality and/or organisation Some berets have a piece of buckram or other stiffener in the position where the badge is intended to be worn. Berets are also often lined with silk, imitation silk, or other material. Though in some militaries the liner is removed in order to shape (called "forming") the beret, this is usually done without permission from a superior officer because it impedes its head-warming capacities.

In military berets, the headband is turned down (which makes it visible); but, in the Basque-style beret (also worn by selected military units such as the Belgian Chasseurs Ardennais), it is usually folded in. The Regiment of Ardennian Rifles (Régiment de Chasseurs Ardennais is an Infantry Regiment in the Land Component of the Belgian Armed Forces

Berets in the military

Berets have been a component of the uniforms of many armed forces throughout the world since the mid-20th century. A light blue beret is the international symbol of the United Nations Peacekeeping forces. Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace Military berets are usually pulled to the right, but the armies of some European countries (including France) have influenced the pull to the left.

The use of berets as a military headdress dates back to the creation of the French Chasseurs alpins in the early 1880s. The Chasseurs Alpins ( Alpine Light Infantry) are the elite Mountain Infantry of the French Army. These mountain troops were issued with a new style of uniform which included several features which were very practical and advanced by the standards of the time, notably the large and floppy blue beret which they still retain (see below). This was so unfamiliar a fashion outside France that it had to be described in an English encyclopedia in 1911 as "a sort of tam o'shanter hat". This article is about the hat called a 'tam o' shanter' For the golf course in Niles Illinois see Tam O'Shanter Golf Course. [3]

Berets have features that make them very attractive to the military: They are cheap and easy to make in large numbers, they can be manufactured in a wide range of colours to enhance branch or regimental esprit de corps, they can be rolled up and stuffed into a pocket without damage and they can be worn with headphones (this is one of the reasons why tank crews came to adopt the beret). However, they are not so useful in field conditions for an infantryman, as they do not offer the protection for the face against sun and rain that a peaked or wide brimmed hat does.

The beret was found particularly useful as a uniform for armoured vehicle crewmen, and the British Tank Corps (later Royal Tank Corps) adopted the headdress as early as 1918. The Royal Tank Regiment (RTR is an armoured regiment of the British Army. German AFV crews in the late 1930s also adopted a beret with the addition of a padded crash helmet inside. The colour black became popular as a tank crew headdress since it did not show oil stains picked up inside the interior of a vehicle. Black berets continue to be worn by armoured regiments throughout the Commonwealth.

Berets have become the default military headdress of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, just as the tricorne, shako, kepi and peaked cap were in various early eras. The tricorne (also tricorn, tri-cornered hat or three-cornered hat) is a style of Hat that was popular during the late 17th century A shako is a tall cylindrical military Cap, usually with a peak ( British English) or Visor ( American English) sometimes tapered at the The kepi is a Cap with a flat circular top and a Visor ( American English) or peak ( British English) A peaked cap, forage cap or combination cap is a form of headgear worn by the armed forces of many nations and also by many uniformed civilian organizations such as The beret is now worn by elements of the military personnel of the majority of nations across the world. The three major hold-outs were the United States, Russia, and China (PRC) - all have now followed the example of the other armies in adopting berets.

Argentina

Berets are worn by some units in the Argentine Armed Forces, with distinctive colours for some units or functions. The beret colours are as follows:

Australia

Berets are worn by all corps in the Australian Army, with distinctive colours for some units:[4]

Black berets are worn in the Royal Australian Navy, and blue berets in the Royal Australian Air Force, but only by qualified Airfield Defence Guards and Ground Defence Officers. The 601 Commando Company (Compañía de Comandos 601 is a special operations unit of the Argentine Army, created January 5 1982. The 602 Commando Company (Compañía de Comandos 602 is a special operations unit of the Argentine Army, created May 21st, 1982. Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of Armoured fighting vehicles in Modern warfare. Mechanized infantry (or "mech infantry" are Infantry equipped with Armored personnel carriers (APCs or Infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs Paratroopers are Soldiers trained in Parachuting and generally operate as part of an airborne force. The 601 Air Assault Regiment (Regimiento de Asalto Aéreo 601 is a special operations unit of the Argentine Army, created in January of 2003. Jungle warfare is a term used to cover the special techniques needed for Military units to survive and fight in jungle terrain. The Special Operations Group ( Spanish: Grupo de Operaciones Especiales, GOE is a special operations force of the Argentine Air Force. The Australian Army is Australia's military land force It is part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF along with the Royal Australian Navy and the The Royal Australian Armoured Corps (RAAC is the overall umbrella grouping of Regular Army and Army Reserve regiments equipped with armoured vehicles in the Australian Army The Special Air Service Regiment ( SASR) is a Special Forces Regiment modelled on the original British SAS and also drawing on the traditions Australian Army Aviation (AAAvn is a Corps of the Australian Army. The' Royal Australian Regiment' ( RAR) is the parent Regiment for regular Infantry Battalions of the Australian Army, making up the The 4th Battalion Royal Australian Regiment, ( 4RAR) is the elite Infantry Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment and is one of three combat-capable 1st Commando Regiment is a reserve commando regiment of the Australian Army with a contingent of full-time cadre staff The Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps (RAANC is a Corps of the Australian Army. The Royal Australian Navy ( RAN) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF) is the Air Force branch of the Australian Defence Force. The Airfield Defence Guard (ADG mustering of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF performs specialist ground defence tasks to protect air power assets from hostile ground action Terracotta berets are worn by Multinational Force and Observers contingents. The Multinational Force and Observers (MFO is an international Peacekeeping force overseeing the terms of the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. In all cases, the beret is pulled to the right and a badge worn above the left eye.

Austria

Austrian green beret.
Austrian green beret.

Berets are common in most parts of the Army, and are usually worn for special occasions, but also regularly by certain forces. The current name of the Military of Austria is Österreichs Bundesheer ("Federal Army of Austria " official English name Austrian Armed Forces

Bangladesh

Belgium

Berets have been worn by Belgian military personnel since World War II. The Jagdkommando (lit Hunting Command) is the Austrian Armed Forces ' Special Operations group The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The military of Belgium is the Belgian armed forces The Belgian Armed Forces have about 34000 active troops Berets vary in colour according to the regiment, and carry a crest pin (sometimes on a coloured background patch) which is of gold colour for officers, silver for noncommissioned officers and bronze for troops.

Brazil

Bulgaria

Berets have been worn by Bulgarian military personnel since 1991. The Brazilian Army is the land arm of the Brazilian Military. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Berets vary in colour according to the military branch, and carry a crest pin (sometimes on a coloured background patch) resembling the unit's insignia.

Canada

Berets were first worn in the Canadian Army in 1937 when tank regiments (at that time part of the infantry) adopted the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps. The Bulgarian Army (Българска армия represents the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria. Bulgarian Air Force (Военновъздушни сили ВВС is a branch of the Bulgarian Army, the other two being the Bulgarian Navy and Bulgarian The Bulgarian Navy has been largely overlooked in the reforms that the Bulgarian armed forces had to go through in order to comply with NATO standards mostly because of the The Bulgarian Gendarmerie' (Жандармерия - Zhandaramerya) is a part of the Bulgarian Ministry of internal affairs or "MIA" The Bulgarian Navy has been largely overlooked in the reforms that the Bulgarian armed forces had to go through in order to comply with NATO standards mostly because of the Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. The Royal Armoured Corps (RAC is currently a collection of ten regular Regiments mostly converted from old horse cavalry regiments, and four Yeomanry regiments The black beret, which is now the headdress of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps (RCAC), was first worn by the Essex Regiment (Tank), now renamed The Windsor Regiment (RCAC). The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps (RCAC is the Armoured branch of service of the Canadian Forces Land Force Command ( Canadian Army) including regular This was because the other new tank units were ordered to wear the headdress that they had while serving as infantry. The Essex Regiment (Tank) was a new unit, formed as a tank regiment, with no connection to the Infantry. As such, it picked the headdress that was worn by the Royal Tank Corps of the British Army. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. [5]

During the Second World War, a khaki beret was adopted throughout the Canadian Army, with the Canadian Armoured Corps (later Royal Canadian Armoured Corps) wearing the black beret and parachute troops wearing the maroon beret adopted by British airborne forces. Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. The maroon beret has been the international symbol of elite Airborne forces since its selection for use by the airborne forces in World War II. The 2nd Canadian Parachute Battalion (the Canadian component of the First Special Service Force) wore a red beret with the dress uniform. Properly designated as the 1st Special Service Force, The Devil's Brigade was a joint World War II American - Canadian Wartime berets were much fuller in cut than postwar berets.

Midnight Blue Beret with coloured flash, worn by a soldier of the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps in 1954.
Midnight Blue Beret with coloured flash, worn by a soldier of the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps in 1954.

After the Second World War, a series of coloured berets were adopted, with infantry regiments wearing scarlet, rifle regiments wearing dark (rifle) green, the armoured corps wearing black, and other arms and services wearing midnight blue berets, with a large coloured "flash" in corps colours - dull cherry for the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps, Emerald Green for the Royal Canadian Dental Corps, etc. The Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps (RCAMC was an administrative corps of the Canadian Army. The Royal Canadian Dental Corps (RCDC was an administrative corps of the Canadian Army. The coloured flashes were not popular and replaced in 1956 with forage caps bearing coloured bands in corps colours. The midnight blue beret itself was retained, however. [6]

When the Canadian Forces unified in the late 1960s, the rifle green beret was adopted as the CF standard. The RCAC successfully fought to retain its distinctive black beret, and the Canadian Airborne Regiment wore the maroon beret until the unit was disbanded. The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps (RCAC is the Armoured branch of service of the Canadian Forces Land Force Command ( Canadian Army) including regular The Canadian Airborne Regiment was a Canadian Forces formation created on April 8, 1968. The maroon beret has been the international symbol of elite Airborne forces since its selection for use by the airborne forces in World War II. Scottish and Irish infantry regiments wear tam o'shanters, glengarries, balmorals or caubeens instead of berets. This article is about the hat called a 'tam o' shanter' For the golf course in Niles Illinois see Tam O'Shanter Golf Course. Glengarry (also Glengarry bonnet or Glengarry cap) is a type of cap which Alasdair Ranaldson MacDonell of Glengarry invented and wears in the The Balmoral Bonnet is a traditional Scottish cap that can be worn with Scottish Highland Dress A caubeen (pronounced kaub-'een(from the Irish cáibín meaning "little hat" is an Irish soldier's headdress a variation on the Beret or Tam o'shanter The berets listed below are the current standard:

The beret is used with service dress as formal headdress (especially after the move away from the forage cap in the 1990s) as well as with CADPAT clothing as garrison dress and as a form of combat dress. The Multinational Force and Observers (MFO is an international Peacekeeping force overseeing the terms of the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace A peaked cap, forage cap or combination cap is a form of headgear worn by the armed forces of many nations and also by many uniformed civilian organizations such as CA nadian D isruptive PAT tern (CADPAT, is the digital camouflage pattern currently used by the Canadian Forces (CF In certain cases the beret is even used as Ceremonial Dress, most commonly in units of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps.

China, People's Republic of

Since May 5, 2000, the People's Liberation Army has adopted woolen berets for all its personnel,[7] along with the traditional peaked caps. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. A peaked cap, forage cap or combination cap is a form of headgear worn by the armed forces of many nations and also by many uniformed civilian organizations such as

Croatia

In the Croatian army berets are used in special forces and professional brigades. Croatian military is officially called Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske and it consists of these branches

Joint staff:

Guard brigades:

Czech Republic

The Armed Forces of the Czech Republic use berets for both battledress and display uniform. Battledress, in the general sense is the type of uniform used as Combat uniforms as opposed to 'display' dress or formal uniform worn at parades and functions The Czech Armed Forces ( Czech: Armáda České republiky) consists of Land and Air Forces and of specialized support units Battledress, in the general sense is the type of uniform used as Combat uniforms as opposed to 'display' dress or formal uniform worn at parades and functions The colour of the beret is defined by the branch of the armed forces. The beret displays the small state coat of arms and the badge of rank of the individual. [8]

Denmark

Danish Army beret.
Danish Army beret. The Czech Air Force, ICAO code CEF is the Air force branch of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic.

The Royal Danish Army uses berets for all its personnel. The Royal Danish Army forms together with the Army Home Guard the land forces of the Military of Denmark. The Navy and Air Force also use berets.

Ecuador

Berets are worn by all personnel of the Ecuadorian Army (Ejército) and certain members of the Navy (Armada) and Air Force (Fuerza Aérea), with distinctive colours for some units or functions. Jægerkorpset (translated from Danish as Hunter Corps or Huntsmen Corps) is a Danish Special In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance The Royal Danish Navy ( RDN) (officially Kongelige Danske Marine in Danish but commonly Søværnet (literally 'Sea Defence' is the sea-based The Royal Danish Air Force ( Danish: Flyvevåbnet) is the Air force of Denmark, it is an expeditionary Air Force with capability organised The Ecuadorian Army (Spanish Ejército Ecuatoriano) is the branch of the Ecuadorian military in charge of the defense of the Ecuadorian State from any land-based threat The beret colours are:

Finland

The Finnish general Ensio Siilasvuo (Photo copyright by the Finnish Defense Force).
The Finnish general Ensio Siilasvuo (Photo copyright by the Finnish Defense Force). Pehr Hjalmar Ensio Siilasvuo (until 1936 Strömberg ( 1 January 1922 &mdash 10 January, 2003) was a Finnish General.

The Finnish Defence Force uses berets with cap badges for the Army, Navy and the Air Force. The Finnish Army ( Finnish: Maavoimat, Swedish: Armén) is the land forces branch of the Finnish Defence Forces The Finnish Navy ( Finnish: Suomen merivoimat, Swedish: Finlands sjöstridskrafter) is one of the branches of the The Finnish Air Force (FAF ( Finnish: Ilmavoimat, Swedish: Flygvapnet) is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces. The berets are worn in "clean" garrison duties such as roll calls and with the walking-out uniform, but not with the battle dress. Until the mid-1990s, the beret was reserved for troops with special status, such as the coastal jägers and the parachute jägers, but is nowadays used by all units. History The Jäger troops were volunteers from Finland trained in Germany as Jägers (elite Light infantry) during World War In the winter, berets are replaced by winter headgear.

Berets are also used by the Finnish Frontier Guard, which is a military organization under the aegis of Ministry of Interior during peacetime. The Border Guard ( Finnish: Rajavartiolaitos, Swedish: Gränsbevakningsväsendet) of Finland is the Finnish security authority

France

French troops in Rwanda.
French troops in Rwanda. The griffin is a Legendary creature with the body of a Lion and the head and often wings of an Eagle.

The military beret originated in the French Army, in the form of the wide and floppy headdress worn by the Chasseurs alpins (mountain light infantry) from their foundation in the early 1880s. The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest The Chasseurs Alpins ( Alpine Light Infantry) are the elite Mountain Infantry of the French Army. A tight-fitting version was subsequently adopted by French armoured troops towards the end of World War I. Between the wars, special fortress units raised to garrison the Maginot Line wore khaki berets as did the 13th DBLE of the French Foreign Legion when it was created in 1940. The Maginot Line (IPA, Ligne Maginot named after French Minister of Defense André Maginot, was a line of concrete Fortifications tank obstacles artillery The beret in red, blue or green was a distinction of the Metropolitan, Colonial and Foreign Legion paratroop regiments during the Indochina and Algerian wars. The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, the The Anti-French War, the Franco-Vietnamese War, the Franco-Vietminh War, The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from After 1962 the beret in either khaki or the colours specified above became the standard French Army headdress for ordinary use. With the exception of the Naval Commandos whose beret emulates the British Commando beret and is worn pulled to the right with the badge worn over the left ear and the Naval Fusiliers commandos also part of the French Navy, all other French berets (Army, airforce and gendarmerie GIGN) are pulled to the left with the badge worn on the right side over the eye or the temple. The Naval Commandos (Commandos marine are the Special forces of the French Navy. The British Commandos were first formed by the British Army in June 1940 during World War II as a well-armed but non-regimental raider force employing unconventional

Germany

The German Heer uses berets with cap badges for every branch of service. The German Army (Deutsches Heer heɐ) is the land component of the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Luftwaffe and the Navy issue navy blue berets only to their ground or land combat units (called Luftwaffensicherungstruppe and Marineschutzkräfte). ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ( is the Navy of Germany and part of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces Berets are usually worn at special ceremonies and roll calls, although units with a special esprit de corps, especially armoured and mechanized infantry (Panzergrenadiere) battalions, wear their berets all the time.

First Sergeant of the Panzerjäger with black beret 1989
First Sergeant of the Panzerjäger with black beret 1989

Greece

The beret colours worn by the Hellenic Army are as follows:

            When in fatigue tigerstripes the camouflaged kepi is worn instead of the dark blue beret.

Hungary

Berets currently in Hungarian military:

Iceland

Icelandic armed services commonly use berets.

India

The beret is the standard headgear for the Indian Army. The Icelandic Crisis Response Unit ( ICRU) or Íslenska Friðargæslan, is an 100-person expeditionary The Icelandic Coast Guard is the armed service responsible for Iceland's coastal defense and maritime search and rescue The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based Berets are worn by officers and other ranks, apart from Sikhs, who wear turbans. Other Ranks (ORs in the British Army, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force (and in the armies and air forces of many other Commonwealth countries Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The turban (from Persian fa دلبند or دولبند dulband via the Turkish tr tülbent) is a headdress consisting of a long The beret colours worn by the Indian Army are as follows:

Indonesia

The beret is the headgear of ground forces and military police in the Indonesian Armed Forces. Traditionally light infantry (or skirmishers) were soldiers whose job was to provide a Skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of Infantry, harassing The Parachute Regiment is the main airborne formation of the Indian Army. In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance The Armed Forces of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI, formerly Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, best known by

Ireland (Republic of)

The beret colours worn by Óglaigh na hÉireann (Irish Defence Forces) are as follows:

All personnel wear a common capbadge, a sunburst insignia with the letters "FF" inscribed above the left eye of the beret; this is the ancient symbol of the Fianna, the elite forces of Irish warriors. Kopassus, abbreviation for Komando Pasukan Khusus (Army Special Force Command is an Indonesian Army Special forces group that conducts Special Óglaigh na hÉireann the Irish Defence Forces encompass the Army, Navy, air corps and reserve forces of Ireland. The Irish Army Ranger Wing ( ARW, Sciathán Fianóglach an Airm is the Special forces unit of the Irish Defence Forces. In early Ireland, fianna (singular fian) were small semi-independent warrior bands who lived apart from society in the forests as

Israel

Main article: Israel Defense Forces insignia

Israeli Defense Forces soldiers wear berets only on formal occasions, such as ceremonies and roll calls, and in disciplinary situations such as courts martial and imprisonments. This page details the insignia of the Israel Defense Forces, excluding rank insignia The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit The beret is placed beneath the left epaulette The beret colors are as follows:

Italy

Italian Army personnel used to wear a garrison cap alongside the combination cap, until the early 1970s when the garrison cap was replaced by the beret. Epaulette (ˈɛpǝlɛt is a French word meaning "little shoulder" (from épaule, meaning "shoulder" The Israeli General Corps is the Israel Defense Forces authority which amalgamates all professional staff soldiers and officers The Israeli Armor Corps is a corps of the Israel Defense Forces, since 1998 subordinate to GOC Army Headquarters. The Israeli Artillery Corps is the Israel Defense Forces corps responsible for operating the medium and long-range Artillery network The Paratroopers Brigade (חטיבת הצנחנים Hativat HaTzanhanim) also known as the 35th Brigade, is a unit of Paratroopers within the The Israeli General Staff (המטה הכללי של צה"ל abbreviated Matkal (מטכ"ל is the supreme command of the Israel Defense Sayeret Matkal (סיירת מטכ"ל Translation: General Staff Reconnaissance Unit is the main Special forces unit of the Israeli Defence Force Nahal (נח"ל an acronym for Noar Halutzi Lohem, lit Fighting Pioneer Youth) is an Israel Defense Forces infantry brigade The Caracal Battalion is an infantry combat battalion of the Israel Defense Forces that is composed of male and female soldiers "Givati" redirects here For the moshav see Giv'ati. The Givati Brigade (חטיבת גבעתי Functions as the amphibious force The Golani Brigade (חטיבת גולני also known as the 1st Brigade is an Israeli Infantry brigade which was formed on February 28, 1948 when the The Israeli Kfir Brigade, formerly known as the 900 Brigade is one of the most recent Infantry Corps brigade commanded by the 162nd Division For the continent in JRR Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium, see Aman, for the Jordanian Organization see Aman Jordan The Israeli Field Intelligence Corps is the newest of the IDF GOC Army Headquarters ’ five corps created in April 2000, and is tasked with collecting The Israel Border Police (מִשְׁמַר הַגְּבוּל Mishmar HaGvul) is the military branch ( Gendarmerie) of the Israeli Police. The Israeli Home Front Command is a relatively recent Israel Defense Forces regional command, created in February 1992 following the Gulf For other uses see Military Police Corps. The Military Police Corps of the Israel Defense Forces (חֵיל הַמִּשְׁטָרָה The Israeli Air Force ( IAF; Hebrew: זרוע האויר והחלל Zroa HaAvir VeHahalal, "Air and Space Arm" commonly known as חיל The Italian Army (Esercito Italiano is the ground defense force of the Military of Italy. A garrison cap, garrison cover, wedge cap, flight cap, side cap, forage cap, or overseas cap is a foldable cap with Until the early 1980s the general Army colour for the beret was khaki, the black being reserved to armoured units. The colours presently used are:

Japan

All members in the Ground Self-Defense Force are authorized to wear wool rifle green berets - referred to as the "ベレー帽" (ベレーボウ　or bereebou) - as an optional head covering for dress, working and camouflage uniforms since 1992. The Carabinieri (Italian for Carabiniers are the national-level Gendarmerie of Italy who also perform Military police duties Gruppo di investigazione criminalità organizzata (Organized Crime Investigation Group also knew with the Acronym GICO, is a specialized department of The Guardia di Finanza, (/ˈgwardja di fiˈnantsa/ (Financial Guard is an Italian Police force under the authority of the Minister of Economy and Finance The, or JGSDF, is the Military ground force ( Army) of Japan The largest of the three services of the JSDF, the Ground Self-Defense Force operates However, it is normally considered a special dress item, worn for public relations events or parades. An embroidered goldwork cap badge representing the JGSDF logo identical to the one used on the service dress peaked cap is required by regulation to be affixed to the beret. This page is about metalworking using gold For embroidery using metal thread see Goldwork (embroidery. The, or JGSDF, is the Military ground force ( Army) of Japan The largest of the three services of the JSDF, the Ground Self-Defense Force operates A peaked cap, forage cap or combination cap is a form of headgear worn by the armed forces of many nations and also by many uniformed civilian organizations such as

Malaysia

Berets are worn by some units of the Malaysian Armed Forces. The military of Malaysia is known officially as the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF Malay: Angkatan Tentera Malaysia-ATM The colours presently used are:

Mexico

In the Mexican Army, the beret is worn by:

The Special Forces Brigades are formed by 9 SF battalions. The First brigade has the 1°, 2° y 3° SF battalions, The Second brigade has the 5°,6°,7° y 8°, and the Third brigade has the 4° y 9° and a Rapid Intervention Force group.

The High Command GAFE is a group with no more than 100 members, they are specially trained in counter-terrorist tactics. They receive orders directly from the Secretary of National Defense.

The Amphibious Special Forces Groups are trained in ampbhibious warfare, they give the army extended force to the coastal line In the Mexican Navy:

Netherlands

When the Royal Netherlands Armed Forces acquired new modernised uniforms (designed by the Dutch couturier Frans Molenaar) in 2001, the berets changed as well. The Mexican Navy ( Armada de México or SEMAR) is a branch of the Mexican Military responsible for conducting naval operations The military of the Netherlands is composed of four branches all of which carry the prefix Koninklijke (Royal Koninklijke Landmacht Since 2004, soldiers of the Royal Netherlands Army have worn a petrol (blue-green) beret, whereas previously they wore brown. The Royal Netherlands Army ( Koninklijke Landmacht) is the land forces element of the Military of the Netherlands.

The following colours are also used (before and after the modernisation):

The only Dutch military units that do not wear a beret are the Gele Rijders (Horse Artillery), who wear a blue garrison cap with yellow trimming. The Korps Mariniers is the Marine corps of the Netherlands. The Dutch Marine Corps is the elite Amphibious infantry component of the Royal Netherlands The Korps Commandotroepen (KCT is the elite special operations force of the Royal Netherlands Army. The Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF, Dutch Koninklijke Luchtmacht (KLu, is the aviation branch of the Netherlands armed forces The Koninklijke Marine ( Royal Netherlands Navy) is the Navy of the Netherlands. Royal Marechaussee, in Dutch Koninklijke Marechaussee, abbreviated to KMar (English direct translation is Royal Marshals but is often translated

All regiments and services have their own distinctive colours. There are quite a lot, but the number of colours in the logistic services was reduced in 2001. This colour is shown in a patch of cloth behind the beret flash. The intendance (maroon), transport troops (blue), military administration (pink; hence the nickname 'Pink Mafia'), technical service (black), and medical troops and service (green) lost their colours and all now wear yellow patches.

New Zealand

All soldiers in the New Zealand Army wear rifle green berets, except for Special Air Service, who wear a sand or ERCW colour. New Zealand Army ( Maori: Ngāti Tumatauenga, "Tribe of the God of war" is the land Armed force of the New Zealand military The New Zealand Special Air Service ( NZ SAS) was formed on July 7 1955 and is a New Zealand Army Special Forces unit which was Personnel of the Royal New Zealand Air Force wear dark blue, while the Royal New Zealand Navy wear black. The Royal New Zealand Air Force ( RNZAF) is the air arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. The Royal New Zealand Navy ( RNZN) (Maori Te Taua Moana, The Sea Army) is the maritime arm of the New Zealand Defence Force.

Norway

Norwegian soldier wearing an olive green beret
Norwegian soldier wearing an olive green beret

The Norwegian armed forces use the beret as a garrison cap, but some units (mostly armored vehicle personnel) also use it in the field. The Norwegian beret and all other headwear except those of the Navy always have the current king's cipher as a badge in gold (most of the army) or silver (the air force); currently this is a numeral 5 inside an H, for "Harald V". The Royal Norwegian Navy (often abbreviated as RNoN) is the branch of the Norwegian Defence Force responsible for naval operations Childhood and education When Prince Harald was born in Skaugum he was the first heir to the throne of Norway to be born in Norway for several hundred years The navy has a crowned gold anchor for their enlisted personnel, a crowned gold anchor surrounded by a circle of rope for their petty officers, and a crowned golden anchor surrounded by leaved branches for officers. The colours used are:

The special operations units of the Navy wear the same berets as the rest of the navy. History The pinnacle of this division's service was during World War II, during the German invasion of Norway. ISTAR stands for Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance. Jegerkompaniet ( Huntsman Company) / ISTAR is the Norwegian Army 's northern-most unit Bataljon 2 (2BN (2nd Battalion is an Infantry unit of the Norwegian Army, based at amp Skjold in Troms county in northern Norway The Telemark Bataljon (Telemark Battalion TMBN is an Infantry unit of the Norwegian Army. Hærens Jegerkommando ( English language: Army Ranger Command) ( HJK) is the Armed forces competence center for Commando, airborne Military police ( MPs) are normally the Police of a Military Organization. Hans Majestet Kongens Garde (HMKG (lit His Majesty The King's Guard is a Battalion of the Norwegian Army. The Norwegian Military Academy ( Krigsskolen) was established in 1750. The Royal Norwegian Navy (often abbreviated as RNoN) is the branch of the Norwegian Defence Force responsible for naval operations The Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF ( Norwegian: Luftforsvaret) is the Air force of Norway. The Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF ( Norwegian: Luftforsvaret) is the Air force of Norway. However they have a coloured patch behind the cap badge, the colour of which determines the unit:

Pakistan

Poland

Black berets were introduced before World War II for tank and armoured car crews. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including During World War II, berets were widely adopted in the Polish Army on the Western Front. Polish Land Forces (Wojska Lądowe RP is a branch of Poland 's Armed Forces. The Western Front of the European Theatre of World War II encompassed the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, After the war in the communist era, berets were worn only by armoured units (black), navy for field and work uniform (black), paratroopers (maroon), and marines (light blue). After 1990, the beret became the standard headgear in the Armed Forces of Republic of Poland. The following colours are in use:

The black beret is also the distinctive headgear of World War II veterans, particularly Armia Krajowa veterans. Polish Land Forces (Wojska Lądowe RP is a branch of Poland 's Armed Forces. Polish Air Force ( Siły Powietrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej Siły Powietrzne RP - Air Forces of the Polish Republic is the Air force branch of the Polish GROM (In Polish: Grupa Reagowania Operacyjno-Manewrowego "Operational Mobile Reaction Group" the Acronym itself means " Thunderbolt

Portugal

In the Portuguese Armed Forces, the following berets are in use:

Until 1975, the following berets were also in use:

Russia/USSR

Russian paratroopers wearing the blue beret.
Russian paratroopers wearing the blue beret. The Armed Forces of Portugal, commonly known as the Portuguese Armed Forces ( Forças Armadas Portuguesas) encompasses a Navy ( Marinha The ETP - Escola de Tropas Páraquedistas (Parachute Troops School based in Tancos, Portugal is a unit of the Portuguese Army and serves as the instruction The Portuguese Army (Exército Português is the ground branch of the Portuguese Armed Forces which in cooperation with other branches of the Portuguese military is charged with The Army Police (Polícia do Exército PE usually called the Lanceiros, is the Provost (military police of the Portuguese Army — being the speciality For the denomination of "commando" see Commando, for the Argentine special operations unit see Comandos Anfibios, for other special forces with "Commando" The CTOE - Centro de Tropas de Operações Especiais (Special Operations Troops Centre based in Lamego, is a unit of the Portuguese Army with the mission of The Portuguese Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros are the amphibious infantry of the Portuguese Navy. The Polícia Aérea ( PA) (Air Police is the Military police of the Portuguese Air Force (PoAF The Portuguese National Republican Guard ( Guarda Nacional Republicana, GNR is the Portuguese Gendarmerie.

Russian military structures (both Armed Forces and Internal Troops) use the following types of berets:

Serbia

The Serbian Armed Forces wear berets in the following colours:

Singapore

The Singapore Armed Forces adopts the beret as their standard headgear. Internal Troops, full name Internal Troops of the Ministry for Internal Affairs (MVD ( Russian: Внутренние войска Министерства The Russian Airborne Troops or VDV (from "Vozdushno-Desantnye Vojska" Russian: Воздушно-десантные войска = ВДВ The Russian Naval Infantry, ( Marines, Морская пехота are the amphibious force of the Russian Armed Forces. Internal Troops, full name Internal Troops of the Ministry for Internal Affairs (MVD ( Russian: Внутренние войска Министерства For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. Red Square ( Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad) is the most famous City square in Moscow, and arguably one of the most The Serbian Armed Forces is the unified armed force that defends the Republic of Serbia and conducts other missions with respect to the constitution and laws of Serbia Land Forces ( Serbian: Копнена Војска - КоВ or Kopnena Vojska - KoV) is the largest and the oldest army branch of Serbia. The 63rd Paratroop Battalion (Serbian 63 Падобрански батаљон or 63 The Serbian Air Force and Air Defense consists of an array of combat Aircraft, Cargo aircraft, Reconnaissance aircraft, UAV, River flotilla is а specific unit of Serbian armed forces with task of keeping optimum operational regime of sailing and of protection of Serbian interests in inner sailing corridors The different color divisions are as follows:

The berets are all adorned with the Singapore Armed Forces coat of arms, with the exception of the Air Force beret and navy beret which are adorned with their respective cap-badge. The Singapore Infantry Regiment is the main formation of the Singapore Army. In the Singapore Armed Forces, the Guards are an elite Infantry formation specializing in rapid deployment Officers in the navy have a different cap-badge from the enlisted men.

South Africa

The South African Army wears the beret as its standard headgear. The South African Army is the Army of South Africa, first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 The different color divisions are as follows:

The berets are all adorned with the unit's insignia. The South African Infantry Corps is the largest combat corps within the South African Army. Armour (or armor) is protective covering most commonly manufactured from metals to prevent damage from being inflicted to an individual or a vehicle through use of direct contact 44 Parachute Regiment (popularly known as the Parabats) is the South African Army 's chief airborne Infantry unit In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance Some of the traditional units wear other headgear - for example, the Cape Town Highlanders Regiment and the South African Military Health Service. The Cape Town Highlanders Regiment is a mechanised Infantry Regiment of the South African Army. The South African Military Health Service is the branch of the South African National Defence Force responsible for medical facilities and the training and deployment of all

South Korea

Berets are mostly limited to the elite units of the South Korean Military, including:

Other than these units, several secret commando units (mostly disbanded in the mid-1990s) formed to infiltrate North Korea during the Cold War days wore black berets and adorned them with the badges of individual units. The Republic of Korea Armed Forces ( Hangul: 대한민국 국군 Hanja: 大韓民國 國軍 Revised Romanization: Dae-han-min-guk Guk-gun The Republic of Korea Army ( ROK Army, ROKA, Korean: 대한민국 육군 Hanja: 大韓民國 陸軍 is by far the largest of the military branches ROTC links here For other uses see ROTC (disambiguation A Reserve Officers' Training Corps ( ROTC) ROTC produces officers in all branches KATUSA ( Korean:) stands for K orean A ugmentation T roops to the U nited S tates A rmy The Republic of Korea Air Force ( ROK Air Force, ROKAF, Hanglul: 대한민국 공군 Hanja: 大韓民國 空軍 is the Air force The Republic of Korea Marine Corps (aka ROK Marine Corps / ROK Marines, ROKMC, Korean Hangul: 대한민국 The Republic of Korea Navy ( Hangul: 대한민국 해군 Hanja: 大韓民國 海軍 Revised Romanization: Dae-han-min-guk Hae-gun) or The Republic of Korea Army ( ROK Army, ROKA, Korean: 대한민국 육군 Hanja: 大韓民國 陸軍 is by far the largest of the military branches The Republic of Korea Marine Corps (aka ROK Marine Corps / ROK Marines, ROKMC, Korean Hangul: 대한민국 Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of Armoured fighting vehicles in Modern warfare. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Korean liaison soldiers serving in the U.S. Eighth Army (KATUSA) have also been wearing black berets along with American uniforms since that beret became a standard headgear of the U. S. Army in 2001.

As of 2006, there have been several proposals within the Korean Ministry of Defense to replace the current field cap with a dark-coloured beret as the standard army headgear.

South Vietnam (defunct)

Sri Lanka

Only the elite forces wear berets in the Sri Lanka Armed Forces. The Tan beret has been adopted as official headdress by several Special operations forces as a symbol of their unique capabilities The Military of Sri Lanka consists of Three Branches which are the Army, Navy, Air Force which comes under the Ministry of Defence.

Sweden

The beret is used in the various armed forces of Sweden. The Sri Lanka Army Commando Regiment (CR is an elite special operations unit which is a Regiment of the Sri Lanka army. The Sri Lanka Army Special Forces Regiment (SF is the elite Special forces unit of the Sri Lanka Army. The Special Boat Service of the British Royal Marines was also known as the Special Boat Squadron between 1977 and 1987 Regiment Special Force is an elite Special Forces unit of the Sri Lanka Air Force, part of the SLAF Regiment "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The colours used are:

Switzerland

The beret is worn by all Swiss armed services, as well as various cantonal police forces and customs. The Swedish Home Guard (Hemvärnet is a part of the Swedish Armed Forces. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The military of Switzerland, officially known as the Swiss Armed Forces, is a unique institution somewhere between a Militia and a regular army.

Thailand

2nd grade Army Reserve Force Students of Thailand wear khaki green beret with army reserve force insignia
2nd grade Army Reserve Force Students of Thailand wear khaki green beret with army reserve force insignia

The beret is used in the various armed forces of Thailand. The Swiss Air Force ( Schweizer Luftwaffe, Forces aériennes suisses, Forze Aeree Svizzere) is the air component Army Reserve Force Students (นักศึกษาวิชาทหาร are a military youth organization in Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The colours used are:

The black beret is also worn by ordinary police in certain situations. Army Reserve Force Students (นักศึกษาวิชาทหาร are a military youth organization in Thailand. The Royal Thai Army is the Army of Thailand. It is the oldest and largest branch of the Royal Thai Armed Forces. The Royal Thai Air Force or RTAF ( Thai: กองทัพอากาศไทย Kong Thab Akat Thai is the Air force of the Kingdom of Thailand The Thahan Phran (ทหารพราน literally "Hunter Soldiers" Rangers is a Paramilitary Light infantry force which patrols the borders The Royal Thai Marine Corps are the Marines of the Royal Thai Navy, the corps was founded in 1932 when the first battalion was formed with the assistance of the

Turkey

United Kingdom

Bermuda Regiment recruits wear generic Navy blue berets.
Bermuda Regiment recruits wear generic Navy blue berets. The Bermuda Regiment is the home defence unit of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda.

The British Army beret dates back to 1918 when the French 70th Chasseurs alpins were training with the British Tank Corps. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest The Chasseurs Alpins ( Alpine Light Infantry) are the elite Mountain Infantry of the French Army. The Royal Tank Regiment (RTR is an armoured regiment of the British Army. The Chasseurs alpins wore a distinctive large beret (see above) and Major-General Sir Hugh Elles, the TC's Colonel, realised this style of headdress would be a practical option for his tank crews, forced to work in a reduced space. Sir Hugh Jamieson Elles KCB KCMG KCVO DSO (1880-1945 was a British General and the first commander of the newly formed Tank A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical He thought, however, that the Chasseur beret was "too sloppy" and the Basque-style beret of the French tank crews was "too skimpy", so a compromise based on the Scottish tam o'shanter was designed and submitted for the approval of George V in November 1923. The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. This article is about the hat called a 'tam o' shanter' For the golf course in Niles Illinois see Tam O'Shanter Golf Course. It was adopted in March 1924.

During the Second World War the beret was also adopted by the Commandos and Parachute Regiment. The British Commandos were first formed by the British Army in June 1940 during World War II as a well-armed but non-regimental raider force employing unconventional The Parachute Regiment is the Airborne Infantry element of the British Army. Later in the war, a rather baggier beret-like hat, called a General Service Cap, was issued to all ranks of the British Army (with RAC, parachute, commando, Scottish and Irish units excepted), to replace the earlier Field Service Cap. The GS Cap was not popular, and after the war was replaced with a true beret. [9]

Today, every British military unit wears a beret, with the exception of the Royal Regiment of Scotland and Royal Irish Regiment, who wear the tam o'shanter and the caubeen respectively (the Scots Guards and Irish Guards, however, wear berets, as frequently do the Royal Irish Regiment on operations). The Royal Regiment of Scotland (SCOTS is the senior and only Scottish Line infantry regiment of the British Army Infantry. This article is about the hat called a 'tam o' shanter' For the golf course in Niles Illinois see Tam O'Shanter Golf Course. A caubeen (pronounced kaub-'een(from the Irish cáibín meaning "little hat" is an Irish soldier's headdress a variation on the Beret or Tam o'shanter The Scots Guards (SG form part of the Guards Division of the British Army, whose origins lie in the personal bodyguard of King Charles I of England and The Irish Guards ( Irish: Garda na hÉireann) (IG part of the Guards Division, is a Foot Guards Regiment of the British Many of these berets are in distinctive colours and all are worn with the cap badge of the service, regiment or corps. A cap badge, also known as head badge or hat badge, is a badge worn on Uniform headgear and distinguishes the wearer's nationality and/or organisation A regiment is a Military unit, composed of a variable number of Battalions – commanded by a Colonel. This article is about a military unit For alternative meanings see Corps (disambiguation. The cap badge for all services in the UK is supposed to be worn directly over the left eye.

Beret Colours

The colours are as follows:

Other Adornments

Some Regiments and Corps wear a coloured backing behind the capbadge, these include:

The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, the only remaining independent fusilier regiment, wears a feather hackle on the beret. The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special The Special Reconnaissance Regiment ( SRR) is a Special Forces Regiment of the British Armed Forces, which conducts special Reconnaissance The Army Air Corps is a component of the British Army, first formed in 1942 The Intelligence Corps (also known as Int Corps) is one of the Corps of the British Army. The Royal Military Police ( RMP) is the branch of the British Army responsible for the policing of service personnel and providing a Military police The Adjutant General's Corps is a corps in the British Army responsible for many of its general administrative services The Army Legal Services Branch ( ALS) is a branch of the Adjutant-General's Corps (AGC in the British Army. The Military Provost Staff Corps ( MPSC) was the Corps of the British Army which ran its Military prisons As the Military Provost Staff The Military Provost Guard Service ( MPGS) is a service responsible for maintaining security at British Armed Forces sites in the United Kingdom. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy The green beret is the official Headgear as part of the uniform of several military forces The British Commandos were first formed by the British Army in June 1940 during World War II as a well-armed but non-regimental raider force employing unconventional The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy In Military science, the term commando can refer to an individual a Military unit, or a raiding style of military operation. The Special Boat Service ( SBS) is the Special forces unit of the British Royal Navy. The Royal Air Force Regiment ( RAF Regt) is a specialist Airfield defence Corps founded by Royal Warrant in 1942 Foot guards is a term used to describe elite Infantry Regiments British Army The Foot Guards are the Infantry Regiments of the The Honourable Artillery Company (HAC is the oldest surviving Regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior in the "PWRR" redirects here For the railroad with these reporting marks see Portland and Western Railroad. The Royal Anglian Regiment (R ANGLIAN is an Infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Queen's Division. Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps ( QARANC; commonly known as the QAs) is the Nursing branch of the British Army and part of the The Royal Army Medical Corps ( RAMC) is a specialist Corps in the British Army which provides Medical services to all British Army The Army Air Corps is a component of the British Army, first formed in 1942 The Army Physical Training Corps ( APTC) is the British Army Corps responsible for Physical fitness and Physical education. The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy The Royal Welsh Regiment was an Infantry regiment of the Territorial Army in the United Kingdom. The Mercian Regiment (MERCIAN is an Infantry Regiment of the British Army, formed by the amalgamation of four existing regiments in 2007 The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers (RRF is an Infantry Regiment of the British Army, part of the Queen's Division. The hackle is a Feather Plume (most plumes are made of Horsehair that is attached to the Headdress. Other ranks of the Royal Welsh also wear hackles. The Royal Welsh (R WELSH ( Welsh Y Cymry Brenhinol) was formed on St David's Day, 1 March 2006.

Members of the Royal Tank Regiment, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, Army Air Corps, Parachute Regiment, SAS and Intelligence Corps wear berets in Nos 1, 2, 3 and 6, Dress. The British Army uniform developed along roughly the same lines as Uniforms in other European armies Other Regiments and Corps wear peaked caps in these orders of dress [11]. A peaked cap, forage cap or combination cap is a form of headgear worn by the armed forces of many nations and also by many uniformed civilian organizations such as Troops from other services, regiments or corps on attachment to units with distinctive coloured berets often wear those berets (with their own cap badge). Colonels, brigadiers and generals usually continue to wear the beret of the regiment or corps to which they used to belong with the cap badge distinctive to their rank. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country This article refers to the military rank For the Doctor Who character known as the Brigadier see Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart.

Old Units

Former regiments and corps, now amalgamated, that did not wear navy blue berets included:

United States

Berets were originally worn by elite forces in the United States Army. The Green Howards (Alexandra Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment was an Infantry Regiment of the British Army, part of the King's Division The King's Own Royal Border Regiment was an Infantry Regiment of the British Army, part of the King's Division. The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire was an Infantry Regiment of the British Army, part of the King's Division. The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (officially the Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) was an Infantry Regiment of the British Army The Reconnaissance Corps was a short-lived Corps of the British Army. Traditionally light infantry (or skirmishers) were soldiers whose job was to provide a Skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of Infantry, harassing The Royal Green Jackets (RGJ was an Infantry Regiment of the British Army, one of two within the Light Division (the other being The The Devonshire and Dorset Light Infantry (usually known as the Devon and Dorset Regiment or just the Devon and Dorsets) was an Infantry Regiment The Royal Gloucestershire Berkshire and Wiltshire Light Infantry was an Infantry Regiment of the British Army. The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own was a regiment of the British Army, and the first to use Military camouflage. The King's Royal Rifle Corps was a British Army formation originally raised in colonial America as the Royal Americans, and recruited from American colonists The 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles was a Regiment of the British Indian Army before being transferred to the British Army The 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles was a regiment of the British Indian Army, before being transferred to the British Army following India's independence The 7th (Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles started as a Regiment of the British Indian Army, before being transferred to the British Army following The Royal Armoured Corps (RAC is currently a collection of ten regular Regiments mostly converted from old horse cavalry regiments, and four Yeomanry regiments The Westminster Dragoons (WDs are central London’s only Territorial Army cavalry unit The Glider Pilot Regiment was a specialist British unit of the Second World War. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Hence, there was controversy when in 2001 the United States Army adopted the black beret, previously reserved for the Rangers, as standard headgear for all army units. [12] The Rangers are now distinguished by tan berets. The Tan beret has been adopted as official headdress by several Special operations forces as a symbol of their unique capabilities The United States Army Special Forces are generally known as "Green Berets" for the color of their headgear. Soldiers in airborne units wear distinctive organisational flashes. Special Operations Units Conventional forces wear a pale blue flash with thirteen white stars. Special Operations Units Officers wear their rank emblem within the flash, while enlisted ranks wear their distinctive unit insignia. Special Operations Units United States Army units can be distinguished by the color of their berets, as follows:

The wearing of berets in the United States Air Force is less common, but several career fields are authorized to wear berets of specific colours, as follows:

In the United States Navy, female servicemembers may wear a black beret (of a different style than most military berets) instead of a combination hat or garrison cap while in service uniforms. The black Beret is a type of headgear commonly worn by armoured forces around the world including the British Army 's Royal Tank Regiment (RTR The Pararescuemen ( AFSC 1T2X1 also called PJs (a nickname pronounced 'pee jays' are United States Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC and Air Force Security Forces AFSC Enlisted 3P0X1 Officer 31PX (formerly named Air Police, then Security Police; colloquially called "cops" A Tactical Air Control Party, commonly abbreviated TACP (pronounced TAC-P is usually a team of two or more United States Air Force Special Operations Weather Technicians ( SOWT) ( AFSC 1W0X1C are tactical observer/forecasters with ground combat capabilities and fall under the 720th Special SERE, an Acronym for S urvival E vasion R esistance and E scape is a U A peaked cap, forage cap or combination cap is a form of headgear worn by the armed forces of many nations and also by many uniformed civilian organizations such as A garrison cap, garrison cover, wedge cap, flight cap, side cap, forage cap, or overseas cap is a foldable cap with

Berets in other paramilitary organizations

Iceland

The Police Cadets, Riot unit and the members of the Special Operations Unit of the National Commissioner of Icelandic Police (Víkingasveitin) wear black berets. The Icelandic National Police (Ríkislögreglan is responsible for Law enforcement on all Icelandic territories except at sea where the Icelandic Coast Guard enforces Víkingasveitin ( English The Viking Squad) or Sérsveit ríkislögreglustjórans ( English Special Unit of the National Police Commissioner) is Iceland High ranking members of the Reykjavík Air Rescue Unit are entitled to wear orange berets.

Italy

Dark blue berets are worn by the Polizia di Stato and blue berets by the Polizia Penitenziaria. The Polizia di Stato (State Police or PdS is one of the National police forces of Italy. The Polizia Penitenziaria ( Italian for Penitentiary Police) is a law enforcement agency in Italy.

Malaysia

Dark blue berets with Black Hackle are worn by all the regular aviations of Royal Malaysian Police including Suksis. The Royal Malaysian Police (RMP or Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM in Malay, is a part of the security forces structure in Malaysia. The Suksis (or SUKSIS which stands for Kor Sukarelawan Polis Siswa Siswi) is a student police volunteer organization in Malaysia. For paramilitary organizations consisting of General Operations Forces, the berets worn by the units is Dark blue with Khaki Hackle for ceremony, and the paramilitary Senoi Praaq Brigade wear maroon berets also with Khaki Hackle. The General Operations Force (Pasukan Gerakan Am is the Paramilitary arm of the Royal Malaysian Police. The Senoi Praaq is a unit of the Royal Malaysian Police made up almost entirely of non-Malay tribal peoples known collectively as the '''ORANG ASLI''' (aborigines The dark blue berets with Light Blue Hackle was worn by Marine Police Branch and high school student's Royal Police Cadet Corps. The anti-riot Federal Reserve Units (FRU) wearing the red berets with black hackle.   The creator of this article knows

The berets also worn by Police Counter-Terrorism Forces, such as operators of Pasukan Gerakan Khas, the main anti-teror special forces. The Pasukan Gerakan Khas PDRM (PGK (formerly the Malaysian Police Counter-Terrorist Force Command is an elite Counter-terrorism and Special operations Some sub-units of the PGKs, including the Special Actions Unit (UTK) wearing the maroon berets and VAT 69 Commandos worned tan (sand) berets, berets which honored by British 22nd Special Air Service. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special The newly maritime anti-teror special force, known as Unit Selam Tempur and United Nations police branch wearing the light blue berets. The Combat Diving Unit (Unit Selam Tempur UST is a maritime Special Operations squad and under the command of the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (Coast Guard) operators wear black berets. The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency ( Abbreviation: MMEA; Malay: Agensi Penguatkuasaan Maritim Malaysia APMM) also known as the

Poland

The Polish Police Anti-Terrorist Units wear dark blue berets. Dark blue berets are also worn by other Police special units such as pyrotechnics. Polish Border Guards wear light green berets.

Portugal

The Polícia de Segurança Pública (PSP) Intervention Corps wear navy blue berets, the Personal Security Corps (Corpo de Segurança Pessoal) (VIP bodyguards) wear sky blue berets, CIEXSS teams (explosive disposal) wear black berets, and the PSP Special Operations Group wear emerald green berets. The Polícia de Segurança Pública - PSP (Public Security Police is the Portuguese police force that works in large urban areas Grupo de Operações Especiais - GOE (Special Operations Group is the Portuguese PSP (Police Special operations unit manned slightly over 200 elements

The Guarda Prisional (Prison Guards) wear black berets.

The members of the paramilitary Rescue Corps of the Portuguese Red Cross wear purple berets. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated

Until their disbandment in 1975, the Angola and Mozambique paramilitary civil defence volunteers wore black berets.

Singapore

Black berets were worn by all members of the Singapore Police Force until 1969, when the peaked cap was introduced. The Singapore Police Force ( Abbreviation: SPF; Chinese: 新加坡警察部队; Malay: Pasukan Polis Singapura Tamil A peaked cap, forage cap or combination cap is a form of headgear worn by the armed forces of many nations and also by many uniformed civilian organizations such as The beret was, however, retained for specialist forces, such as officers of the Special Operations Command (SOC) and the Police Coast Guard, as well as the Gurkha Contingent. The Special Operations Command ( SOC) (Pasukan Operasi Khas 特别行动指挥处 is a frontline unit of the Singapore Police Force (SPF grouping together various The Police Coast Guard ( Abbreviation: PCG Chinese: 警察海岸卫队 Malay: Polis Pengawal Pantai is the Marine Police division of the The Gurkha Contingent ( Abbreviation: GC) or 辜加警察团,Nepali (गोरखालि is a line department of the Singapore Police Force. A dark blue beret is worn, although the Police Tactical Unit of the SOC switched to red berets in 2005. The Police Tactical Unit ( PTU) is a Paramilitary specialist unit of the Singapore Police Force and comes under the direct command of the Special The Gurkha Contingent began wearing khaki-coloured berets from 2006.

Members of the Singapore Civil Defence Force attached to a headquarters element, or on overseas missions, also wear black berets. These are adorned with the SCDF crest, and may sport a flash in certain specialist units, such as the Rescue Dog Unit and the elite Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team. The Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team ( DART) is an elite team within the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF formed in 1990 to handle complex rescue

Auxiliary police officers of Certis CISCO and Aetos Security Management don dark blue berets when performing escort and other high-risk duties, as do specialist forces of the Singapore Prison Service. Auxiliary police (also called Special police or Special constables are usually the part-time reserves of a regular Police force Certis CISCO Security Private Limited (策安保安机构 formerly CISCO Security Private Limited, is one of the five commercial Auxiliary Police forces authorised The Aetos Security Management Private Limited, is one of the five commercial Auxiliary The Singapore Prison Service ( Chinese: 新加坡监狱部门 Malay: Perkhidmatan Penjara Singapura) is an agency of the Government of Singapore In addition, student cadets of uniformed youth organizations such as the National Police Cadet Corps and the National Cadet Corps also wear berets of different colours. See also Youth The following is a List of youth organizations; all organizations are international unless noted as associated with a specific country The National Police Cadet Corps (NPCC is the largest uniformed group for youths in Singapore in terms of membership The

South Africa

The Special Task Force of the South African Police Service wear camouflage berets. For the apartheid-era police force see South African Police. The South African Police Service is the national Police force of the

South Korea

Several police SWAT teams belonging to different municipalities wear either maroon or green berets; Seoul Metropolitan Police SWAT team (Unit 868) wears maroon berets, while Incheon Metropolitan Police SWAT team (Unit 313) wears green berets. SWAT ( Special Weapons And Tactics) is an elite special operations tactical unit in American Police departments similar to the Taiwan Thunder Squad Incheon is a metropolitan city and a major seaport on the west coast of South Korea, near Seoul.

Spain

The Carlist general Tomás de Zumalacárregui in his red beret.
The Carlist general Tomás de Zumalacárregui in his red beret. Tomás de Zumalacárregui (1788–1835 Spanish Carlist general was born at Ormaiztegi in Guipúzcoa on the December 29, 1788

The beret, boina in Spanish or txapela in Basque, was introduced into Spain during the First Carlist War. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain See also Carlism The First Carlist War was a Civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1839 The Chapelgorris (from Basque txapel gorri, "red beret") were a Isabelline troop, but later the red beret became a symbol of Carlism The red beret became a Falange symbol when Carlism was merged into it after the Spanish Civil War. Chapelgorris ( Basque language: txapelgorri, "red cap" were a type of volunteer unit during the First Carlist War, raised at the beginning of Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of

Today the Basque police force, Ertzaintza, wears red berets, as did their Miquelete forebears[13]

ETA guerrillas may wear black berets over hoods in public appearances. Ertzaintza is the Police force of the Basque Country, one of the Autonomous communities of Spain. eu '''Euskadi Ta Askatasuna''' or ETA ( Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom" ˈɛːta is an illegal armed Basque nationalist Separatist

Sri Lanka

The Special Task Force of the Sri Lanka Police wear green berets. The Special Task Force (STF ( Sinhala: විෙශ්ෂ කාර්ය බළකාය is an elite Special forces unit of the Sri Lanka Police specializing The Sri Lanka Police Service (commonly known to as the Sri Lanka Police) is the civilian national Police force of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

United Kingdom

CO19, the armed response unit of the London Metropolitan Police, used to wear dark blue berets, and were nicknamed the 'Blue Berets'. The Specialist Firearms Command (CO19, better known by its former Specialist Operations designation SO19, is a specialised armed unit within London 's London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. Today, they generally wear helmets or baseball caps.

Hong Kong

The navy blue beret is the standard headgear of officers of the Police Tactical Unit of the Hong Kong Police Force. The Police Tactical Unit ( PTU, Chinese 警察機動部隊 is a special unit of the Hong Kong Police Force. The Hong Kong Police Force is the police force of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Officers are nicknamed the "Blue Berets" or the "Blue Caps".

Berets in civilian organizations

Aside from armed forces, berets are associated with a variety of other different organizations.


Other associations

Olentzero, a Basque Christmas figure, wears a beret.
Olentzero, a Basque Christmas figure, wears a beret. Olentzero is a Basque Christmas tradition According to Basque traditions Olentzero comes to town late at night on the 24th of December to drop off

Berets (chapelas, from Basque txapela) have become the standard headgear of the Castilian peasant. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain A former kingdom, Castile (Castilla kasˈt̪iʎa or) gradually merged with its neighbors to become the Crown of Castile and later the Kingdom of Spain In the Basque Country, a commemorative beret is the usual trophy in sport or poetry competitions, including Basque rural sports or the Basque portions of the Tour de France. Bertsolaritza is the art of singing extemporary composed songs in Basque according to various melodies and rhyming patterns Basque rural sports, known as Herri Kirolak in Basque, is the term used for a number of sports competitions rooted in the traditional lifestyles of the Basque History See also:CategoryTour de France by year The dominant sports newspaper in France The Basque word for "champion", txapeldun, literally means "the one in a beret".

The beret was once considered the national hat of France and is part of the stereotypical image of the Onion Johnny. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Onion Johnny is the Nickname given to the breton farmers and agricultural laborers that sell distinctive pink Onions door-to-door in England, It has diminished in popularity, just as hats for men all over the world have waned in popularity, since about 1960. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Still considered a matter of French pride, it is worn by both women and men. Black is the traditional colour. There are only two manufacturers left in France, and a few fly-by-night manufacturers elsewhere, that make berets. Sizing is still a problem, because American sizes and European sizes do not match exactly, and the approximate sizes—S, M,L,XL— that are most commonly offered for sale are a poor approximation of either: European size 59 (59 cm) is approximately American size 7 3/8 and is between M and L.

The beret is also a stereotyped trademark of film directors, artists (particularly painters), intellectuals, Bohemians, and Beatniks of any nationality. A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking,

Schoolgirls often wear berets with their school uniforms. School uniforms are common in primary and Secondary schools in many nations When searching for a suitable style of beret to be worn by the Royal Tank Regiment (RTR), the French Chasseurs alpins was rejected as being too big. The Royal Tank Regiment (RTR is an armoured regiment of the British Army. The Chasseurs Alpins ( Alpine Light Infantry) are the elite Mountain Infantry of the French Army. The RTR selected a model worn by a Girls School.

Some British comedians have been identified with the beret; Chris Langham is recorded as having announced to actor Ken Campbell that he has named the tassle or stalk which is present in some berets the langham, after himself. Christopher Langham (born 14 April 1949) is a BAFTA award-winning British Writer, Actor and Comedian. Michael Crawford also wore a beret as Frank Spencer. Michael Crawford, OBE (born 19 January 1942) is an English Actor and Singer. Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em (1973&ndash1978 was a BBC Situation comedy, written by Raymond Allen and starring Michael Crawford Other entertainment figures identified with the beret include Jamie Hyneman of MythBusters, and Fred Berry who played Rerun in What's Happening!! and What's Happening Now!! (as well as in real life). James Earl "Jamie" Hyneman (born September 25 1956 is an American Visual effects expert best known for being the co-host of the Television series MythBusters is a Popular science Television program produced by Australian firm Beyond Television Productions originally for the Fred "Rerun" Berry ( March 13, 1951 - October 21, 2003) was an American actor best known for the role of Fred "Rerun" What's Happening!! is an American television sitcom that aired on ABC from August 5, 1976 to April 28, What's Happening Now!! is an American Sitcom which ran in syndication from 1985 to 1988. It is said that Groucho Marx wore a beret that he could carry in his pocket to avoid tipping hat-check girls when he went to restaurants and night clubs.

The beret is sometimes worn simply as a fashion statement. Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time

Venezuelan leader Hugo Chávez in red beret and shirt.
Venezuelan leader Hugo Chávez in red beret and shirt. Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias (born July 28 1954 is the current President of Venezuela.

Famous people who have worn berets include

See also

Notes

  1. ^ (1989) Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Jean Piaget pjaʒɛ ( August 9, 1896 &ndash September 16, 1980) was a Swiss philosopher, natural scientist Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (born Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed The biretta is a square Cap with three or four ridges or peaks sometimes surmounted by a tuft traditionally worn by Roman Catholic clergy and some Anglican The black Beret is a type of headgear commonly worn by armoured forces around the world including the British Army 's Royal Tank Regiment (RTR The The green beret is the official Headgear as part of the uniform of several military forces The maroon beret has been the international symbol of elite Airborne forces since its selection for use by the airborne forces in World War II. The Tan beret has been adopted as official headdress by several Special operations forces as a symbol of their unique capabilities Mohair berets (moherowe berety or "the army of mohair berets" (armia moherowych beretów is a common term used in present-day Poland as an Epithet against Berets in Marching Band The Beret gained popularity as a type of headwear for marching band Drum corps in the late 70s following the heightened popularity United States Army Special Forces in popular culture often begins with a United States Army Special Forces Soldier A tudor bonnet (also referred to as a "round cap" is a soft round black Academic cap with a tassel hanging from a cord (both often Gold in colour  
  2. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all
  3. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 Edition
  4. ^ Australian Army Standing Orders for Dress
  5. ^ Dressed to Kill (Service Publications, Ottawa, ON, 2001) ISBN 1-894581-07-5
  6. ^ canadiansoldiers.com
  7. ^ PLA Caps and decorations
  8. ^ Edict about military uniforms (in Czech)
  9. ^ Gordon, David. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Service Publications was established in 1995 by Clive M Law, an author and historian as well as former officer of the Governor General's Foot Guards. Uniforms of the World War II Tommy (Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, Missoula, MT, 2005). ISBN 1-57510-122-X
  10. ^ BBC website on British headdress
  11. ^ http://www.ams.mod.uk/content/docs/jsp336/3rd_ed/vol12/pt3/pam15/s5aa.doc
  12. ^ The Army Black Beret
  13. ^ txapelgorri in the Hiztegia 3000 Basque-Spanish dictionary.
  14. ^ Army Cadet Dress Regulations CATO 46-01
  15. ^ Article in Legion Magazine, Jan-Feb 2006
  16. ^ Guardian Angels website
  17. ^ Indiana Wing's supplement to CAPM39-1PDF (218 KiB)

External links

A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International

Dictionary

beret

-noun

  1. A type of round, brimless cap with a soft top and a headband to secure it to the head.
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