Bendery (Tighina)
Transfiguration Cathedral
Municipality of Bender (in red) in Moldova
Coordinates: 46°50′N 29°29′W / 46.833, -29.483
Country	Moldova
Autonomous Region	Transnistria
Founded	1408
Government
- Mayor	Vyacheslav Kogut
Area
- Total	97. The Transfiguration of Jesus is an event reported by the Synoptic Gospels in which Jesus is transfigured upon a mountain (,) Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Transnistria, also known as Trans-Dniester, Transdniestria, and Pridnestrovie (full name Pridnestrovian Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 29 km² (37. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 6 sq mi)
Population (2004)
- Total	97,027
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)

Bendery or Bender^[1], also known as Tighina is a city in Moldova. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Eastern European Time ( EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Although located on the right bank of the river Dniester, it is controlled by the authorities of the breakaway region of Transnistria. The Dniester (Дністер translit Dnister; Nistru is a river in Eastern Europe. Transnistria, also known as Trans-Dniester, Transdniestria, and Pridnestrovie (full name Pridnestrovian Together with its surrounding villages, the city forms a municipality, which is separate from Transnistria according to Moldovan laws. Bendery is located in the buffer zone established at the end of the War of Transnistria. In geography a buffer zone is any zonal area that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often but not necessarily countries) distant from one another The War of Transnistria involved armed clashes on a limited scale that broke out between Transnistrian Republican Guard militia and Cossack units supported by the While the Joint Control Commission has overriding powers, Transnistria has de facto administrative control and both Moldova and Transnistria have small police forces in the city. For the Joint Control Commission for Georgian-Ossetian Conflict Resolution, see that article

Name

First mentioned in 1408 as Тягянакача (Tyagyanakacha) in a document in Old Slavonic, the town was known in the Middle Ages as Tighina in Romanian/Moldavian sources and Bender in Turkish sources. Old East Slavic, also known as Old Russian (древнерусский or Old Ruthenian, was a vernacular literary language used from the 10th to the 14th centuries It was called Bender for the most part of the time the city belonged to the Ottoman (1538-1812) and Russian Empires (1812-1917), and as Tighina when it belonged to the Principality of Moldavia (before 1538), in the early part of the Russian Empire (1812-1828), and during the time the city belonged to Romania (1918-1940) as part of Bessarabia. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian During the Soviet period the city was known in the Moldavian SSR as Бендер (Bender) in Moldovan written then with the Cyrillic alphabet, and as Бендéры (Bendery) in Russian. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Moldovan: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ or Republica Sovietică Socialistă History and politics The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Russian alphabet and developed for the Romanian / Moldovan language Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages After gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Moldova kept the name "Bender" as the official name of the city. ^[1] However, the name "Tighina" is sometimes used as well. ^[2]. The breakaway authorities of Transnistria (which control the city since 1992) use the names Бендер/Bender, Бендéры/Bendery, and Бендéри/Bendery in Moldovan, Russian, and Ukrainian, respectively.

Population

Administration

Vyacheslav Kogut is the city's current mayor. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government

History

The fortress of Tighina.

A monument in Bendery including an Infantry fighting vehicle. An infantry fighting vehicle ( IFV, also known as (mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (MICV) is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle (AFV

The town was first mentioned as an important customs post in a commerce grant issued by the Moldavian voivode Alexander the Good to the merchants of Lviv on October 8, 1408. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians A voivode or waywode is a Slavic title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force Alexander the Good ( Alexandru cel Bun; Alexandru I Muşat) was a Voivode ( Prince) of Moldavia between 1400 and 1432 son Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses The name "Tighina" is found in documents from the second half of the 15th century. The town was the main Moldavian custom point on the commercial road linking the country to Tatar Crimea. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым ^[5] A fortress was built in the town around this period.

In 1538, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent conquered the town from Moldavia, and renamed it Bender. The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ( Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922 beginning with Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 Its fortress was re-built under the supervision of the Turkish architect Koji Mimar Sinan, and was renamed the Bender Fortress (cf. Koca Mi‘mār Sinān Āġā ( Ottoman Turkish: خوجه معمار سنان آغا ( April 15, 1489 - April 09, Turkish language: Bender, "gate"). Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Ottomans used it to keep the pressure on Moldavia.

In the 18th century, the fort's area was expanded and modernized by the prince of Moldavia Antioh Cantemir, who carried out these works under Ottoman supervision. Antioh Cantemir (d 1726 Golia Monastery) son of Constantin Cantemir and older brother of Dimitrie Cantemir (not to be confused with Antiokh Dmitrievich

In 1709, the fortress, the town, and the neighboring village Varniţa were the site of a couple skirmishes (kalabalik) between Charles XII of Sweden, who had taken refuge there with the Cossack Hetman Ivan Mazepa after their defeat in the Battle of Poltava, and Turks who wished to take the Swedish king hostage and exploit the political difficulties of central Europe. Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the Monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland, Ukraine and Grand Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa (Іван Степанович Мазепа historically spelled as Mazeppa; 20 March 1639 &mdash 2 October The Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa on 28 June 1709 ( 8 July, N ^[6]

During the second half of the 18th century, the fortress fell three times to the Russians during the Russo-Turkish Wars (in 1770, 1789, and finally in 1806 without a fight). Russo-Turkish War may refer to one of the following conflicts between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire: Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570 Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Along with Bessarabia, the city was annexed to the Russian Empire in 1812, and remained part of the Russian gubernia of Bessarabia until 1917. Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Guberniya (губе́рния) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of Imperial Russia, usually Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

As a part of Bessarabia, Tighina belonged to the Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917-1918), and Romania (1918-1940, 1941-1944). The Moldavian Democratic Republic (Republica Democratică Moldovenească was declared on December 16, 1917 by the National Council ( Sfatul Ţării Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Along with Bessarabia, the city was occupied by the Soviet Union on June 28, 1940, following an ultimatum. On June 26 1940, Romania received an Ultimatum from the Soviet Union, demanding the evacuation of the Romanian military and administration from The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the course of World War II, it was retaken by Romania in July 1941, and again by the USSR in August 1944. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In 1940-41, and 1941-1991 it was one of the four "republican cities" (i. e. not subordinated to a district) of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union. The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Moldovan: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ or Republica Sovietică Socialistă The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Since 1991, the city is part of the independent Republic of Moldova. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania

During the War of Transnistria (1992), because of the city's key strategic location on the right bank of Dniester river, 10 km from left-bank Tiraspol, it was the biggest of the three battlefields of that war. The War of Transnistria involved armed clashes on a limited scale that broke out between Transnistrian Republican Guard militia and Cossack units supported by the Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The Dniester (Дністер translit Dnister; Nistru is a river in Eastern Europe. Tiraspol (ti'raspol Russian and Ukrainian: Тирáсполь Moldavian Cyrillic: Тираспол is the second largest city in Moldova ^[7]

Since 1992, Bendery is formally in the demilitarized zone established at the end of the conflict, but is de facto controlled by Transnistrian authorities. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) For the Joint Control Commission for Georgian-Ossetian Conflict Resolution, see that article Moldovan authorities control the village of Varniţa, which fringes the city to the north. Varniţa is a commune in the Anenii Noi district, Moldova, located near Bendery (Tighina

Famous natives

Bender Railway Station

Famous people born in the city include:

• Two Ottoman Grand Viziers known as Benderli Pasha
• Lev Simonovich Berg, Jewish Soviet zoologist and geographer
• Tamara Buciuceanu, Romanian actress
• Emil Constantinescu, former President of Romania
• Iuliu Filippovitch Edlis, dramatist, writer
• Evgenii Konstantinovitch Fiodorov, Russian geophysicist
• Jerzy Neyman, Polish statistician
• Michael Postan, British economic historian
• Anna Pavlovna Tanskaia, singer
• Constantin Andronic, artist

References

External links

• City portal
• Map of the city
• Bender travel information