Bust of Benvenuto Cellini on the Ponte Vecchio, Florence.

Benvenuto Cellini (November 3, 1500 – February 13, 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, painter, sculptor, soldier and musician of the Renaissance, who also wrote a famous autobiography. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A goldsmith is a Metalworker who specializes in working with Gold and other Precious metals usually in modern times to make Jewelry. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write"

Biography

Youth

Benvenuto Cellini was born in Florence, Italy, where his family had been landowners in the Val d'Ambra for three generations. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany His father, Giovanni Cellini, built and played musical instruments; he married Maria Lisabetta Granacci, and eighteen years elapsed before they had children. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. Benvenuto was the second child.

Giovanni initially wished Benvenuto to join him in instrument making, and endeavoured to thwart his inclination for metalwork. When he was fifteen, his father reluctantly agreed to apprentice him to a goldsmith, Antonio di Sandro, nicknamed Marcone. At the age of sixteen, Benvenuto had already attracted attention in Florence: after a fray with youthful companions, he escaped punishment by fleeing for six months to Siena, where he worked for a goldsmith named Fracastoro (unrelated to the Veronese polymath); from there he moved to Bologna, where he became a more accomplished flute-player and made progress as a goldsmith. Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Siena. A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its After visiting Pisa, and twice resettling in Florence (where he was visited by the sculptor Torrigiano), he decamped to Rome, age nineteen. Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. Pietro Torrigiano ( 24 November, 1472 - August 1522 was an Italian sculptor of the Florentine school. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2

Work in Rome

His first works in Rome were a silver casket, silver candlesticks, and a vase for the bishop of Salamanca, which won him the approval of Pope Clement VII. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen A candlestick, chamberstick, or single candelabrum is a holder for one or more Candles used for illumination rituals or decorative purposes The vase (ˈveɪs /ˈveɪz/ or/ˈvɑːz/ is an open container often used to hold cut Flowers It can be made from a number of materials including Ceramics and A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Geography The city lies on a mountain by the Tormes River which is crossed by a bridge 150 m long built on 26 arches fifteen of which are of Roman origin, while For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September Another celebrated work from Rome is the gold medallion of "Leda and the Swan" — the head and torso of Leda cut in hard stone — executed for the Gonfaloniere Gabbriello Cesarino, which is now in the Vienna museum. Leda and the Swan is a motif from Greek mythology, in which Zeus came to Leda in the form of a Swan. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the He also took up the flute again, and was appointed one of the pope's court musicians. In the attack upon Rome by Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Cellini's bravery proved of signal service to the pontiff; according to his own accounts, he himself shot Charles III dead and killed Philibert of Châlon, prince of Orange. Charles III of Bourbon-Montpensier Eighth Duke of Bourbon ( February 17 1490 &ndash May 6, 1527 in Rome) was Count of Montpensier Pontiff or Pontificate is a title of certain religious leaders now used principally to refer to leaders such as the Pope of the Catholic Church and of Philibert de Châlon ( 18 March 1502 - 3 August 1530) was the last Prince of Orange from the House of Châlon. (In reality, Orange did not die until the siege of Florence in 1530). The War of the League of Cognac (1526–30 was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily Spain and the Holy Roman Empire

His bravery led to a reconciliation with the Florentine magistrates, and he soon returned to his hometown. Here he devoted himself to crafting medals, the most famous of which are "Hercules and the Nemean Lion", in gold repoussé work, and "Atlas supporting the Sphere", in chased gold, the latter eventually falling into the possession of Francis I of France. Hercules is the Roman name for the Mythical Greek hero Heracles, son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmena. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 In Greek mythology, Atlas (Eng /'æt ləs/ Gk Ἄτλας was the primordial Titan who supported the heavens Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547

From Florence he went to the court of the duke of Mantua, and then again to Florence and to Rome, where he was employed not only in the working of jewelry, but also in the execution of dies for private medals and the papal mint. Mantua (Màntova in the local dialect of Lombard language Mantua is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones The Papal Mint is the pope's institute for the production of hard cash. Here in 1529 his brother Cecchino had killed a Corporal of the Roman Watch and in turn had been wounded by an arquebusier; Cecchino died of his wound; soon afterward Benvento killed his brother's killer — an act of blood revenge but not justice as Benvenuto admits his brother's killer had acted in self-defense and fled to Naples to shelter himself from the consequences of an affray with a notary, Ser Benedetto, whom he wounded. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Civil law notaries are trained Jurists who often receive the same training as advocating jurists &mdash those with a legal education who become litigators such as Barristers Through the influence of several cardinals he obtained a pardon; and Cellini found favor with the new pope, Paul III, notwithstanding a fresh homicide of a rival goldsmith Pompeo Of Milan which he had committed more by accident than by premeditated malice, during the interregnum three days after the death of Pope Clement VII in September 1534. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Pope Paul III ( February 29, 1468 &ndash November 10, 1549) born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope of the Roman An interregnum (plural interregna or interregnums) is a period of discontinuity of a government organization or social order He was saved from arrest only because of a safe-conduct by the Pope. This is the fourth killing Cellini boasts of in his Memoirs.

The plots of Pierluigi Farnese, a natural son of Paul III, led to Cellini's retreat from Rome to Florence and Venice, where he was restored with greater honour than before. Pier Luigi Farnese ( November 19, 1503 - September 10, 1547) was the first Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the At the age of 37, upon returning from a visit to the French court, he was imprisoned on a charge (apparently false) of having embezzled during the war the gems of the pope's tiara; he was confined in the Castel Sant'Angelo, escaped, was recaptured, and treated with great severity, and was in daily expectation of death on the scaffold. A tiara (from Persian تاره tara adopted in Latin as 'tiara' is a form of crown. For the town with the same name see Castel Sant'Angelo (RI The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering

At last, the intercession of Pierluigi's wife, and especially that of the Cardinal d'Este of Ferrara, secured Cellini's release (he gave d'Este a splended cup in gratitude). Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. For a while, he worked at the court of Francis I, at Fontainebleau and Paris; but he considered the duchesse d'Étampes to be set against him. Fontainebleau is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, duchesse d'Étampes (1508 &ndash 1580 Mistress of Francis I of France, was a daughter of Guillaume de Pisseleu a nobleman of Picardy Also, he refused to conciliate the king's favorites and could no longer silence them by the sword, as he had silenced his enemies in Rome. Thus, after about five years of sumptuous work but continual jealousy and violence, Cellini returned to Florence, where he continued as a goldsmith and became the rival of sculptor Baccio Bandinelli. Bartolommeo (or Baccio Bandinelli, actually Bartolommeo Brandini ( October 17, 1493 &ndash shortly before February 7, 1560)

The first collision between Cellini and Bandinelli had occurred several years before when Pope Clement VII commissioned Cellini to mint his coinage. For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Now, in an altercation before Duke Cosimo, Bandinelli accused Cellini of gross immorality, calling out to him Sta cheto, soddomitaccio! (Shut up, you filthy sodomite!). Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. In his autobiography Cellini recalls repelling rather than denying the charge, claiming to be unworthy of such a divine and royal diversion. Certainly his art, often celebratory of the young male form, is a testimonial to his appreciation of that beauty. Some of Cellini's homoerotic classical references

Death

During the war with Siena, Cellini was appointed to strengthen the defences of his native city, and, though rather shabbily treated by his ducal patrons, he continued to gain the admiration of his fellow-citizens by the magnificent works which he produced. He died in Florence in 1571 and was buried with great pomp in the church of the Annunziata. He had supported in Florence a widowed sister and her six daughters.

Personal relationships

Marriage

Cellini is known to have taken some of his female models as mistresses, having an illegitimate daughter with one of them while living in France. After briefly attempting a clerical career, in 1562, he married a servant, Piera Parigi, with whom he claimed he had five children, of which only a son and two daughters survived him.

Homosexuality

Homosexuality appears several times in Cellini's autobiography. For example in Book I he speaks of having frequented a youth named Luigi Pulci in Rome. Cellini describes him as handsome, virtuous and highly intelligent, but when the youth rejected his attentions in favour of someone else, he described him as a common hustler. In his sculpture, he produced two homoerotic sculptures for his own enjoyment. A sculpture of Apollo and Hyacinth clearly shows the erotic link between the god and the youth, and one of Narcissus portrays the sexual attractiveness of a handsome naked youth.

Cellini was officially charged or accused four times with sodomy:

• On 14 January 1523 at the age of 23 he was sentenced to pay 12 staia of flour for relations with a boy named Domenico di ser Giuliano da Ripa (perhaps thanks to his youth at the time he escaped with only a fine)^[1]
• While in Paris, a former model and lover brought charges against him of using her "after the Italian fashion. Sodomy (ˈsɒdəmi is a term used today predominantly in Law (derived from traditional Christian usage to describe the act of Anal intercourse, Oral intercourse " This is the only charge recounted in his autobiography, possibly because his confrontation with his accuser at court led to a dismissal of charges. ^[2]
• In Florence in 1548, Cellini was accused by a woman named Margherita, for having certain familiarities with her son, Vincenzo. The trial was not carried out and he went free on this occasion^[3]
• Finally, on 26 February 1556, his apprentice Fernando di Giovanni di Montepulciano, after being fired for an altercation, accused his mentor of having sodomised him many times^[4]This time the penalty was a hefty fifty golden scudi fine, and four years of prison, remitted to four years of house arrest thanks to the intercession of the Medicis^[5]

Works

Perseus with the Head of Medusa in the Loggia dei Lanzi gallery on the edge of the Piazza della Signoria in Florence; picture taken after the statue's cleaning and restoration. Piazza della Signoria is an L-shaped square in front of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, Italy. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany

Besides his works in gold and silver, Cellini executed sculptures of grander scale. The most distinguished of these is the bronze group of "Perseus holding the head of Medusa", a work (first suggested by Duke Cosimo I de Medici) now in the Loggia dei Lanzi at Florence, his attempt to surpass Michelangelo's David and Donatello's Judith and Holofernes. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Perseus, Perseos, or Perseas ( Greek: Περσεύς, Περσέως, Περσέας) the Legendary founder In Greek mythology, Medusa ( Greek: Μέδουσα (Médousa "guardian protectress" was a monstrous Chthonic female character gazing upon Cosimo I de' Medici (June 12 1519 &ndash April 21 1574 was Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574 reigning as the first Grand The Loggia dei Lanzi, also called the Loggia della Signoria, is a building on a corner of the Piazza della Signoria in Florence, Italy, Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible Donatello ( Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi; c 1386 &ndash December 13, 1466) was a famous early Renaissance Italian The Bronze sculpture Judith and Holofernes ( 1460) created by Donatello at the end of his career can be seen in the Hall of Lilies The casting of this work caused Cellini much trouble and anxiety, but it was hailed as a masterpiece as soon as it was completed. The original relief from the foot of the pedestal — Perseus and Andromeda — is in the Bargello, and replaced by a cast. Andromeda was a woman from Greek mythology who as divine punishment for her mother's bragging was chained to a rock as a sacrifice to a sea monster For the type of embroidery see Bargello (needlework. The Bargello, also known as the Bargello Palace or Palazzo del Popolo

By 1996, centuries of environmental pollution exposure had streaked and banded the statue. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in In December of that year it was removed from the Loggia and transferred to the Uffizi for cleaning and restoration. The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a It was a slow, years-long process, and the restored statue was not returned to its home until June of 2000.

Among his art works, many of which have perished, were a colossal Mars for a fountain at Fontainebleau and the bronzes of the doorway, coins for the Papal and Florentine states, a life-sized silver Jupiter, and a bronze bust of Bindo Altoviti. Mars was the Roman Warrior god, the son of Juno and Jupiter, husband of Bellona, and the lover of Venus. In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. The works of decorative art are florid in style.

In addition to the bronze statue of Perseus and the medallions already referred to, the works of art in existence today are a medallion of Clement VII commemorating the peace between the Christian princes, 1530, with a bust of the pope on the reverse and a figure of Peace setting fire to a heap of arms in front of the temple of Janus, signed with the artist's name; a signed portrait medal of Francis I; a medal of Cardinal Pietro Bembo; and the celebrated gold, enamel and ivory salt-cellar (known as Saliera) made for Francis I at Vienna. For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September In Roman mythology, Janus (or Ianus was the god of Gates Doors doorways beginnings and endings Francis I may refer to Francis I Duke of Brittany (1414-1450 reigned 1442-1450 Francis I Duke of Lorraine (1517–1545 reigned Pietro Bembo ( May 20, 1470 - either 11 January or 18 January, 1547 was an Italian scholar poet literary theorist and This intricate 26-cm-high sculpture, of a value conservatively estimated at 58,000,000 schilling, was commissioned by Francis I. Its principal figures are a naked sea god and a woman sitting opposite each other with legs entwined, symbolically representing the planet Earth. "Saliera" was stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum on May 11, 2003 by a thief who climbed scaffolding and smashed windows to enter the museum. The Kunsthistorisches Museum ( English: "Museum of Art History" in Vienna, housed in its festive palatial building on Ringstraße, crowned Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The thief set off the alarms, but these were ignored as false, and the theft remained undiscovered until 8:20 AM. On January 21, 2006 the Saliera was recovered by the Austrian police and is supposed to be returned to the Kunsthistorisches Museum in the coming days. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

One of the most important works by Cellini from late in his career was a life-size nude crucifix carved from marble. Although originally intended to be placed over his tomb, this crucifix was sold to the Medici family who gave it to Spain. Today the crucifix is in the Escorial Monastery near Madrid, where it has usually been displayed in an altered form--the monastery added a loincloth and a crown of thorns. El Escorial is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery royal palace museum and school For detailed information about this work, see the text by Juan López Gajate in the Further Reading section of this article.

Cellini, while employed at the papal mint at Rome during the papacy of Clement VII and later of Paul III, created the dies of several coins and medals, some of which still survive at this now defunct mint. He was also in the service of Alessandro de Medici, first duke of Florence, for whom he made in 1535 a forty-soldi piece with a bust of the duke on one side and standing figures of the saints Cosma and Damian on the other. This article is on the first Duke of Florence. For the Alessandro de' Medici who was Pope, see Pope Leo XI. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Some connoisseurs attribute to his hand several plaques, "Jupiter crushing the Giants", "Fight between Perseus and Phinaeus", a Dog, etc.

The important works which have perished include the uncompleted chalice intended for Clement VII; a gold cover for a prayer-book as a gift from Pope Paul III to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor — both described at length in his autobiography; large silver statues of Jupiter, Vulcan and Mars, wrought for Francis I during his sojourn in Paris; a bust of Julius Caesar; and a silver cup for the cardinal of Ferrara. A chalice (from Latin calix, cup borrowed from Greek kalyx, shell husk is a goblet intended to hold drink Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was In ancient Roman religion and Hellenic neopaganism, Vulcan is the god of beneficial and hindering fire including the fire of Volcanoes He is also The magnificent gold "button", or morse, made by Cellini for the cape of Clement VII, the competition for which is so graphically described in his autobiography, appears to have been sacrificed by Pope Pius VI, with many other priceless specimens of the goldsmith's art, in furnishing the 30,000,000 francs demanded by Napoleon at the conclusion of the campaign against the States of the Church in 1797. Pope Pius VI (December 27 1717 &ndash August 29 1799 born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope from 1775 to 1799 was born at Cesena. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa According to the terms of the treaty, the pope was permitted to pay a third of that sum in plate and jewels. Fortunately there are in the print room of the British Museum three watercolour drawings of this splendid morse by F. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. Watercolor ( US) or Watercolour ( UK) (and "aquarelle" in French is a Painting method Bertoli, done at the instance of an Englishman named Talman in the first half of the 18th century. The obverse and reverse, as well as the rim, are drawn full size, and moreover the morse with the precious stones set therein, including a diamond then considered the second largest in the world, is fully described. Benvenuto's works are mentioned as "priceless" in Mark Twain's "The Prince and the Pauper. "

Cellini in literature and music

Cellini's Autobiography and other writings

Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini, Penguin Classics edition 1998.

Cellini's autobiographical memoirs, which he began writing in Florence in 1558, give a detailed account of his singular career, as well as his loves, hatreds, passions, and delights, written in an energetic, direct, and racy style. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" They show a great self-regard and self-assertion, sometimes running into extravagances which are impossible to credit. He even writes in a complacent way of how he contemplated his murders before carrying them out. He writes of his time in Paris:

Parts of his tale recount some extraordinary events and phenomena; such as his stories of conjuring up a legion of devils in the Colosseum, after one of his not innumerous mistresses had been spirited away from him by her mother; of the marvelous halo of light which he found surrounding his head at dawn and twilight after his Roman imprisonment, and his supernatural visions and angelic protection during that adversity; and of his being poisoned on two separate occasions. The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio Here, the veracity of his account may be questioned, but it is not possible to know with certainty the final truth of these matters.

The autobiography has been translated into English by Thomas Roscoe, by John Addington Symonds, and by A. John Addington Symonds ( October 5 1840 - April 19, 1893) was an English poet and literary critic Macdonald. It has been considered and published as a classic, and commonly regarded as one of the most colourful autobiographies (certainly the most important autobiography from the Renaissance). ^[7] Cellini also wrote treatises on the goldsmith's art, on sculpture, and on design.

Cellini in the works of others

The life of Cellini also inspired the French historical novelist Alexandre Dumas, père. An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author His Ascanio is based on Cellini's years in France, centered on Asciano, an apprentice of Cellini. Dumas' trademark plot twists and intrigues feature in the novel, in this case involving Cellini, the duchesse d'Etampes, and other members of the court. Cellini is portrayed as a passionate and troubled man, plagued by the inconsistencies of life under the "patronage" of a false and somewhat cynical court.

Cellini was also the subject of an eponymous opera by Hector Berlioz and a Broadway musical, The Firebrand of Florence, by Ira Gershwin and Kurt Weill, which featured Lotte Lenya (Mrs. Benvenuto Cellini is an Opera in two acts with music by Hector Berlioz and Libretto by Léon de Wailly and Auguste Barbier Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. Ira Gershwin ( 6 December 1896 &ndash 17 August 1983) was an American Lyricist who collaborated with his younger WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Kurt Julian Weill ( March 2, 1900 &ndash April 3, Lotte Lenya ( October 18, 1898 &ndash November 27, 1981) was an Austrian Singer and Actress. Weill) as one of the sculptor's royal conquests. The show only ran for a month on Broadway, although some of its songs are periodically revived. It marked the last major collaboration between Weill and Gershwin, who are best known for Lady in the Dark (1941). [1]

Cellini's autobiography is one of the books Tom Sawyer mentions as inspiration while freeing Jim in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Tom Sawyer (fictional character 'born' circa 1833 is the protagonist and title character of the Mark Twain novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (often shortened to Huck Finn) is a novel written by American Humorist Mark Twain.

In "Rappaccini's Daughter" by Nathaniel Hawthorne, an antidote to poison is presented in a vase "wrought by the hands of Benvenuto Cellini. "Rappaccini's Daughter" is a Short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1844 and collected in Mosses from an Old Manse Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer "

Herman Melville compares Ahab, at the captain's first appearance, to a sculpture of Cellini. Herman Melville (August 1 1819 &ndash September 28 1891 was an American novelist Short story writer Essayist and poet From Moby-Dick chap. Moby-Dick is an 1851 Novel by Herman Melville. The story tells the adventures of the wandering sailor Ishmael and his voyage on the whaleship 28; "His whole high, broad form, seemed made of solid bronze, and shaped in an unalterable mould, like Cellini's cast Perseus. "

Notes

In Les Misérables in Marius' chapter "There are Benvenuto Cellinis in the galleys, even as there are Villons in language. "

Les Misérables by Victor Hugo

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The New International Encyclopedia was an English -language encyclopedia first published in the early 1900s The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

Further reading

• López Gajate, Juan. El Cristo Blanco de Cellini. San Lorenzo del Escorial: Escurialenses, 1995.
• Pope-Hennessy, John Wyndham. Cellini. New York: Abbeville Press, 1985.
• Parker, Derek: Cellini. London, Sutton, 2004.

Angela Biancofiore, Benvenuto Cellini artiste-écrivain: l'homme à l'oeuvre, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1998==External links==

• Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini, Symonds translation, available at Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
• Homoerotic works in the Androphile image collection
• Free to read on a cell phone - Autobiography of Cellini.

More images of the restored Perseus:

• Reverse angle (400k) from Pbase
• Works by Benvenuto Cellini at Project Gutenberg
• More images