| Beno Gutenberg | |
 Beno Gutenberg
|
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| Born | June 4, 1889 Darmstadt |
|---|---|
| Died | January 25, 1960 |
| Nationality | Germany |
| Fields | seismology |
| Institutions | California Institute of Technology |
| Alma mater | University of Göttingen |
| Doctoral advisor | Emil Wiechert |
Beno Gutenberg (June 4, 1889 – January 25, 1960) was a German-born seismologist who made several important contributions to the science. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Emil Johann Wiechert ( 26 December 1861 &ndash 19 March 1928) was a German Geophysicist. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes He was a colleague of Charles Francis Richter at the California Institute of Technology and Richter's collaborator in developing the Richter magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake's magnitude. Charles Francis Richter ( April 26, 1900 &ndash September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist and physicist The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude M L scale assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer
Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany and obtained his Doctorate in Physics from University of Göttingen in 1911. Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year His advisor was Emil Wiechert. Emil Johann Wiechert ( 26 December 1861 &ndash 19 March 1928) was a German Geophysicist. Gutenberg held positions at the University of Strasbourg which he lost when Strasbourg became French in 1918. The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, founded in 1631 was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions with a total After some years where he had to sustain himself with managing his father's soap factory, he obtained in 1926 a junior professorship at University of Frankfurt-am-Main, which was badly paid. The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (also known as Frankfurt University) was founded in 1914 as a Citizens' University which means that while it was Although he was already in the Twenties one of the leading seismologists worldwide, and definitely the leading seismologist in Germany, he was then still dependent on the position in his father's factory. In 1928 the attempt to become the successor of his academic teacher Emil Wiechert in Göttingen failed. There are hints that Gutenbergs Jewish background might have played a role, because already in the Twenties there were strong antisemitic tendencies in German universities (see the article by Leon Knopoff linked below). Leon Knopoff (born 1925 is a Geophysicist and Musicologist. He received his education at Caltech, graduating in 1949 with a PhD in physics and after holding For similar reasons he was also not accepted for a professorship in Potsdam to become the successor of Gustav Angenheister. Also see Potsdam New York (in the USA For the Potsdam Conference see Potsdam Conference.
Since Gutenberg did not have any chance to sustain himself solely from his scientific work in Germany, he accepted a position as Professor of Geophysics at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) in Pasadena in 1930. The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena Had he obtained a full professorship in Germany, he would have lost it in 1933 anyway, like so many other scientists of jewish ancestry, many of whom emigrated to the United States. Gutenberg, especially in his collaboration with Charles Francis Richter, made CalTech the leading seismological institute worldwide. Charles Francis Richter ( April 26, 1900 &ndash September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist and physicist
Collaborating with Richter, Gutenberg developed a relationship between seismic magnitude and energy, represented in the equation
.
This gives the energy E(s) given from earthquakes from seismic waves in ergs. An erg is the unit of Energy and Mechanical work in the centimetre-gram-second (CGS system of units symbol "erg" Another famous result known as Gutenberg-Richter law provides probability distribution of earthquakes for given energy. In Seismology, the Gutenberg–Richter law expresses the relationship between the magnitude and total number of Earthquakes in any given region and time In Probability theory and Statistics, a probability distribution identifies either the probability of each value of an unidentified Random variable An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός
He also worked on determining the depth of the core-mantle boundary as well as other properties of the interior of the earth. The interior of Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided into layers
Bibliography
- Gutenberg (1960), “Low-Velocity Layers in the Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere.”, Science 131 (3405): 959-965, 1960 Apr 1, PMID:17756389, doi:10.1126/science.131.3405.959, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17756389>
- Buwalda & Gutenberg (1935), “INVESTIGATION OF OVERTHRUST FAULTS BY SEISMIC METHODS.”, Science 81 (2103): 384-386, 1935 Apr 19, PMID:17769434, doi:10.1126/science.81.2103.384, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17769434>
External links
- Biography at the American Geophysical Union website
- Leon Knopoff on Gutenberg, National Academy of Science
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