Berdychiv Бердичів
17th century fortified Carmelite convent in Berdychiv. The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel by Synecdoche; Latin: Ordo fratrum Beatæ
Coat of arms
Berdychiv Location of Berdychiv
Coordinates: 49°54′0″N 28°34′0″E / 49.9, 28.56667
Country Oblast	Ukraine Zhytomyr Oblast
Founded	1430
Government
- Head of City Council	V. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Ukraine is subdivided into 24 Oblasts (provinces, one Autonomous republic, and two " cities with special status' " Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Zhytomyr Oblast (Житомирська область translit A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government K. Mazur
Population (2003)
- Total	86,200

Berdychiv (Ukrainian: Бердичів, Polish: Berdyczów, Russian: Берди́чев, translit. Berdichev) is a historic city in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet and A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Zhytomyr Oblast (Житомирська область translit Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Serving as the administrative center of the Berdychivskyi Raion (district), the city itself is of direct oblast subordinance, and is located 44 km (27 mi) south of the oblast capital, Zhytomyr, at around 49°54′″N, 28°35′″E. For the manufactured regenerated fiber see Rayon A raion (or rayon) (райо́н ra'jon rayon раён რაიონი Zhytomyr (Житомир ( Zhytomyr) Житомир ( Zhitomir) Żytomierz is a historic City in the North of the western half of Ukraine

The current estimated population is around 88,000 (as of 2001).

Contents 1 History 1.1 Jewish history 1.2 Demographics 2 People 3 Berdyschiv on stage 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External links

History

In 1430, Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitautas (великий князь литовский Витовт) granted the rights over the area to Kalinik, the procurator (наместник) of Putyvl and Zvenigorod, and it is believed that his servant named Berdich founded a khutor (remote settlement) there, however the etymology of the name Berdychiv is not known. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c Putyvl or Putivl (Пути́вль Putyvl’, Пути́вль Putivl’) is a picturesque town in north-east Ukraine, in Sumy Oblast Khutor or hutor (ху́тор khutor; ху́тiр khutir) is usually taken to refer to a single- homestead Rural settlement ( Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time

In 1483, Crimean Tatars destroyed the settlement. During the 1546 partition between Lithuania and Poland, the region was listed as a property of Lithuanian magnate Tyshkevich (Tyszkiewicz). Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Tyszkiewicz, Tyškievič, Tiškevičiai, Тышкевич was a wealthy and influential Magnate family of Ruthenian / Lithuanian According to the Union of Lublin (1569), Volhynia formed a province of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Union of Lublin (Liublino unija Belarusian: Лю́блінская ву́нія Polish: Unia The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic

The fortified Carmelite monastery (built from 1627-1642 under the sponsorship of Janusz Tyszkiewicz Łohojski), captured and plundered by Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1647, was disestablished in 1864. The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel by Synecdoche; Latin: Ordo fratrum Beatæ This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. This is an article about voivode of Kiev For his contemporary relative see Janusz Skumin Tyszkiewicz Janusz Tyszkiewicz Łohojski of Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in

The town underwent rapid development after 1800, quickly becoming the most important banking center in the Russian Empire. However the banking industry was moved from Berdichev to Odessa (a major port city) after 1850, and the town became impoverished again in a short period of time. ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates

In 1846, the town accounted 1893 buildings, 69 of which were brick-made, 11 streets, 80 walkways and 4 squares. Honoré de Balzac visited it in 1850 and noted that its unplanned development made it resemble the dance of polka as some buildings leaned left, while others right. The polka is a fast lively Central European Dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas

Jewish history

See also: History of the Jews in Ukraine

According to the census of 1789, the Jews constituted 75% of Berdychiv's population (1,951 out of 2,640, of whom 246 were liquor-dealers, 452 houseowners, 134 merchants, 188 artisans, 150 clerks and 56 idlers). Jewish communities have lived in the territory of Ukraine for centuries and developed many of modern Judaism 's most distinctive theological and cultural traditions A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population In 1797, Prince Radziwill granted seven Jewish families the monopoly privilege of the cloth trade in the town. Radziwiłł in Polish, (Radvila Radziwill Радзівіл Radzivił Radvil is a family of high nobility which has been powerful and important for centuries In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient A privilege &mdashetymologically "private law" or law relating to a specific individual&mdashis a special Entitlement or immunity granted by a government Jews were a major driving force of the town's commerce in the first half of the 19th century, founding a number of trading companies (some traded internationally), banking establishments, and serving as agents of the neighboring estates of Polish nobility (szlachta). Szlachta ( refers to the noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 1569 semi-federal semi-confederal

By the end of the 18th century, Berdychiv became an important center of Hasidism. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew As the town grew, a number of noted scholars served as rabbis there, including Lieber the Great and Joseph the Harif and the Tzadik Levi Yosef Yitzhak of Berdichev (the author of Kedushat Levi), who lived and taught there until his death in 1809. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master For the Hebrew letter "Tzadik" see Tsade. Tzadik ( צדיק, "righteous one" pl Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev (1740-1810 known as the Berdichever Rebbe was a Rabbi and Hasidic leader See also Berditchev (Hasidic dynasty). Berditchev Hasidim, also known in Yiddish as Berditchiver Hasidim, originated in the town of Berdychiv, which over the years was under the

In its heyday, Berdychiv accounted some eighty synagogues and battei midrash, and was famous for its cantors. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Beth Midrash ( Hebrew: בית מדרש; also Beis Medrash, Beit Midrash, pl "Hazan" and "Chazan" redirect here For people named Hazan or Chazan see Hazan (disambiguation Growing importance of the office

Berdychiv was also one of the centers of the conflict between Hasidim and Mitnagdim. Misnagdim or mitnagdim is a Hebrew word ( מתנגדים) meaning "opponents" As the ideas of Haskalah influenced parts of the Jewish communities, a large group of Maskilim formed in Berdychiv in the 1820s. Haskalah ( Hebrew: השכלה "enlightenment" "education" from sekhel " Intellect " "mind") the Jewish Enlightenment Haskalah ( Hebrew: השכלה "enlightenment" "education" from sekhel " Intellect " "mind") the Jewish Enlightenment

In 1847, 23,160 Jews resided in Berdychiv and by 1861 the number doubled to 46,683, constituting the second largest Jewish community in the Russian Empire. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The May Laws of 1882 and other government persecutions affected Jewish population and in 1897, out of the town's population of 53,728, 41,617 (about 80%) were Jewish. The May Laws were anti-Jewish regulations enacted on May 15 (May 3 O 58% of Jewish males and 32% of Jewish females were literate. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen,

Until World War I, the natural growth was balanced by the emigration. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All During the 1917 October Revolution and Russian Civil War, the mayor of the town was the Bundist leader D. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed Lipets. In early 1919, the Jews of Berdychiv became victims of a pogrom perpetrated by the Ukrainian army (See Symon Petliura). A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses Symon Vasylyovych Petliura (Симон Васильович Петлюра also known as Simon Petlyura; May 10, 1879 – May 25,

The Soviet authorities closed or destroyed most of the town's synagogues. (See Yevsektsiya)

In the 1920s, Yiddish language was officially recognized and in 1924, the first in Ukraine official law court to conduct its affairs in Yiddish was established in the city, but in the 1930s, the use of Yiddish was curtailed and all Jewish cultural activities were suspended before World War II. Yevsektsiya (alternative spelling Yevsektsia) Russian: ЕвСекция, the abbreviation of the phrase "Еврейская секция" Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Most civilians from areas near the border did not have a chance to evacuate when the Nazi began their invasion on June 22, 1941. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. An "extermination" unit was established in Berdychiv in early July 1941 and a Jewish ghetto was set up. A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure It was liquidated on October 5, 1941, after all the inhabitants were murdered. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

A 1973 Ukrainian-language article about the history of Bedichev says:"Гестапівці стратили 38 536 чоловік. "^[1] (Gestapo killed 38,536 persons. The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany ) In line with the official Soviet policy regarding the Jews and the Holocaust, the article does not mention the word "Jew" and does not acknowledge the genocide of the Jews. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group

Demographics

Year	Total population	Jewish population
1789	2,640	1,951 (75%)
1847	?	23,160
1861	?	46,683
1867	52,563	41,617 (80%)
1926	55,417	30,812 (55. 6%)
1941	?	0
1946	?	6,000
1972	77,000	15,000 (est)
1989	92,000	?
2001	88,000	1000

People

• Boris Sidis (Born in 1867)
• Jacob Pavlovitch Adler (mother Hessye Halperin was born)
• Valeriy Skvortsov (born in 1945; Soviet high jumper; European champion)
• Sholom Aleichem (lived)
• Honoré de Balzac (married in)
• Joseph Conrad, writer (Polish nobility)
• Abraham Firkovich, Karaim hakham (lived)
• Abraham Goldfaden (lived)
• Israel Grodner (lived)
• Vasily Grossman
• Der Nister
• Vladimir Horowitz
• Antoni Protazy Potocki, szlachta (owned and organized several factories in the village of Makhnivka, near Berdychiv)
• Mendele Mocher Sforim (lived)
• Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev (Levi Yosef Yitzhak of Berdichev), Torah commentator, chassidic rabbi, leader, religious folk song writer, and leader of the "hoyf" (Chassidic court) of Berditchev

Berdyschiv on stage

See: Abraham Ellstein

See also

• Shtetl
• Names of European cities in different languages
• History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union

Footnotes

References

• From Berdichev to Jerusalem by Miriam Sperber, 1980
• The Bones of Berdichev: The Life and Fate of Vasily Grossman by John Garrand, 1996
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Vasily Semyonovich Grossman (first name alternatively spelled as Vassily or Vasiliy Василий Семёнович Гроссман December 12 1905 &ndash The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

External links

• Berdichev Chat
• BerdichevLand
• "Berdichev business" газета "Діловий Бердичів"
• Jewish History of Berdichev, Part 1 and Part 2 at Jewishgen. org
• Berdichev at Simon Wiesenthal Center
• Berdychiv lands from the earliest times to the beginning of the 20th century (1999, in Ukrainian language: Бердичівська земля з найдавнішших часів до початку ХХ ст. The Simon Wiesenthal Center (often abbreviated SWC) with headquarters in Los Angeles Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. )
• PBS Independent Lens: Berdichev

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