| Benito Pablo Juárez García | |
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| In office January 19, 1858 – July 18, 1872 |
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| Preceded by | Ignacio Comonfort |
| Succeeded by | Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada |
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| Born | March 21, 1806 San Pablo Guelatao, Oaxaca |
| Died | July 18, 1872 (aged 66) Mexico City, Federal District |
| Nationality | Mexican |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Margarita Maza |
Benito Pablo Juárez García (pronounced [benit̪o paβ̞lo xwaɾes gaɾsia]) (March 21, 1806 – July 18, 1872) was a Zapotec Amerindian who served five terms[1] (1858–1861 as interim), (1861–1865), (1865–1867), (1867–1871), and (1871–1872), as President of Mexico. The Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States (the official title in Spanish is Ciudadano Presidente Constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Ignacio Comonfort (1812 &ndash 1863 was a Mexican politician and military officer Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada y Corral ( Jalapa, Veracruz, April 24, 1823 &ndash April 21, 1889 in New York City Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common San Pablo Guelatao is a town in the Mexican state of Oaxaca and the seat of the municipality of Guelatao de Juárez, about 55 km north of the city of The Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), in Spanish phonemically /oa'xaka/ named for its largest city, is one of the Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Zapotecs are an indigenous people of Mexico. The population is concentrated in the southern state of Oaxaca, but Zapotec communities exist For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States (the official title in Spanish is Ciudadano Presidente Constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos For resisting the French occupation, overthrowing the Empire, and restoring the Republic, as well as his efforts to modernize the country, Juárez is often regarded as Mexico's greatest and most beloved leader. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. He was also the first Mexican leader who did not have a military background, and the first full-blooded indigenous national to serve as President of Mexico, and the first to lead a country in the Americas in more than 300 years. Mexico, in the second article of its Constitution, is defined as a "pluricultural" nation in recognition of the diverse ethnic groups that constitute it
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Early life
Juárez was born in the small village of San Pablo Guelatao, Oaxaca, located in the mountain range now known as the "Sierra Juárez. San Pablo Guelatao is a town in the Mexican state of Oaxaca and the seat of the municipality of Guelatao de Juárez, about 55 km north of the city of The Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), in Spanish phonemically /oa'xaka/ named for its largest city, is one of the The Sierra Juárez is a mountain range on the Baja California Peninsula, in northern Mexico. " His parents, Marcelino Juárez and Brígida García were peasants who died when he was three years old. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground He described his parents as "Amerindians of the hell hole race of the country. " He worked in the corn fields and as a shepherd until the age of 12. On December 17, 1818, he walked to the city of Oaxaca looking to educate himself and find a much better life. At the time he was illiterate and could not speak Spanish or French, only Zapotec.
In the city he had a sister who worked as a cook, and there he took a job as a domestic servant and eagerly made up for his lack of education. A lay Franciscan, Antonio Salanueva, was impressed with young Benito's intelligence and thirst for learning, and arranged for his placement at the city's seminary. He studied there but decided to pursue law rather than the priesthood. He graduated from the seminary in 1827 and went on to gain a degree in law.
Political career
Juárez became a lawyer in 1834 and a judge in 1842. He was governor of the state of Oaxaca from 1847 to 1853, at which time he went into exile because of his objections to the corrupt military dictatorship of Antonio López de Santa Anna. Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón ( February 21, 1794 &ndash June 21, 1876) often known as Santa He spent his exile in New Orleans, Louisiana, working in a cigar factory. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana A cigar is a tightly rolled bundle of dried and fermented Tobacco which is ignited so that its smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth In 1854 he helped draft the Plan of Ayutla as the basis for a liberal revolution in Mexico. The Plan of Ayutla was a plan aimed at removing Antonio López de Santa Anna as dictator of Mexico.
Faced with growing opposition, Santa Anna resigned in 1855 and Juárez returned to Mexico. The winning party, the liberales (liberals) formed a provisional government under General Juan Álvarez, inaugurating the period known as La Reforma. Juan N Álvarez Hurtado ( 27 January 1790 – 21 August 1867) was a general and interim President of Mexico for a La Reforma (The Reform was a period halfway through the 19th century in the History of Mexico that was characterized by liberal reforms and the transformation The Reform laws sponsored by the puro (pure) wing of the Liberal Party curtailed the power of the Catholic Church and the military, while trying to create a modern civil society and capitalist economy on the U. S. model. The Ley Juárez (Juarez's Law) of 1855, for example, abolished special clerical and military privileges, and declared all citizens equal before the law. All the efforts ended on the promulgation of the new federalist constitution. The 1857 Constitution was a liberal Constitution drafted in Mexico during the presidency of Ignacio Comonfort. Juárez became Chief Justice, under moderado (moderate) president Ignacio Comonfort. Ignacio Comonfort (1812 &ndash 1863 was a Mexican politician and military officer
The conservadores (conservatives) led by General Félix Zuloaga, with the backing of the military and the clergy, launched a revolt under the Plan of Tacubaya on December,17 1857. Félix María Zuloaga Trillo ( March 31 1803, Álamos Sonora &ndash February 11 1898, Mexico City) was a Mexican Comonfort didn't want to start a bloody civil war, so made an auto-coup d'état, dissolved the congress and appointed a new cabinet, in which the conservative party would have some influence, assuming in real terms the Tacubaya plan. Juárez, Ignacio Olvera and many other deputies and ministers were arrested. The rebels wanted the constitution revoked completely and another all-conservative government formed, so they launched another revolt on January,11 1858, proclaiming Zuloaga as president. Comonfort re-established the congress, freeing all the prisoners and resigned as president. Under the new constitution, the chief justice immediately became interim president until proper elections could be made. Juarez took office on late January 1858. Juarez then led the liberal side in the Mexican War of the Reform, first from Querétaro and later from Veracruz. The War of Reform was a Mexican Civil war fought from December 1857 to January 1861 Querétaro (former formal name Querétaro Arteaga) is a state in central Mexico. Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico. In 1859, Juárez took the radical step of declaring the confiscation of church properties. In spite of the conservatives' initial military advantage, the liberals, drew on support of regionalist forces. They had U. S. help under some terms of the controversial and never approved McLane-Ocampo treaty. This turned the tide in 1860; the liberals recaptured Mexico City in January 1861. Juárez was finally properly elected president in March for another four-year term, under the Constitution of 1852.
Faced with bankruptcy and a war-savaged economy, Juárez declared a moratorium on foreign debt payments. Spain, Great Britain, and France reacted with a joint seizure of the Veracruz customs house in December 1861. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain and Britain soon withdrew, but the French Emperor Napoleon III used the episode as a pretext to launch the French intervention in Mexico in 1862, with plans to establish a conservative regime. Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President The French intervention in Mexico, also known as the Maximilian Affair and The Franco-Mexican War, was an invasion of Mexico by the army of the The Mexicans won an initial victory over the French at Puebla in 1862, celebrated annually as Cinco de Mayo (May 5th). The Battle of Puebla took place on May 5, 1862 near the city of Puebla during the French intervention in Mexico. Cinco de Mayo (Spanish for "5th of May" is a Mexican national holiday that honors the Mexican victory over the French army at Puebla de Los Angeles in 1862 The holiday commemorates Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John The French advanced again in 1863, forcing Juárez and his elected government to retreat to the north, first to San Luis Potosi, then to the arid northern city of Paso del Norte, present day Ciudad Juárez,Chihuahua, and finally to the capital of the state, Chihuahua City where he set up his cabinet and government-in-exile. San Luis Potosí is the name of both a state in Mexico and that state's capital city Ciudad Juárez, also known as just Juárez, is a city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua formerly known as El Paso del Norte. Chihuahua is the name of both a state in Mexico and that state's capital city A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power and instead resides in a foreign There he would remain for the next two and one-half years. Meanwhile Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Maximilian I Emperor of Mexico (Emperador Maximiliano I de México (6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867 (born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was a member of Austria Before Juárez fled, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865, when his term expired, and last until 1867 when the last of Maximilian's forces were defeated.
In response to the French intervention and the elevation of Maximilian, Juarez sent General Plácido Vega y Daza to the U. General Plácido Vega Daza (1830–1878 was a native of El Fuerte, Sinaloa, Mexico. S. State of California to gather Mexican American sympathy for Mexico's plight. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. See also History of Mexican-Americans Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican ancestry Maximilian, who personally harbored liberal and Mexican nationalist sympathies, offered Juárez amnesty , and later the post of prime minister, but Juárez refused to accept either a government "imposed by foreigners", or a monarchy. A legitimate Mexican throne had existed long before him, founded by Emperor Augustine I after independence had been achieved in 1821, but was abolished only a year later, during a domestic crisis. With its own civil war over, Abraham Lincoln, who had great sympathy to the Juarista cause, invoked the Monroe Doctrine to give diplomatic recognition to Juárez' government and supply weapons and funding to the Republican forces. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which on December 2 1823 stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. When he could get no support in Congress, he supposedly had the Army "lose" some supplies (including rifles) "near" (across) the border with Mexico. He would not even meet with representatives of Maximilian. Maximilian I Emperor of Mexico (Emperador Maximiliano I de México (6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867 (born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was a member of Austria Gen. Philip Sheridan wrote in his journal about how he "misplaced" 30,000 muskets close to Mexico. Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War [2] Faced with this and a growing threat from Prussia, the French troops began pulling out of Mexico in late 1866. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Mexican conservatism was a spent force and was less than pleased with the liberal Maximilian. In 1867 the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated and Maximilian was sentenced to death by a military court. Despite national and international pleas for amnesty, Juárez refused to commute the sentence, and Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867. Execution by firing squad is a method of Capital punishment, particularly common in times of war Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting His body was returned to Europe for burial. His last words had been, 'Viva Mexico!'
Juárez was controversially re-elected President in 1867 and 1871, using the office of the presidency to ensure electoral success and suppressing revolts by opponents such as Porfirio Díaz. José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori was a Mexican politician ( September 15, 1830 – 2 July 1915) that would later become the president of Mexico Benito Juárez died of a heart attack in 1872 while working at his desk in the National Palace in Mexico City. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply The National Palace is the seat of the federal executive in Mexico. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico He was succeeded by Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, his foreign minister. Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada y Corral ( Jalapa, Veracruz, April 24, 1823 &ndash April 21, 1889 in New York City
Legacy
Today Benito Juarez is remembered as being a progressive reformer dedicated to democracy, equal rights for his nation's indigenous peoples, lessening the great power that the Roman Catholic Church then held over Mexican politics, and the defence of national sovereignty. The period of his leadership is known in Mexican history as La Reforma (the reform), and constituted a liberal political and social revolution with major institutional consequences: the expropriation of church lands, bringing the army under civilian control, liquidation of peasant communal land holdings, the separation of church and state in public affairs, and also led to the almost-complete disenfranchisement of bishops, priests, nuns and lay brothers. Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and Political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's
La Reforma represented the triumph of Mexico's liberal, federalist, anti-clerical, and pro-capitalist forces over the conservative, centralist, corporatist, and theocratic elements that sought to reconstitute a locally-run version of the old colonial system. It replaced a semi-feudal social system with a more market-driven one, but following Juárez's death, the lack of adequate democratic and institutional stability soon led to a return to levels of centralized autocracy and economic exploitation under the regime of Porfirio Díaz that surpassed anything from the colonial or conservative eras; a conservative government under liberal gowns. José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori was a Mexican politician ( September 15, 1830 – 2 July 1915) that would later become the president of Mexico The Porfiriato (Porfirist era), in turn, collapsed at the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. The Mexican Revolution (Revolución Mexicana was a major armed struggle that started with an uprising led by Francisco I
Quotations
Juárez's famous quotation continues to be well-remembered in Mexico: Entre los individuos, como entre las naciones, el respeto al derecho ajeno es la paz, meaning "Among individuals, as among nations, respect for the rights of others is peace. " It is inscribed on the coat of arms of Oaxaca.
When Maximilian proposed a meeting with Juarez and offered him the post of Prime Minister of the Empire, Juarez was fleeing with his wife and children from Maximilian's and French armies, and he replied to the Emperor's proposal as follows:
"You assure me that you have no doubt that if I accept this meeting, the peace and happiness of the Mexican nation will result from it, and that the Empire will reserve for me a distinguished position, seeking the help of my talents and patriotism. Certainly, sir, the history of our times registers the names of great traitors who have violated their oaths, their word and their promises; they have betrayed their own party, their principles, their ancestors and everything an honorable man holds sacred. Furthermore, in all these cases, the traitor has been guided by a vile ambition of power and a miserable desire to satisfy his own passions and even his own vices. However, the man currently in charge of the presidency of the Republic, a man that came out of the dark masses of the common people, will succumb - if such is the design of Providence - after fulfilling his duty until the end, in accordance with the trust of the nation over which he presides and having satisfied the requirements of his own conscience. I must conclude due to my lack of time, but I will add a last observation. It is given to men, sometimes, to attack the rights of others, to seize their goods, to threaten the lives of those who defend their nation, to make the highest virtues seem crimes, and to give their own vices the luster of true virtue. But there is one thing that cannot be influenced either by falsification or betrayal, namely the tremendous verdict of history. It is she who will judge us. "
Miscellaneous
- The anniversary of Juárez's birth (March 21) is a national holiday in Mexico (See: Fiestas Patrias (Mexico)). Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Fiestas Patrias (Patriotic Holidays in Mexico originated in the 19th century and are observed today as five public holidays.
- Juárez was given the title of "Benemérito de las Américas" ("the meritorious one of the Americas") by the government of the Republic of Colombia, on May 1, 1865. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Congress of Colombia proclaimed in such date: "The Congress of Colombia, in the name of the people it represents, and facing the unselfishness and the undeniable perseverance that Señor Benito Juárez, in his role of constitutional President of Mexico, has launched towards the defence of the independence and freedom of his homeland, proclaims that citizen Juárez has deserved the title of Asset of the Americas, and as a homage to such virtues, and as an example to the Colombian youth, has ruled that the portrait of this eminent statesman will be displayed at the National Library with the following script:
- Benito Juárez Mexican Citizen
The Congress of 1865 dedicates, in the name of the Colombian people, this homage attesting his fortitude in defending the freedom and independence of México. The Congress of the Republic of Colombia (Congreso de la República de Colombia is the name given to Colombia 's Bicameral national Legislature.
A Colombian citizen, Alejo Morales, supported the proclamation of Juarez in a letter to the Colombian Senate and Representatives, where he describes Juarez as follows:
- ". . . …Juárez is the upright statesman that makes a clear contrast with one too many traitors and betrayers; the man of good faith that chooses misery and death to shame, because the word "duty" is more flattering to him than the insignia of Great Marshall; he is the genius that will scare away, no question about it, the horrifying tempest that has blown so recently upon the New World; he is, gentlemen, Senators, the one that is being proposed that you honour through a decree. I would not believe there is a single Colombian Senator that would not want to hurry to support, through his vote, the consecration of such an act, than would honour more us than the immortal Juarez. "
- Benito Juárez Mexican Citizen
- Warner Brothers produced a biographical film about Juarez, simply titled Juarez in 1939, with Paul Muni portraying the leader. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Juarez is a 1939 film with Paul Muni, Brian Aherne, Bette Davis, and John Garfield about the conflict between Paul Muni ( September 22, 1895 – August 25, 1967) was an American Academy Award -winning and Tony Award -winning Bette Davis also appeared in the film, which featured a powerful musical score by Erich Wolfgang Korngold. Ruth Elizabeth "Bette" Davis (April 5 1908 – October 6 1989 was an American actress of Film, Television and Theatre. Erich Wolfgang Korngold ( May 29, 1897 &ndash November 29, 1957) was an Academy Award -winning 20th century Film and
- Juárez has also been played in motion pictures by Jason Robards, Sr. (1940), Fausto Tozzi (1965), Helmut Schellhardt (1988), and Luis Valdez (1994)
Things named for Juárez
- A great number of cities, towns, streets, institutions, and other things are named after Benito Juárez; see Juárez for a partial list. Jason Robards Sr ( December 31 1892 &mdash April 4 1963) was a stage and screen actor and the father of Oscar -winning Luis Valdez (born June 26, 1940) is an American Playwright, Writer and Film director.
Benito Mussolini was named after Benito Juarez.
Monuments to Juárez
There are monuments to Juárez not just in Mexico but in most countries in Latin America as well as the United States. Here are some examples:
- Mexico:
- Mexico City's Alameda Central
- Guanajuato
- Oaxaca
- Querétaro
- In addition there are schools named for him throughout Mexico and his face appears on postage stamps and on the Mexican 20 peso bill. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Guanajuato is the name of a state in Mexico and that state's capital city as well as a river in the area The Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), in Spanish phonemically /oa'xaka/ named for its largest city, is one of the Querétaro (former formal name Querétaro Arteaga) is a state in central Mexico.
- Colombia:
- There is a monument to Juárez on Carrera 11 and Calle 77, in the Chicó neighborhood.
- The United States:
- 6th Avenue in New York City's Bryant Park;
- Washington, D.C., Opposite the Watergate Building;
- The "Plaza de las Américas" on North Michigan Avenue in Chicago;
- Basin Street in New Orleans near where he had lived in exile during the 1850s;
- Pantoja Park, near the western end of W G St, San Diego, California;
- Additional tributes include an elementary school in Anaheim, California and San Diego, California named after Benito Juárez. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The City of New York Bryant Park is a 9603 acre (39000 m² privately-managed public Park located in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Watergate complex is an office-apartment-hotel complex built in 1967 in northwest Washington D Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Basin Street is a street in New Orleans Louisiana. It parallels Rampart Street one block lakeside or inland from the boundary of the French Quarter, New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana
- In Guatemala there are monuments to Juárez in Quetzaltenango and Guatemala City. Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest Quetzaltenango is the second most populous city of Guatemala, after Guatemala City. Guatemala City (in full La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción; locally known as Guatemala or Guate) is the Capital and largest city of the
- In New Delhi, the government of India named a major road as Benito Juarez Marg in his memory. New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. The road is home to many institutes of higher education.
See also
- History of Mexico
- ΦΙΑ – A U.S. university fraternity that takes Benito Juárez as one of its "Five Pillars" Of Fire
- Statues of the Liberators
References
- ^ México - Presidencia de la República
- ^ Mexico's Lincoln: The Ecstasy and Agony of Benito Juarez
External links
- Mexico's Lincoln: The Ecstasy and Agony of Benito Juarez
- Historical Text Archive: Juarez, Benito, on La Reforma
- Timeline
- Juarez Photos - Planeta.com
- Benito Juarez at Find-A-Grave
| Preceded by Ignacio Comonfort |
President of Mexico 1858–1872 |
Succeeded by Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada |
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