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 Berberis darwinii shoot with flowers
 Berberis thunbergii shoot with fruit
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About 450-500; see text |
Berberis (Bér-be-ris, barberry, pepperidge bush) a genus of about 450-500 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1-5 m tall with thorny shoots, native to the temperate and subtropical regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its Ranunculales is an order of Flowering plants Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the Buttercup family Berberidaceae is a family of 15 genera Flowering plants commonly called the barberry family Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Syllable stress of botanical names varies with the language spoken A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a They are closely related to the genus Mahonia, which is included within Berberis by some botanists. Mahonia is a genus of about 70 species of Evergreen Shrubs in the family Berberidaceae, native to eastern Asia, the Himalayas Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life
The genus is characterised by dimorphic shoots, with long shoots which form the structure of the plant, and short shoots only 1-2 mm long. The leaves on long shoots are non-photosynthetic, developed into three-spined thorns 3-30 mm long; the bud in the axil of each thorn-leaf then develops a short shoot with several normal, photosynthetic leaves. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. In biology spine or spiny may refer to Spine (botany, needle-like structures in plants Spine (zoology, needle-like structures These leaves are 1-10 cm long, simple, and either entire, or with spiny margins. Only on young seedlings do leaves develop on the long shoots, with the adult foliage style developing after the young plant is 1-2 years old.
The deciduous species (e. g. Berberis thunbergii, B. vulgaris) are noted for good autumn colour, the leaves turning pink or red before falling. In some evergreen species from China (e. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National g. B. candidula, B. verruculosa), the leaves are brilliant white beneath, making them particularly attractive.
The flowers are produced singly or in racemes of up to 20 on a single flower-head. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A raceme is a type of Inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears pedicellate Flowers &mdash flowers having short They are yellow or orange, 3-6 mm long, with six sepals and six petals in alternating whorls of three, the sepals usually coloured like the petals. A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The fruit is a small berry 5-15 mm long, ripening red or dark blue, often with a pink or violet waxy surface bloom; they may be either long and narrow (like a bar, hence 'barberry') or in other species, spherical. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The word berry has two meanings one based on a botanical definition the other on common identification
The berries are edible, and rich in vitamin C, though with a very sharp flavour; the thorny shrubs make harvesting them difficult, so in most places they are not widely consumed. Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian They are an important food for many small birds, which disperse the seeds in their droppings. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored In Iran, the dried fruits, known as zereshk, are more widely used, imparting a tart flavor to chicken dishes. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Dried fruit is fruit that has been dried, either naturally or through use of a machine such as a Food dehydrator. Berberis ( Bér-be-ris, barberry, pepperidge bush) a Genus of about 450-500 species of Deciduous and Evergreen In Ukraine, they are used as the flavouring in a popular candy of the same name. In Kazakhstan the dried fruits are used to add flavour to a traditional dish Plov (lamb with rice). Historically, yellow dye was extracted from the stem, root, and bark. [1]
Berberis species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Mottled Pug. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. The Mottled Pug (Eupithecia exiguata is a Moth of the family Geometridae.
Several are popular garden shrubs, grown for their ornamental leaves, yellow flowers, and red or blue-black berries. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. They are also valued for crime prevention; being very dense, viciously spiny shrubs, they make very effective barriers impenetrable to burglars. For this reason they are often planted below potentially vulnerable windows, and used as hedges and other barriers.
Berberis buxifolia (Calafate) and Berberis darwinii (Michay) are two species found in Patagonia in Argentina and Chile. Llao LLaojpg|thumb|250px| Lake Nahuel Huapi, near Bariloche, Argentina For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Their edible purple fruits are used for jams and infusions; anyone who tries a berry is said to be certain to return to Patagonia. The calafate and michay are symbols of Patagonia.
Berberis vulgaris (European Barberry) is the alternate host species of the wheat rust Puccinia graminis, a serious fungal disease of wheat. Rusts are Fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant Parasites. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. For this reason, cultivation of this species is prohibited in many areas.
Some Berberis have become invasive species when planted outside of their native ranges, including B. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions glaucocarpa and B. darwinii in New Zealand (where it is now banned from sale and propagation), and B. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island thunbergii in some parts of North America.
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Selected species
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Zereshk
Zereshk (زرشک) is the Persian name for the dried fruit of Berberis vulgaris, which are widely cultivated in Iran. Berberis thunbergii ( Japanese barberry or Thunberg's Barberry, also Red Barberry) is a species of Berberis, native Berberis vulgaris ( European barberry) is a Shrub in the family Berberidaceae, native to central and southern Europe, northwest UserPolbot. --> Berberis candidula is a species of Plant in the Berberidaceae family Berberis julianae ( Wintergreen barberry or Chinese barberry) is a Shrub of the Berberidaceae family Berberis verruculosa, common name the Warty Barberry, is an Evergreen Shrub, ranging in size from 1-2 m native to western China Calafate redirects here For the Patagonian town see El Calafate Berberis buxifolia, common name the Magellan Berberis darwinii is a species of barberry in the family Berberidaceae native to southern South America in southern Chile and adjacent Berberis negeriana is a species of barberry, native and endemic to an extremely small area in coastal range of Bio-Bio Region in Chile. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Berberis vulgaris ( European barberry) is a Shrub in the family Berberidaceae, native to central and southern Europe, northwest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Iran is the largest producer of zereshk and saffron in the world. Saffron ( Kurdish/Persian زَعْفَرَان is a Spice derived from the dried Stigma of the Flower of the saffron crocus ( Crocus sativus Zereshk is the fruit of a type of barberry bush. Zereshk and saffron are produced on the same land and the harvest is at the same time. In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain The South Khorasan province in Iran is the main area of zereshk production. South Khorasan ( Kurdish / Persian: خراسان جنوبی is a province located in eastern Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. A garden of zereshk is called zereshk-estan. It has a sour taste and is often used in dishes involving chicken. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses The chicken ( Gallus gallus, sometimes G gallus domesticus) is a domesticated Fowl which is traditionally believed to have descended from It is usually cooked with rice, called zereshk polo, and provides a nice meal with chicken. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Zereshk jamphoto, zereshk juicephoto, and zereshk fruit rollsphoto are also produced in Iran.
In colloquial Persian, zereshk is used as a term for showing dissent or disagreement, similar to the usage of "blowing a raspberry" in English. Blowing a raspberry or strawberry or making a Bronx cheer is to make a noise signifying derision (and/or silliness made by sticking out the tongue between the lips Although not a vulgar term in that context, it is not used in polite speech.
Gallery
 Berberis gagnepainii three-spined thorn (modified long shoot leaf) with leafy short shoot. Each thorn is 20 mm long. |
 Berberis verruculosa upper side of shoot above, lower side below. |
 Berberis gagnepainii flower detail (flowers 7 mm diameter). |
 Berberis gagnepainii fruit. |
 Berberis thunbergii shrub. |
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 Berberis aristata from the Himalayas |
References
- ^ Tomlinson, C. , ed. (1866). Tomlinson's Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts. Tomlinson’s Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts is a multi-volume encyclopedia focusing on manufacturing mining and engineering London: Virtue & Co. . Vol I, page 97.
- Murrills, Angela (November 24, 2005). Best Eating: Check, please. Straight. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- Wilkinson, Bobbie; Tom Wilkinson (August 15, 2004). It's an Adventure in Persian Cuisine at Darya Kabob. The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- Arellano, Gustavo (March 18, 2004). Naan & Kabob. Orange County Weekly. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
External links
- Berberine Thoughts - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Barberry & Berberis (Culture, History and Etymology).
See also
Zereshk
- Picture of packaged Berberis fruit (Zereshk) as sold in Iran and in the US. Berberine is a quaternary plant Alkaloid from the group of Isoquinoline alkaloids Berberis ( Bér-be-ris, barberry, pepperidge bush) a Genus of about 450-500 species of Deciduous and Evergreen
- Rice (Polow) With Zereshk Recipe
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