 Berbera, Somaliland |
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 An ariel view of the western areas of Berbera and the coast. |
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| Map | |||
| Region | Woqooyi Galbeed | ||
| Languages | Somali, Arabic and English | ||
| Total Population | 0. Woqooyi Galbeed (Woqooyi Galbeed is a region in northwestern Somalia. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology 2 million | ||
| Area | NA km² | ||
| Population density | 5 persons per/km² | ||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||
| Elevation | 3 m | ||
| Timezone | EAT | ||
| UTC offset | +3 | ||
| Coordinates | |||
Berbera (Somali: Berbera) is a city in Somaliland. The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume Year 5 ( V) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. East Africa Time, or EAT, is a time zone used in eastern Africa. UTC+3 is used in the following locations Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time West Asian Summer Time In Mathematics and its applications a coordinate system is a system for assigning an n - Tuple of Numbers or scalars to each point Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis It was for centuries the capital of the Somaliland state and also the colonial capital of British Somaliland from 1870 to 1941 when it was moved to Hargeisa. British Somaliland was a British Protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History Prehistoric inhabitants The city is home to Neolithic Cave paintings recently discovered named Laas Geel. Located strategically on the oil route, Berbera has a deep-sea port, completed in 1969 and it is still the main commercial seaport for Somaliland. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo
Contents |
History
The city was first described in the eighth chapter of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea written by a Greek merchant in the first century CE. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( Periplus Maris Erythraei) is a Greek Periplus, describing navigation and trading opportunities Here it is referred to as "Malao. "
After Avalites there is another market-town, better than this, called Malao, distant a sail of about eight hundred stadia. The anchorage is an open roadstead, sheltered by a spit running out from the east. Here the natives are more peaceable. There are imported into this place the things already mentioned, and many tunics, cloaks from Arsinoe, dressed and dyed; drinking-cups, sheets of soft copper in small quantity, iron, and gold and silver coin, not much. There are exported from these places myrrh, a little frankincense, (that known as far-side), the harder cinnamon, duaca, Indian copal and macir, which are imported into Arabia; and slaves, but rarely. [1]
Duan Chengshi, a Tang Dynasty scholar, described in his written work of 863 AD the slave trade, ivory trade, and ambergris trade of Bobali, which is now Berbera (see Maritime section of Tang Dynasty for more). Duan Chengshi ( died 863 was an author and scholar of the Tang Dynasty in China. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Events By Place Europe Constantine I succeeds as king of Scotland (or 862 The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Ivory is formed from Dentine and constitutes the bulk of the Teeth and Tusks of animals such as the Elephant, Hippopotamus, Ambergris ( Ambra grisea, Ambre gris, ambergrease, or grey Amber) is a solid waxy flammable substance of a dull gray or blackish The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by
The city was also described in the 13th century by Arab geographers and travellers. A geographer is a Scientist whose area of study is Geography, the study of Earth 's physical environment and Human habitat
However, as I. M. Lewis notes, "beyond the fact that during the period of Portuguese domination in the Red Sea the town was sacked in 1518 by Saldanha, little of its history is known before the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. "[2] In 1546, the Ottoman Empire occupied the western regions of Somaliland including Berbera and made Zeila the regional capital due to their strategic location on the Red Sea. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Zeila ( Saylac) is a port city on the Gulf of Aden coast and is located in the Awdal region of Somalia near the Djibouti border The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia.
One certainty about Berbera over the following centuries was that it was the site of an annual fair, held between October and April, which Mordechai Abir describes as "among the most important commercial events of the east coast of Africa. "[3] The major Somali tribe of Isaq in Somalia, caravans from Harar and the Hawd, and Banyan merchants from Porbandar, Mangalore and Mumbai gathered to trade. See also Somali clan The Isaaq (also Isaq, Ishaak) ( Reer Sheikh Isaxaaq, اسحاق is one of the main Somali clans The Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Harar (var Harrar, Hārer, Harer; Adari) is an eastern city in Ethiopia, and the capital of the modern Harari Haud (or Hawd) is a region of thorn-bush and grasslands in the Horn of Africa, which includes the northeastern part of the Ogaden territory of Ethiopia Porbandar is a coastal city in the Indian state of Gujarat, perhaps best known for being the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi and Sudama Mangalore ( Kannada:, Mangalūru; Tulu: Kudla, ಕುಡ್ಲ Konkani: Kodial, ಕೊಡಿಯಾಲ್ Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial All of this was kept secret from European merchants, writes Abir: "Banyan and Arab merchants who were concerned with the trade of this fair closely guarded all information which might have helped new competitors; and actually through the machinations of such merchants Europeans were not allowed to take part in the fair at all. "[4]
The British explorer Richard Burton made two visits to this port, and his second visit was marred by an attack on his camp by several hundred Somali spearmen the night of 19 April 1855, and although Burton was able to escape to Aden, one of his companions was killed. Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton KCMG FRGS (19 March 1821 &ndash 20 October 1890 was an English Explorer, Translator, writer Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. [5] Burton, recognizing the importance of the port city wrote:
In the first place, Berberah is the true key of the Red Sea, the centre of East African traffic, and the only safe place for shipping upon the western Erythraean shore, from Suez to Guardafui. Backed by lands capable of cultivation, and by hills covered with pine and other valuable trees, enjoying a comparatively temperate climate, with a regular although thin monsoon, this harbour has been coveted by many a foreign conqueror. Circumstances have thrown it as it were into our arms, and, if we refuse the chance, another and a rival nation will not be so blind. "[6]
It was not long before these words proved prescient. In 1875 the rulers of Ottoman Egypt re-established their direct rule; they then withdrew their garrison in 1884 to concentrate their forces against the Mahdi in Sudan. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year In Islamic eschatology the Mahdi ( ar مهدي, also Mehdi; "Guided One" is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Despite this, Britain took Berbera and it served until 1941 as the winter capital of British Somaliland and the main seaport. British Somaliland was a British Protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa.
Geography
Berbera is a seaport, with the only sheltered harbour on the south side of the Gulf of Aden; its population in 2000 was approximately 200,000. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo The Gulf of Aden (خليج عدن transliterated: Khalyj 'Adan Somali: Khaleejka Cadan) is located in the Arabian Sea between 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The weather of Berbera is very dry, hot and wet during the rainy season. The landscape around Berbera, along with Somalia's coastal lowlands, is desert or semi-desert where the temperatures in the summertime can approach upwards of 50°C. Most of the city residents are forced to seasonally migrate to the cooler inland cities during these hot times.
Trade
Berbera is the terminus of roads from Hargeisa and Burco, and an airport now adds to its accessibility. History Prehistoric inhabitants The city is home to Neolithic Cave paintings recently discovered named Laas Geel. Burao (Burco is the capital city of the Togdheer province of Somalia. Berbera exports sheep, gum arabic, frankincense, and myrrh. Gum arabic, a Natural gum also called gum acacia, and chaar gund or char goond (in India is the hardened Sap taken from two species Frankincense or olibanum ( Arabic language: لبٌان, lubbān) is an aromatic Resin obtained from trees of the genus Myrrh is a reddish-brown Resinous material the dried sap of the tree Commiphora myrrha, native to Yemen, Somalia
Its seaborne trade is chiefly with Aden in Yemen 240 km/150 mi to the north. Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Prior to the Somali civil war, Berbera was home to a small naval port that was built by the Soviets, then later used by the Americans. The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This is now part of the commercial. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer port. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo
Miscellaneous
Since the Eritrean-Ethiopian War, it has grown as a major export port for Ethiopia, and is now the main source of foreign currency for the self-declared Republic Somaliland. The Eritrean-Ethiopian War took place from May 1998 to June 2000 between Ethiopia and Eritrea, forming one of the Conflicts in the Horn of Africa In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The city is also home to a long runway, built by the Soviet Union in the mid-1970s and from the 1980s onward was designated by NASA as an emergency landing strip for the U. A runway ( RWY) is a strip of land on an Airport, on which Aircraft can take off and land. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 An emergency landing is an unplanned Landing made by an Aircraft in response to a crisis which either interferes with the operation of the aircraft or involves S. Space Shuttle. NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States
Berbera has a number of Ottoman buildings scattered around the city, mementos of the Ottoman occupation. Ottoman architecture is the Architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Many of the buildings have never been entered and they have survived the bombings during the Siad Barre regime. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b
Notes
- ^ The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, ch. 8 [1]
- ^ I. M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002),p. 21
- ^ Abir, Mordechai (1968). Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769-1855). London: Longmans.
- ^ Abir, Era of the Princes, p. 17
- ^ Lewis, A Modern History, p. 36
- ^ Richard Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa, Preface
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