Benzoyl peroxide
IUPAC name	Dibenzoyldioxidane
Molecular formula	C14H10O4
Molar mass	242. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 23 g/mol
CAS number	[94-36-0]
Density	1. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 334 g/cm3
Solubility	Poor
Melting point	103–5 °C decomp. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid.
SMILES	c1ccccc1C(=O)OOC(=O)c2ccccc2
Hazards
EU classification	Explosive (E) Irritant (Xi)
EU Index	617-008-00-0
NFPA 704	4 1 4 OX
R-phrases	R2, R36, R43
S-phrases	(S2), S3/7, S14, S36/37/39
Autoignition temperature	80°C
RTECS number	DM8575000
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Tube of Basiron, a water-based 5% benzoyl peroxide preparation for the treatment of acne. Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The autoignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is a Skin disease caused by changes in the Pilosebaceous units (skin structures consisting of a Hair follicle

A bleached fabric stain caused by contact with a benzoyl peroxide containing consumer product.

Benzoyl peroxide (pronounced /ˈbɛnzɔɪl pəˈrɒksaɪd/) is a chemical in the organic peroxide family. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Organic peroxides are Organic compounds containing the Peroxide Functional group (ROOR' It consists of two benzoyl groups (benzaldehyde with the H of aldehyde removed) joined by a peroxide group. Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO is a chemical compound consisting of a Benzene ring with an Aldehyde substituent A peroxide is a compound containing an Oxygen -oxygen single bond. Acceptable condensed structural formulae would include C₆H₅-COO-OOC-C₆H₅, PhCO-O-O-COPh, and (PhCO)₂O₂. The structural formula of a Chemical compound is a graphical representation of the molecular structure showing how the atoms are arranged It is often abbreviated Bz₂O₂.

Uses

Benzoyl peroxide is used as a radical initiator. In Chemistry, radical initiators are substances that can produce radical species under mild conditions and promote Radical polymerization reactions Homolytic cleavage of the weak oxygen-oxygen bond forms benzoyl free radicals which trigger further reactions. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell

Jack Breitbart of Revlon laboratories first developed benzoyl peroxide's use for treating acne in the 1920s. Revlon ( is an American Cosmetics company History Revlon was founded in the midst of the Great Depression, 1932, by Charles Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is a Skin disease caused by changes in the Pilosebaceous units (skin structures consisting of a Hair follicle ^[1] It is typically placed over the affected areas in gel or cream form, in concentrations of 2. 5% increasing through the usually effective 5% to up to 10%. Research suggests that 5 and 10% concentrations are not significantly more effective than 2. 5% and 2. 5% is usually better tolerated. ^[2][3] It commonly causes initial dryness and sometimes irritation, although skin tolerance usually occurs after a week or so. A small percentage of people are much more sensitive to it and liable to suffer burning, itching, peeling and possibly swelling^[4]. It is sensible to apply the lowest concentration and build up as appropriate. Once tolerance is achieved, increasing the quantity or concentration a second time and gaining tolerance at a higher level usually gives better subsequent acne clearance. Benzoyl peroxide works as a peeling agent, increasing skin turnover and clearing pores, thus reducing the bacterial count there as well as directly as an antibacterial.

Other common uses for benzoyl peroxide include dyeing hair, and as an active ingredient in teeth whitening systems. Hair coloring is a process used to color human Hair. It is used for a variety of purposes most commonly to return gray hair to its previous color to change hair color It is also used in the preparation of flour, and can be used as an initiator and catalyst for polyester thermoset resins (as an alternative to the much more hazardous methyl ethyl ketone peroxide). Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain Thermosetting plastics thermosets are Polymer materials that irreversibly cure form Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP is an Organic peroxide, a high explosive similar to Acetone peroxide.

Adverse effects

In a 1977 study using a human maximization test, 76% of subjects acquired a contact sensitation to benzoyl peroxide. Formulations of 5% and 10% were used. ^[5]

Safety

Pure benzoyl peroxide is highly flammable, explosive, toxic and a possible tumor promoter and may act as a mutagen^[6], and should be handled with care. In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA)

Diluted in an ointment, benzoyl peroxide is used as an acne treatment and the following precautions and claims pertain to this use. Attention should be paid to the safety directions provided when purchased.

In the United States, the typical concentration for benzoyl peroxide is 2. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 5% to 10% for both prescription and over the counter use in treatment for acne. A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained Over-the-counter (OTC drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to Prescription drugs The name "over-the-counter" Higher concentrations are used for hair bleach and teeth whitening. Benzoyl peroxide, like most peroxides, is a powerful bleaching agent. A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Contact with fabric (including clothing and bed linens) or hair can cause permanent color dampening almost immediately. Even secondary contact can cause bleaching. For example, contact with a towel that has been used to wash off benzoyl peroxide-containing hygiene products.

Benzoyl peroxide breaks down in contact with skin, producing benzoic acid and oxygen, neither of which are significantly toxic. Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest Aromatic Carboxylic acid ^[7]

Synthesis

Benzoyl peroxide is usually prepared by reacting sodium peroxide with benzoyl chloride to give benzoyl peroxide and sodium chloride. Sodium peroxide, Na2O2 is the normal product when sodium is burned Benzoyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride is a colourless fuming liquid C6H5COCl with an irritating odour For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a

2 PhCOCl + Na₂O₂ → (PhCO)₂O₂ + 2 NaCl

Decomposition

The half-life of benzoyl peroxide is one hour at 92°C. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page At 131°C, the half-life is one minute. ^[8]

References

External links

• International Chemical Safety Card 0225
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0052
• IARC Monograph "Benzoyl peroxide."
• Benzoyl Peroxide
• Information on Benzoyl Peroxide Application - Acne. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (or NIOSH) is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations iArc is internationally awarded Architects practice based in Seoul, South Korea, led by four partners Kerl Yoo AIA Insoo Park KIRA Jeongim Kim and org Daniel Kern's acne treatment regimen