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This article is about the elder Benjamin Henry Latrobe. For his son, see Benjamin Henry Latrobe, II. Benjamin Henry Latrobe II ( December 19 1806 &ndash October 19 1878) was an American Civil engineer, best known for his
Benjamin Henry Latrobe, c. 1800
Benjamin Henry Latrobe, c. 1800

Benjamin Henry Boneval Latrobe (May 1, 1764 - September 3, 1820) was a British-born American architect best known for his design of the United States Capitol, as well as his design of Baltimore's cathedral. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1764 ( MDCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, also called Baltimore Basilica or Baltimore Cathedral, was the first Roman Catholic [1] Latrobe came to the United States in 1796, settling first in Virginia and then relocating to Philadelphia where he set up his practice. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə In 1803, he was hired as Surveyor of the Public Buildings of the United States, and spent much of the next fourteen years working on projects in Washington, D.C. Later in his life, Latrobe worked on a waterworks project in New Orleans, where he ended up dying in 1820 from yellow fever. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease He has been called the "Father of American Architecture".

Contents

Biography

Early life

Benjamin Henry Latrobe was born in 1764 at the Fulneck Moravian Settlement, near Pudsey in West Yorkshire, England, to Reverend Benjamin Latrobe and Anna Margaretta Antes. Pudsey is a Market town and Suburb of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England, between Bradford and Leeds West Yorkshire is a Metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Reverend is a style used as a Prefix to the names of many Christian Clergy and ministers It is correctly called a style rather [2] His mother was born in Pennsylvania, where her father (Henry Antes) was a wealthy landowner who had an interest in Moravian missionaries. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern This page is about the Moravian Church globally For information about the church in a particular geographic area use the links at Organisation below [3] Margaretta was sent to England, where she attended school at Fulneck. [4] Latrobe's father was responsible for all Moravian schools and establishments in Britain, and had an extensive circle of friends in the higher ranks of society. [3] His mother inspired curiosity and interest in America, and from his father, Latrobe saw the importance of education and scholarship and the value of social exchange. [5]

In 1776, at the age of 12, Latrobe was sent away to the Moravian School, a seminary, at Niesky in Silesia on the borders of Saxony and Poland. A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [6] In 1785, at age 18, Latrobe spent several months traveling in Germany, and then he joined the Prussian army. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state [7] While serving in the army, he became close friends with a distinguished officer in the army of the United States. [7] Latrobe was severely injured while serving in the army, and thereafter he left the army. [7] After recovering from his injuries, he embarked on a continental Grand Tour, visiting eastern Saxony, Paris, Italy, and other places. The Grand Tour was the traditional travel of Europe undertaken by mainly upper-class European young men of means The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest [8] Through his education and travels, Latrobe was fluent in not only English, but also mastered German, French, Greek, and Latin, and knew Italian and Spanish at advanced levels. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. [9]

When he returned to England in 1784, he entered apprenticeship to John Smeaton the engineer (of Eddystone Lighthouse fame). This article is about the 18th century civil engineer For the baggage handler involved in the 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack, see John Smeaton (baggage Eddystone Lighthouse is on the treacherous Eddystone Rocks, 9 Statute miles (14 kilometres south west of Rame Head, United Kingdom [8] Then in 1787 (or 1788), he entered apprenticeship with the eminent neoclassical architect S.P. Cockerell where he served for a brief time before leaving to practice the profession. Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo Samuel Pepys Cockerell (1754 - 1827 was an English Architect and an employee of the East India Company. [10] Latrobe supervised construction of a canal in Surrey, among other projects. Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. [11] In 1790, Latrobe was hired as Surveyor of the Public Offices in London, though also continued his private practice. [10] Latrobe was commissioned to design Hammerwood Park, near East Grinstead in Sussex, which was his first independent work in 1792. Hammerwood Park is a Country house near East Grinstead, Sussex, England at and Grade 1 listed of historical interest East Grinstead (archaically spelt Grimstead) is a town and Civil parish in the northeastern corner of Mid Sussex, West Sussex in England Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. [12] In 1793, he also designed Ashdown House which was built nearby. [13]

In 1790, Latrobe married Lydie Sellon and had two children before she died in 1793. [10] Lydia had inherited her father's wealth, which in turn was to be left to the children. [14] The money was to be paid through a trust with the children's uncles who ended up never giving the inheritance to the children. [14] In 1795, after bankruptcy, his wife's death, and losing custody of his child, he emigrated to America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the After a four month journey, Latrobe arrived in Norfolk, Virginia on March 20, 1796. Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year [15]

United States

An engraving (circa 1807) by George E. Blake of one of Latrobe's Water Works buildings in Centre Square.
An engraving (circa 1807) by George E. Blake of one of Latrobe's Water Works buildings in Centre Square. George E Blake (1775 – February 20 1871) was an American music engraver and publisher.

Latrobe remained in Virginia, spending time in Norfolk and Richmond, Virginia, until November 1798 when he moved to Philadelphia. This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə [15] In Virginia, Latrobe became friends with Bushrod Washington, Edmund Randolph, and other notable figures. Bushrod Washington ( June 5, 1762 &ndash November 26, 1829) was a U Edmund Jenings Randolph ( August 10, 1753 September 12, 1813) was an American attorney, Governor of Virginia [16] One of Latrobe's first works in the United States was the State Penitentiary in Richmond, which was built in 1797/98. The penitentiary included many innovative ideas in penal reform, espoused by Thomas Jefferson and other figures, including cells arranged in a semicircle that allowed for easy surveillance, as well as improved living conditions for sanitation and ventilation. Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside Prisons aiming at a more effective Penal system. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Surveillance is the monitoring of Behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people objects or processes within systems for conformity Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health [17] Latrobe also pioneered the use of solitary confinement in the Richmond penitentiary. [18] Latrobe also worked on the Green Spring mansion near Williamsburg, which had been built by Governor Sir William Berkeley in the 1600s, but was in disrepair after the American Revolutionary War. Green Spring Plantation in James City County about five miles (8 km west of Williamsburg, was the 17th century plantation of one of Colonial Virginia's Williamsburg is a city located on the Virginia Peninsula in the Hampton Roads region in southeastern Virginia Sir William Berkeley (pronounced "bark-lee" ( Hanworth Manor, Middlesex 1605–Berkeley House Mayfair, London July 9, In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" [19]

Bank of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
Bank of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Latrobe was visiting Philadelphia in March 1798, when he met the Bank of Pennsylvania president, Samuel L. Fox and suggested a design for a new bank building. [20] Months later, Latrobe was commissioned to design the Bank of Pennsylvania (1799-1801), which was the first example of Greek Revival architecture in the United States. The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries predominantly in northern Europe and the United States [21] The Bank of Pennsylvania building was since demolished in 1870. [21] This commission is what convinced him to set up his practice in Philadelphia, where he developed his reputation. [22] Latrobe was also hired to design the Fairmount Water Works in Philadelphia. The Fairmount Water Works in Philadelphia Pennsylvania was the first Municipal Waterworks in the United States The Pump House, located at Center Square, was designed by Latrobe in a Greek Revival style. [23] Latrobe complained in jest that after building the Philadelphia Waterworks and the Bank of Pennsylvania that the whole town copied him; his influence on public architecture endured. As a young architect, Robert Mills worked as an assistant with Latrobe from 1803 until 1808 when he set up his own practice. Robert Mills ( August 12 1781 – March 3, 1855) is sometimes called the first native born American to become a professional [24]

In addition to Greek Revival designs, Latrobe also used Gothic Revival designs in many of his works, including the 1799 design of Sedgeley, a country mansion in Philadelphia. The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began [25] The Gothic Revival style in Latrobe's design of the Philadelphia Bank building, which was built in 1807 and demolished in 1836. [26]

While in Philadelphia, Latrobe married Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst in 1800. [21]

Influences

In his travels around Europe and the United States Latrobe collected ideas and developed urban planning principles regarding how American cities should be designed and their location. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Public health was a key consideration of Latrobe. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations [27] Due to the way the wind blows, he believed that the eastern shores of rivers were unhealthy and recommended cities be built on the western shores of rivers. Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there [27] He also suggested city blocks be laid out as thin rectangles, with the long side of the blocks oriented east-west so that as many houses as possible could be facing in the southerly direction. A city block, urban block or simply block is a central element of Urban planning and Urban design. [27] For a city to succeed, he thought it needed to be established only in places with good prospects for commerce and industrial growth, and with a good water supply. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" [27] Latrobe favored Classical or Vitruvian designs, over Baroque designs. The term Classical architecture has a specific Archaeological meaning relating to the architecture of Classical Greece The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned Drawing with accompanying notes created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487 as recorded in one of his journals Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical [27]

Washington, D. C.

In the United States, he soon achieved eminence as the first professional architect working in the country. [1] In 1803, Latrobe was hired as Surveyor of the Public Buildings of the United States, and in 1804 became chief engineer in the United States Navy. Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space Position of points and the distances and angles between [28] Latrobe's major work was overseeing construction of the United States Capitol, but he also was responsible for numerous other projects in Washington.

Latrobe was a friend of Thomas Jefferson and likely influenced Jefferson's design for the University of Virginia; he was Aaron Burr's preferred architect. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence The University of Virginia (also called UVa, UVA, Mr Jefferson's University, or The University) is a highly selective public research This article discusses Aaron Burr (1756-1836 the US politician He knew many of the principal people of his time, both illustrious - like presidents Jefferson and James Monroe - and - ill-famed - like New Orleans architect/pirate Barthelemy Lafon. James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Barthelemy Lafon (1769 &ndash 29 September 1820) was a notable Architect, Engineer, City planner and surveyor in Latrobe's illustrated journals from his wide travels are a record of the young United States. Latrobe trained William Strickland in the art of architecture as there were no formal architecture schools in the United States at that time. William Strickland ( Navesink New Jersey, November 1788 - Nashville Tennessee, April 6 1854) was a noted architect in nineteenth-century [1]

Works

As chief surveyor, Latrobe was also responsible for the Washington Canal. Washington Canal may refer to Washington Canal (New Jersey, a waterway connecting the South River with the Raritan River Tiber Creek, [29] Latrobe faced bureaucratic hurdles in moving forward with the canal, with the Directors of the Company rejecting his request for stone locks. Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government A lock is a device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal Waterways. [30] Instead, the canal was built with wooden locks which were subsequently destroyed in a heavy storm in 1811. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways [30] Latrobe also designed the main gate of the Washington Navy Yard. The Washington Navy Yard is the former Shipyard and ordnance plant of the United States Navy in Washington D [31]

Latrobe was involved in other transportation issues, aside from Washington Canal. He was consulted on construction of the Washington Bridge across the Potomac River in a way that would not impede navigation and commerce to Georgetown. The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid- Atlantic coast of the United States. Georgetown is a Neighborhood located in the Northwest quadrant of Washington D [32] Road projects included building the Washington & Alexandria Turnpike which connected Washington with Alexandria, as well as a road connecting with Frederick, Maryland, and a third road, the Columbia Turnpike going through Bladensburg to Baltimore. Alexandria is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Frederick is the County seat of Frederick County Maryland, United States. Bladensburg is a town in Prince George's County Maryland, United States. [33]

Benjamin Latrobe was responsible for several projects, located around Lafayette Square, including St. John's Episcopal Church, Decatur House, and the White House porticos. President's Park, located in Washington DC, United States, includes the White House a visitor center Lafayette Park, and The Ellipse St John's Episcopal Church Lafayette Square, is an historic Episcopal church located at 16th and H Streets NW in Washington D Decatur House is one of the oldest surviving homes in Washington D See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence [34] Private homes designed by Latrobe include commissions by John P. Van Ness and Peter Casanove. John Peter Van Ness (1770 - March 7, 1846) was a United States Representative from New York. [35]

United States Capitol

Latrobe's Capitol when first occupied by Congress, 1800
Latrobe's Capitol when first occupied by Congress, 1800

Latrobe was hired in 1803 as superintendent of construction, to work on the United States Capitol, with plans designed by William Thornton and construction work already underway. Dr William Thornton ( May 20, 1759 - March 28, 1828) was an American physician inventor painter and Architect who designed [36] Latrobe criticized the work done up to that point, and characterized it as "faulty construction" in an 1803 letter to Vice President Aaron Burr. This article discusses Aaron Burr (1756-1836 the US politician [37] Nonetheless, President Thomas Jefferson insisted that Latrobe follow Thornton's design for the Capitol. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence [38]

Through much of Latrobe's time in Washington, he remained involved to some extent with his private practice and other projects in Philadelphia and elsewhere. [39] His clerk of works, John Lenthal, often urged Latrobe to spend more time in Washington. [39]

In June 1812, construction in the capital came to a halt with the outbreak of war and the failure of the First Bank of the United States. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The First Bank of the United States was a Bank chartered by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. [40] During the war, Latrobe relocated to Pittsburgh. Latrobe returned to Washington in 1815, as Architect of the Capitol, charged with responsibility of rebuilding the Capitol after it was destroyed in the war. The Architect of the Capitol ( AOC) is the agency responsible for the maintenance operation development and preservation of the United States Capitol Complex Latrobe was given more freedom in rebuilding the Capitol, to apply his own design elements for the interior. [38]

By 1817, Latrobe had provided President James Monroe with complete drawings for the entire building. James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 [41] He resigned as Architect of the Capitol on November 20, 1817. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [42] Without this major commission, Latrobe faced difficulties and was forced into bankruptcy. Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against Latrobe left Washington, for Baltimore in January 1818. [42]

Criticisms

Latrobe left Washington with pessimism, with the city's design contradicting many of his ideals. Latrobe disliked the Baroque-style plan for the city, and other aspects of L'Enfant's plan, and resented having to conform to Thornton's plans for the Capitol Building. [43] One of the greatest problems with the overall city plan, in the view of Latrobe, was its vast interior distances. [44] Latrobe considered the Washington Canal as a key factor that, if successful, could help alleviate this issue. [44] Latrobe also had concerns about the city's economic potential. [30] He argued for constructing a road connecting Washington with Frederick to the northwest to enhance economic commerce through Washington. Frederick is the County seat of Frederick County Maryland, United States. [30]

Later life

Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Baltimore

In the early 1800s, Latrobe was commissioned to build the first Roman Catholic Cathedral in the United States of America, by the U. The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, also called Baltimore Basilica or Baltimore Cathedral, was the first Roman Catholic S. A. 's first Roman Catholic Bishop, John Carroll. John Carroll, ( January 8 1735 &ndash December 3 1815) was the first Bishop and Archbishop in the United States Construction of the Baltimore Basilica was begun in 1806, and finally completed in 1821, after financial setbacks interrupted the building of the Cathedral for a number of years. The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, also called Baltimore Basilica or Baltimore Cathedral, was the first Roman Catholic

Other works

In 1814 Latrobe partnered with Robert Fulton in a steamship venture based at Pittsburgh. Robert Fulton ( November 14, 1765 &ndash February 24, 1815) was a U In 1811, the first Mississippi steamboat "New Orleans", built in Pittsburgh, had as passengers Latrobe's daughter, and her husband, the steamboat's builder, Nicholas Roosevelt, a great uncle of U. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Nicholas Isaac Roosevelt ( December 27, 1767, New York City - July 30, 1854, Skaneateles New York) was an American S. A. President Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T While in Pittsburgh, Latrobe designed and built a theatre for the Circus of Pepin and Breschard. The equestrian theatre company of Pépin and Breschard arrived in the United States of America from Madrid, Spain (where they had performed during the 1805 and 1806

As an engineer, he worked with his son (Henry Sellon Boneval Latrobe), for a scheme for steam powered pumps to help de-salt water for New Orleans, Louisiana. An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana

Death

Latrobe died in 1820 from yellow fever, while working in New Orleans on the waterworks project. Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana [45] He was buried in Saint Louis Cemetery in New Orleans, where his son, Henry, was buried three years earlier after also dying from yellow fever. Saint Louis Cemetery is the name of three Roman Catholic cemeteries in New Orleans Louisiana. [31]

Works

Latrobe's many architectural works include:

Benjamin Henry Latrobe translated numerous books and wrote the Ten Commandments and was the author of several books including:

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Roth, Leland M. (1993). Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning, First, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 117-8, 415. ISBN 0-06-430158-3.  
  2. ^ Latrobe (1905), p. VII
  3. ^ a b Hamlin (1955), p. 6
  4. ^ Hamlin (1955), p. 7
  5. ^ Hamlin (1955), p. 8
  6. ^ Formwalt, Lee W (1981). Benjamin Henry Latrobe & the Development of Internal Improvements in the New Republic, 1796-1820. ِAyer Publishing.  
  7. ^ a b c Latrobe (1905), p. X
  8. ^ a b Hamlin (1955), p. 16
  9. ^ Hamlin (1955), p. 17
  10. ^ a b c Latrobe (1905), p. XI
  11. ^ Frary (1969), p. 63
  12. ^ Benjamin Henry Latrobe. Hammerwood Park.
  13. ^ Colvin, H. M. Colvin (1954). A Biographical Dictionary of English Architects, 1660-1840. Harvard University Press, p. 357.  
  14. ^ a b Hamlin (1955), p. 30
  15. ^ a b Latrobe (1905), p. XIV
  16. ^ Latrobe (1905), p. XVII
  17. ^ Roth, Leland M. (1980). A Concise History of American Architecture. Westview Press, p. 67.  
  18. ^ Frary (1969), p. 64
  19. ^ Historic Jamestown, Green Spring Plantation. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-07-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death
  20. ^ Frary (1969), p. 64
  21. ^ a b c Biography from the American Architects and Buildings database. Philadelphia Architects and Buildings.
  22. ^ Tatum (1961}, p. 59
  23. ^ Tatum (1961}, p. 58
  24. ^ Tatum (1961), p. 64
  25. ^ Tatum (1961), p. 75
  26. ^ Tatum (1961), p. 76
  27. ^ a b c d e Carter (1972), p. 136
  28. ^ Carter (1972), p. 128
  29. ^ Carter (1972), p. 139
  30. ^ a b c d Carter (1972), p. 140
  31. ^ a b Latrobe, Jr. , John H. B. . Latrobe Family - Benjamin Henry Latrobe.
  32. ^ Formwalt (1980), p. 39
  33. ^ Formwalt (1972), p. 41
  34. ^ Public, Private and Service Spaces at Decatur House. Decatur House Museum.
  35. ^ Formwalt (1980), p. 38
  36. ^ Frary (1969), pp. 60-61
  37. ^ Latrobe (1905), p. 117
  38. ^ a b Dumbauld (1980), p. 75
  39. ^ a b Frary (1969), p. 69
  40. ^ Carter (1972), p. 141
  41. ^ Carter (1972), p. 142
  42. ^ a b Latrobe (1905), p. 150
  43. ^ Carter (1972), p. 149
  44. ^ a b Carter (1972), p. 143
  45. ^ Latrobe, Jr. John H. B. . Latrobe Family.
  46. ^ About Davidge Hall. University of Maryland.
  47. ^ Hamlin (1955), p. 16
  48. ^ Federal Writers' Project (1937). Washington, City and Capital: Federal Writers' Project. Works Progress Administration / United States Government Printing Office, p. The Government Printing Office (GPO is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. 126.  
  49. ^ http://oha.alexandriava.gov/oha-main/oha-natl-register.html#24
  50. ^ http://www.stpaulsepis.com/
  51. ^ Michael W. Fazio and Patrick A. Snadon (2006). The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. The Johns Hopkins University Press]], pp. 364–366.  
  52. ^ Michael W. Fazio and Patrick A. Snadon (2006). The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. The Johns Hopkins University Press]], pp. 368–370.  
  53. ^ Hamlin (1955), p. 21

References

External links

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