| Benazir Bhutto | |
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12th & 18th Prime Minister of Pakistan
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| In office October 19, 1993 – November 5, 1996 |
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| President | Wasim Sajjad Farooq Leghari |
| Preceded by | Moeen Qureshi |
| Succeeded by | Miraj Khalid |
| In office December 2, 1988 – August 6, 1990 |
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| President | Ghulam Ishaq Khan |
| Preceded by | Muhammad Khan Junejo |
| Succeeded by | Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi |
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| Born | June 21, 1953 Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan |
| Died | December 27, 2007 (aged 54) Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Political party | Pakistan Peoples Party |
| Spouse | Asif Ali Zardari |
| Children | Bilawal, Bakhtwar and Aseefa |
| Alma mater | Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, Radcliffe College, Harvard University |
| Religion | Shi'a Islam[1][2][3][4] Self-styled Sunni according to one source[4] |
| Website | benazirbhutto.co.uk |
Benazir Bhutto (Sindhi: بينظير ڀٽو, Urdu: بینظیر بھٹو, IPA: [beːnəziːɾ bɦʊʈːoː]) (June 21, 1953 – December 27, 2007) was a Pakistani politician who chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), a centre-left political party in Pakistan. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Wasim Sajjad (born 30 March 1941 was President of Pakistan on two occasions serving as interim President prior to elections Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari ( Urdu: سردار فاروق احمد خان لغاری) (born May 29 1940 was President of Pakistan from November 14 Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi, usually referred to as Moeen Qureshi, (born 1930 is a Pakistani economist and Political figure. Malik Meraj Khalid ( 20 September 1916 - 13 June 2003) the caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan from November 1996 till February 1997 Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) ( Urdu / Pashto: غلام اسحاق خان) ( January 20, 1915 – October 27 Muhammad Khan Junejo ( Urdu / Sindhi: محمد خان جونیجو) ( August 18, 1932 &ndash March 16, 1993) was the eleventh Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi ( Urdu: غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی) (born 14 August 1931) is a Pakistani politician and was Prime Minister Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ( Urdu: Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad, in the province The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP) (پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی is Centre-left Political party in Pakistan affiliated with Socialist Asif Ali Zardari ( Urdu, Sindhi: آصف علی زرداری) (born 26 July 1955 is the 12th and current President of Pakistan and the Co-Chairman Bilawal Bhutto Zardari ( بلاول بھٹو زرداری) (born 21 September 1988) is co-chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party, and the eldest Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Lady Margaret Hall is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England, located at the end of Norham Gardens Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge Massachusetts, and was the Coordinate college for Harvard University Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP) (پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی is Centre-left Political party in Pakistan affiliated with Socialist Political parties in Pakistan' lists political parties in Pakistan. Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state,[5] having twice been Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988–1990; 1993–1996). The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)
Bhutto was the eldest child of former prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a Pakistani of Sindhi descent (Arain) and Shia Muslim by faith, and Begum Nusrat Bhutto, a Pakistani of Iranian-Kurdish descent, similarly Shia Muslim by faith. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Urdu: ur '''ذوالفقار علی بھٹو''' Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bɦʊʈːoː Sindhis ( Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh in Pakistan. The Arain (آرائین are an agricultural caste settled mainly in the Punjab ( Pakistan and India) with significant numbers also in the Begum, Begüm or Baigum ( Turkish: Begüm, Persian: بیگم is a Turkic title given to female family members of a Begum Nusrat Bhutto ( Sindhi: بیگم نصرت ڀھٽو Urdu: بیگم نصرت بھٹو) (born September 21, 1929) is the Her paternal grandfather was Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, who came to Larkana District in Sindh before the independence from his native town of Bhatto Kalan, which is situated in the Indian state of Haryana. Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, CIE, OBE ( Sindhi:شھنواز ڀٽو ( Urdu: شاہ نواز بھٹو) was a politician of a Rajput Larkana or Larkano ( Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو Urdu: لاڑکانہ) is a district of Sindh province of Pakistan. Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Bhattu Kalan or Bhatto Kalan is a large village situated in present day Fatehabad District, near Sirsa city in the state of Haryana, India India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. [6][7]
Bhutto was sworn in as Prime Minister for the first time in 1988 at the age of 35, but was removed from office 20 months later under the order of then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan on grounds of alleged corruption. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) ( Urdu / Pashto: غلام اسحاق خان) ( January 20, 1915 – October 27 In 1993 she was re-elected but was again removed in 1996 on similar charges, this time by President Farooq Leghari. Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari ( Urdu: سردار فاروق احمد خان لغاری) (born May 29 1940 was President of Pakistan from November 14 She went into self-imposed exile in Dubai in 1998. Dubai (in دبيّ,) is one of the seven emirates and most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE
Bhutto returned to Pakistan on October 18, 2007, after reaching an understanding with President Pervez Musharraf by which she was granted amnesty and all corruption charges were withdrawn. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of She was assassinated on December 27, 2007, after departing a PPP rally in the Pakistani city of Rawalpindi, two weeks before the scheduled Pakistani general election of 2008 where she was a leading opposition candidate. The assassination of Benazir Bhutto occurred on December 27 2007 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ( Urdu: Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad, in the province A general election was held in Pakistan on February 18, 2008, after being postponed from 8 January 2008, the original date to elect
Education and personal life
Benazir Bhutto was born in Karachi, Dominion of Pakistan on June 21, 1953 to Begum Nusrat Ispahani and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of a prominent Shia Muslim family of Larkana. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million The Dominion of Pakistan was a federal entity that was established in 1947 as a result of the Partition of India into two sovereign dominions the Union Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Begum Nusrat Bhutto ( Sindhi: بیگم نصرت ڀھٽو Urdu: بیگم نصرت بھٹو) (born September 21, 1929) is the Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Urdu: ur '''ذوالفقار علی بھٹو''' Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bɦʊʈːoː She attended the Lady Jennings Nursery School and then the Convent of Jesus and Mary in Karachi. The Convent of Jesus and Mary, Karachi is an all girls school located in Karachi Pakistan. [8] After two years of schooling at the Rawalpindi Presentation Convent, she was sent to the Jesus and Mary Convent at Murree. The Convent of Jesus and Mary, Murree is a girls school located in Murree, Punjab, Pakistan. Murree city ( Urdu: مری) is a popular Hill station and a summer resort especially for the residents of Islamabad, and for the cities She passed her O-level examinations at the age of 15. The O-level (Ordinary Level is a subject-based qualification conferred as part of the General Certificate of Education (GCE [9] She then went on to complete her A-Levels at the Karachi Grammar School. The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in England, Northern Ireland and Wales, The Karachi Grammar School (KGS is a highly selective independent Co-educational, English Medium school in Karachi, Pakistan.
After completing her early education in Pakistan, she pursued her higher education in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the From 1969 to 1973 she attended Radcliffe College at Harvard University, where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree with cum laude honors comparative government. Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge Massachusetts, and was the Coordinate college for Harvard University Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an Academic degree was earned Comparative government or comparative politics is a method in political science for obtaining evidence of causal effects by comparing the varying Forms of government [10] She was also elected to Phi Beta Kappa. The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an academic Honor society with the mission of "fostering and recognizing excellence" in the Undergraduate Liberal arts [9] Bhutto would later call her time at Harvard "four of the happiest years of my life" and said it formed "the very basis of her belief in democracy". Later in 1995 as Prime Minister, she would arrange a gift from the Pakistani government to Harvard Law School. Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional Graduate schools of Harvard University. [11]
The next phase of her education took place in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Between 1973 and 1977 Bhutto studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, during which time she completed additional courses in International Law and Diplomacy. Philosophy Politics and Economics or Politics Philosophy and Economics (often abbreviated to PPE) is a popular Interdisciplinary degree which Lady Margaret Hall is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England, located at the end of Norham Gardens International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states [12] After LMH she attend St Catherine's College, Oxford[13] and in December 1976 she was elected president of the Oxford Union, becoming the first Asian woman to head the prestigious debating society. St Catherine's College, often called St Catz or simply Catz, is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England Status and membership The Oxford Union is an Unincorporated association, holding its property in trust in favour of its objectives and members and governed [9]
On December 18, 1987, she married Asif Ali Zardari in Karachi. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Asif Ali Zardari ( Urdu, Sindhi: آصف علی زرداری) (born 26 July 1955 is the 12th and current President of Pakistan and the Co-Chairman The couple had three children: Bilawal, Bakhtwar and Aseefa. Bilawal Bhutto Zardari ( بلاول بھٹو زرداری) (born 21 September 1988) is co-chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party, and the eldest
Family
Benazir Bhutto's father, former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was removed from office following a military coup in 1977 led by the then chief of army General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who imposed martial law but promised to hold elections within three months. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Urdu: ur '''ذوالفقار علی بھٹو''' Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bɦʊʈːoː The Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army (COAS is the highest post in the Pakistan Army. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice Nevertheless, instead of fulfilling the promise of holding general elections, General Zia charged Mr. Bhutto with conspiring to murder the father of dissident politician Ahmed Raza Kasuri. Ahmed Raza Kasuri is a former Pakistani politician and lawyer who was the intended vicitm in the murder case that led to the execution of Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Mr. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was sentenced to death by the martial law court.
Despite the accusation being "widely doubted by the public",[14] and many clemency appeals from foreign leaders, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged on April 4, 1979. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Appeals for clemency were dismissed by acting President General Zia. Benazir Bhutto and her mother were held in a "police camp" until the end of May, after the execution. [15]
In 1985, Benazir Bhutto's brother Shahnawaz was killed under suspicious circumstances in France. Shahnawaz Bhutto (1958 - 1985 was the son of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto ( President / Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971 to 1977 and Begum Nusrat Bhutto Later in 1996 the killing of her other brother, Mir Murtaza, contributed to destabilizing her second term as Prime Minister. Mir Murtaza Bhutto (September 18 1954 - September 20 1996 (مير مرتضی بھٹو was a Pakistani politician and left-wing Radical from the powerful
Prime Minister
Bhutto, who had returned to Pakistan after completing her studies, found herself placed under house arrest in the wake of her father's imprisonment and subsequent execution. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D In Justice and Law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or electronic monitoring) is a measure by which Having been allowed in 1984 to return to the United Kingdom, she became a leader in exile of the PPP, her father's party, though she was unable to make her political presence felt in Pakistan until after the death of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b She had succeeded her mother as leader of the PPP and the pro-democracy opposition to the Zia-ul-Haq regime.
On November 16, 1988, in the first open election in more than a decade, Bhutto's PPP won the largest bloc of seats in the National Assembly. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The National Assembly is the Lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. Bhutto was sworn in as Prime Minister of a coalition government on December 2, becoming at age 35 the youngest person—and the first woman—to head the government of a Muslim-majority state in modern times. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire In 1989, she was awarded the Prize For Freedom by the Liberal International. The Prize For Freedom is an an annual prize presented by the Liberal International since 1985. Liberal International is a Political international for liberal parties. Bhutto's accomplishments during this time were in initiatives for nationalist reform and modernization, that some conservatives characterized as Westernization. Bhutto's government was dismissed in 1990 following charges of corruption, for which she was never tried. Zia's protégé Nawaz Sharif came to power after the October 1990 elections. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan She served as leader of the opposition while Sharif served as Prime Minister for the next three years. Nisar Ali Khan of PML (N is the current opposition leader of National Assembly of Pakistan.
Elections were held again in October 1993 and her PPP coalition was victorious, returning Bhutto to office and allowing her to continue her reform initiatives. According to journalist Shyam Bhatia, Bhutto smuggled CDs containing uranium enrichment data to North Korea on a state visit that same year in return for data on missile technology. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, [16] In 1996, amidst various corruption scandals Bhutto was dismissed by then-president Farooq Leghari, who used the Eighth Amendment discretionary powers to dissolve the government. Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari ( Urdu: سردار فاروق احمد خان لغاری) (born May 29 1940 was President of Pakistan from November 14 The Supreme Court affirmed President Leghari's dismissal in a 6-1 ruling. [17] Criticism against Bhutto came from the Punjabi elites and powerful landlord families who opposed Bhutto. The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. She blamed this opposition for the destabilization of Pakistan. Irshad Manji judged her attempts to modernize Pakistan a failure. Irshad Manji (born 1968 is a Canadian Feminist, Author, journalist, activist and professor of leadership [18] Musharraf characterized Bhutto's terms as an "era of sham democracy" and others characterized her terms a period of corrupt, failed governments. [19]
Policies for women
During the election campaigns the Bhutto government voiced its concern for women's social and health issues, including the issue of discrimination against women. Bhutto announced plans to establish women's police stations, courts, and women's development banks. Despite these plans, Bhutto did not propose any legislation to improve welfare services for women. During her election campaigns, she promised to repeal controversial laws (such as Hudood and Zina ordinances) that curtail the rights of women in Pakistan, but the party did not fulfill these promises during her tenures as Prime Minister, due to immense pressure from the opposition. Hudud ( Arabic حدود also transliterated hadud, hudood; singular hadd, حد Bhutto was pro-life and spoke forcefully against abortion, most notably at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, where she accused the West of "seeking to impose adultery, abortion, intercourse education and other such matters on individuals, societies and religions which have their own social ethos. Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-life individuals generally believe that human life should be valued either from conception or Implantation An The United Nations coordinated an International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt from 5 - 13 September "[20]
After Bhutto's stints as Prime Minister, during General Musharraf's regime, her party did initiate legislation to repeal the Zina ordinance. These efforts were defeated by the right-wing religious parties that dominated the legislatures at the time.
Bhutto was an active and founding member of the Council of Women World Leaders, a network of current and former prime ministers and presidents. The Council of Women World Leaders was created at a 1996 summit meeting of 11 of the world's then-current and former Presidents and Prime ministers The first convening
Policy on Taliban
The Taliban took power in Kabul in September 1996. } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with It was during Bhutto's rule that the Taliban gained prominence in Afghanistan. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, [21] She, like many leaders at the time, viewed the Taliban as a group that could stabilize Afghanistan and enable trade access to the Central Asian republics, according to author Stephen Coll. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south [22] He claims that like the United States, her government provided military and financial support for the Taliban, even sending a small unit of the Pakistani army into Afghanistan.
More recently, she took an anti-Taliban stance, and condemned terrorist acts allegedly committed by the Taliban and their supporters.
Charges of corruption
French, Polish, Spanish, and Swiss documents have fueled the charges of corruption against Bhutto and her husband. They faced a number of legal proceedings, including a charge of laundering money through Swiss banks. Banking in Switzerland is characterized by stability privacy and protection of clients' assets and information Though never convicted, her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, spent eight years in prison on similar corruption charges. Asif Ali Zardari ( Urdu, Sindhi: آصف علی زرداری) (born 26 July 1955 is the 12th and current President of Pakistan and the Co-Chairman After being released on bail in 2004, Zardari suggested that his time in prison involved torture; human rights groups have supported his claim that his rights were violated. [23]
A 1998 New York Times investigative report[24] claims that Pakistani investigators have documents that uncover a network of bank accounts, all linked to the family's lawyer in Switzerland, with Asif Zardari as the principal shareholder. According to the article, documents released by the French authorities indicated that Zardari offered exclusive rights to Dassault, a French aircraft manufacturer, to replace the air force's fighter jets in exchange for a 5% commission to be paid to a Swiss corporation controlled by Zardari. Dassault Group, (GIMD Groupe Dassault or the Groupe Industriel Marcel Dassault S A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed The article also said a Dubai company received an exclusive license to import gold into Pakistan for which Asif Zardari received payments of more than $10 million into his Dubai-based Citibank accounts. Citibank is a major international Bank, founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later First National City Bank of New York. The owner of the company denied that he had made payments to Zardari and claims the documents were forged.
Bhutto maintained that the charges levelled against her and her husband were purely political. [25][26] An Auditor General of Pakistan (AGP) report supports Bhutto's claim. The Auditor General of Pakistan is a position established under the Constitution of Pakistan. It presents information suggesting that Benazir Bhutto was ousted from power in 1990 as a result of a witch hunt approved by then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan. The AGP report says Khan illegally paid legal advisers 28 million rupees to file 19 corruption cases against Bhutto and her husband in 1990-92. [27]
Yet the assets held by Bhutto and her husband continue to be scrutinized and speculated about. The prosecutors have alleged that their Swiss bank accounts contain £740 million. [28] Zardari also bought a neo-Tudor mansion and estate worth over £4 million in Surrey, England, UK. The Tudor style in architecture is the final development of medieval architecture during the Tudor period (1485&ndash1603 and even beyond for conservative college Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. [29][30] The Pakistani investigations have tied other overseas properties to Zardari's family. These include a $2. 5 million manor in Normandy owned by Zardari's parents, who had modest assets at the time of his marriage. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. [24] Bhutto denied holding substantive overseas assets.
Switzerland
On July 23, 1998, the Swiss Government handed over documents to the government of Pakistan which relate to corruption allegations against Benazir Bhutto and her husband. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) [31] The documents included a formal charge of money laundering by Swiss authorities against Zardari. Money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial Transactions in order to conceal the Identity, source and/or destination of Money, The Pakistani government had been conducting a wide-ranging inquiry to account for more than $13. 7 million frozen by Swiss authorities in 1997 that was allegedly stashed in banks by Bhutto and her husband. The Pakistani government recently filed criminal charges against Bhutto in an effort to track down an estimated $1. 5 billion she and her husband are alleged to have received in a variety of criminal enterprises. [32] The documents suggest that the money Zardari was alleged to have laundered was accessible to Benazir Bhutto and had been used to buy a diamond necklace for over $175,000. [33] The PPP has responded by flatly denying the charges, suggesting that Swiss authorities have been misled by false evidence provided by the Government of Pakistan.
On August 6, 2003, Swiss magistrates found Bhutto and her husband guilty of money laundering. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. [34] They were given six-month suspended jail terms, fined $50,000 each and were ordered to pay $11 million to the Pakistani government. The six-year trial concluded that Bhutto and Zardari deposited in Swiss accounts $10 million given to them by a Swiss company in exchange for a contract in Pakistan. The couple said they would appeal. The Pakistani investigators say Zardari opened a Citibank account in Geneva in 1995 through which they say he passed some $40 million of the $100 million he received in payoffs from foreign companies doing business in Pakistan. [35] In October 2007, Daniel Zappelli, chief prosecutor of the canton of Geneva, said he received the conclusions of a money laundering investigation against former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto on October 29, but it was unclear whether there would be any further legal action against her in Switzerland. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II [36]
Poland
The Polish Government has given Pakistan 500 pages of documentation relating to corruption allegations against Benazir Bhutto and her husband. These charges are in regard to the purchase of 8,000 tractors in a 1997 deal. [37][38] According to Pakistani officials, the Polish papers contain details of illegal commissions paid by the tractor company in return for agreeing to their contract. [39] It was alleged that the arrangement "skimmed" Rs 103 mn rupees ($2 million) in kickbacks. [40] "The documentary evidence received from Poland confirms the scheme of kickbacks laid out by Asif Zardari and Benazir Bhutto in the name of (the) launching of Awami tractor scheme", APP said. Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari allegedly received a 7. 15% commission on the purchase through their front men, Jens Schlegelmilch and Didier Plantin of Dargal S. A. , who received about $1. 969 million for supplying 5,900 Ursus tractors. URSUS Company was established in the years 1998-2003 as a sequence of restructuring and cooperation of PHZ "Bumar" Ltd [41]
France
Potentially the most lucrative deal alleged in the documents involved the effort by Dassault Aviation, a French military contractor. Dassault Aviation is a French aircraft manufacturer of military, regional and business jets, a subsidiary of French authorities indicated in 1998 that Bhutto's husband, Zardari, offered exclusive rights to Dassault to replace the air force’s fighter jets in exchange for a five percent commission to be paid to a corporation in Switzerland controlled by Zardari. [42]
At the time, French corruption laws forbade bribery of French officials but permitted payoffs to foreign officials, and even made the payoffs tax-deductible in France. A tax deduction or a tax-deductible expense affects a taxpayer's Income tax. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. However, France changed this law in 2000. [43]
Helicopter Scandal
In 1998-1999 An enquiry was conducted by the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of the Parliament to investigate the matter regarding the purchase of the helicopter. The case involves defrauding substantive sum of $2. 168 million and $1. 1 million public money. The record shows that the case was not pursued properly and diligently. FIR No 1 of 1998 was registered with Federal Investigation Agency State Bank Circle Rawalpindi on the complaint of Cabinet Division. Thorough investigation was conducted by the committee headed by Chaudhry Muhammad Barjees Tahir and two other members, namely Faridullah Jamali and Jamshaid Ali Shah. Ch Muhammad Barjees Tahir (born 20 April, 1949 in Sangla Hill) is a prominent national politician and a parliamentarian from Pakistan Muslim League During this investigation the committee Chairman Barjees Tahir summoned both the former President Farooq Leghari and former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto along with others, and they were investigated. The case received extensive media coverage both inside and outside Pakistan. The recommendations of the committee, obtained from the file, are as under:
6. 1: FIR may be lodged against (1) Malik Allah Yar Khan of Kalabagh (2) Zia Pervez Hussain (3) Dr M. A. Khan and criminal proceedings be instituted against them defrauding the government.
6. 2: The amount of $2. 168 million be recovered from Malik Allah Yar Khan, Zia Pervez Hussain and Dr M. A. Khan by attaching their properties etc in Pakistan or abroad for this purpose. FIA may be directed to take steps to recover this money through Interpol, if necessary. Any banker or foreign national involved in this fraud may also be taken to task by the Federal Investigation Agency. The Federal Investigation Agency (acronym FIA) (وفاقی ادارۂ تحقیقات of Pakistan is a national investigative agency with a wide role in anti-terrorism
6. 3: As Benazir Bhutto, she is clearly responsible for this loss to exchequer as major decisions in respect of this contract were taken with her approval or direction and passed on to Cabinet Division through former PS PM (Ahmad Sadiq). FIR may be registered against her for causing loss to state by misuse of her authority as PM, and criminal proceedings be initiated. Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated Criminal law.
6. 4: Farooq Leghari knows that his name has visibly come up in this case. Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari ( Urdu: سردار فاروق احمد خان لغاری) (born May 29 1940 was President of Pakistan from November 14 He has tried to plead innocent. It is unimaginable that those operating in this scandal could have easy access to the top bureaucrats like Cabinet Secretary, Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister and even to the Prime Minister herself without the backing and active support of the President. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. FIR against him must also be registered and criminal proceedings initiated. Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated Criminal law.
6. 5: As for the senior civil servants involved in the case, Ahmad Sadiq former PS PM, Humayun Faiz Rasul and Sahibzada Imtiaz former Cabinet Secretary, no action can be taken against them at this stage as they already stand retired/superannuated.
The case was further referred to the National Accountability Bureau in 2000-02 but no action was taken. The National Accountability Bureau is a Pakistani Government agency, dealing with corruption
Western Asia
In the largest single payment investigators have uncovered, a gold bullion dealer in Western Asia was alleged to have deposited at least $10 million into one of Zardari's accounts after the Bhutto government gave him a monopoly on gold imports that sustained Pakistan's jewellery industry. This article discusses buying gold as an investment. Gold price The usual benchmark for the price of gold is known as the London Gold Fixing, a twice-daily In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 The money was allegedly deposited into Zardari's Citibank account in Dubai. Citibank is a major international Bank, founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later First National City Bank of New York. Dubai (in دبيّ,) is one of the seven emirates and most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE Pakistan's Arabian Sea coast, stretching from Karachi to the border with Iran, has long been a gold smugglers' haven. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Until the beginning of Bhutto's second term, the trade, running into hundreds of millions of dollars a year, was unregulated, with slivers of gold called biscuits, and larger weights in bullion, carried on planes and boats that travel between the Persian Gulf and the largely unguarded Pakistani coast. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the
Shortly after Bhutto returned as prime minister in 1993, a Pakistani bullion trader in Dubai, Abdul Razzak Yaqub, proposed a deal: in return for the exclusive right to import gold, Razzak would help the government regularize the trade. In November 1994, Pakistan's Commerce Ministry wrote to Razzak informing him that he had been granted a license that made him, for at least the next two years, Pakistan's sole authorized gold importer. In an interview in his office in Dubai, Razzak acknowledged that he had used the license to import more than $500 million in gold into Pakistan, and that he had travelled to Islamabad several times to meet with Bhutto and Zardari. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type But he denied that there had been any corruption or secret deals. "I have not paid a single cent to Zardari," he said. Razzak claims that someone in Pakistan who wished to destroy his reputation had contrived to have his company wrongly identified as the depositor. "Somebody in the bank has cooperated with my enemies to make false documents," he said. [44][45][46][47]
Bhutto's niece and others have publicly accused Bhutto of complicity in the killing of her brother Murtaza Bhutto in 1996 by uniformed police officers while she was Prime Minister. [48]
Early 2000s in exile
In 2002, Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf amended Pakistan's constitution to ban prime ministers from serving more than two terms. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of This disqualified Bhutto from ever holding the office again. This move was widely considered to be a direct attack on former prime ministers Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan On August 3, 2003, Bhutto became a member of Minhaj ul Quran International (an international Muslim educational and welfare organization). Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Minhaj-ul-Quran ( منہاج القرآن) International is a non-political non-sectarian Non-governmental organization (NGO founded by Shaykh [49][50][51]
While living in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, she cared for her three children and her mother, who was suffering from Alzheimer's disease, traveling to give lectures and keeping in touch with the PPP's supporters. Dubai (in دبيّ,) is one of the seven emirates and most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE Begum Nusrat Bhutto ( Sindhi: بیگم نصرت ڀھٽو Urdu: بیگم نصرت بھٹو) (born September 21, 1929) is the Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. They were reunited with her husband in December 2004 after more than five years. [52][53][54][55] In 2006, Interpol issued a request for the arrest of Bhutto and her husband on corruption charges, at the request of Pakistan. The International Criminal Police Organization, better known by its telegraphic address Interpol is an organization facilitating international police cooperation The Bhuttos questioned the legality of the requests in a letter to Interpol. [56] On January 27, 2007, she was invited by the United States to speak to President George W. Bush and Congressional and State Department officials. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. [57] Bhutto appeared as a panellist on the BBC TV programme Question Time in the UK in March 2007. Question Time is a topical Debate Television programme in the United Kingdom, based on Any Questions?. She has also appeared on BBC current affairs programme Newsnight on several occasions. For the CNN programme see NewsNight with Aaron Brown Newsnight is a British daily News analysis She rebuffed comments made by Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq in May 2007 regarding the knighthood of Salman Rushdie, citing that he was calling for the assassination of foreign citizens. Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq ( Urdu: محمد اعجاز الحق (born 1953 is a prominent Pakistani Politician and former Federal Minister for Religious In mid-June 2007 Salman Rushdie, British - Indian novelist and author of controversial novel The Satanic Verses, was bestowed the honour of being [58][59][60]
Bhutto had declared her intention to return to Pakistan within 2007, which she did, in spite of Musharraf's statements of May 2007 about not allowing her to return ahead of the country's general election, due late 2007 or early 2008. It was speculated that she may have been offered the office of Prime Minister again. [61][62][63]
Arthur Herman, a U. Arthur L Herman (born 1956 is an American PhD, author and lecturer S. historian, in a controversial letter published in The Wall Street Journal on June 14, 2007, in response to an article by Bhutto highly critical of the president and his policies, described her as "One of the most incompetent leaders in the history of South Asia", and asserted that she and other elites in Pakistan hate Musharraf because he was a muhajir, the son of one of millions of Indian Muslims who fled to Pakistan during independence in 1947. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. Herman claimed, "Although it was muhajirs who agitated for the creation of Pakistan in the first place, many native Pakistanis view them with contempt and treat them as third-class citizens. "[64][65][66]
Nonetheless, by mid-2007, the US appeared to be pushing for a deal in which Musharraf would remain as president but step down as military head, and either Bhutto or one of her nominees would become prime minister. [67]
On July 11, 2007, the Associated Press, in an article about the possible aftermath of the Red Mosque incident, wrote:
Benazir Bhutto, the former prime minister and opposition leader expected by many to return from exile and join Musharraf in a power-sharing deal after year-end general elections, praised him for taking a tough line on the Red Mosque. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Siege of Lal Masjid ( Urdu: لال مسجد محاصرہ Codenamed Operation Sunrise, was a confrontation centering around the Lal Masjid I'm glad there was no cease-fire with the militants in the mosque because cease-fires simply embolden the militants," she told Britain's Sky TV on Tuesday. A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a War or any Armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees "There will be a backlash, but at some time we have to stop appeasing the militants. "[68]
This remark about the Red Mosque was seen with dismay in Pakistan as reportedly hundreds of young students were burned to death and remains are untraceable and cases are being heard in Pakistani supreme court as a missing persons issue. This and subsequent support for Musharaf led Elder Bhutto's comrades like Khar to criticize her publicly.
Bhutto however advised Musharraf in an early phase of the latter's quarrel with the Chief Justice, to restore him. Her PPP did not capitalize on its CEC member, Aitzaz Ahsan, the chief Barrister for the Chief Justice, in successful restoration. Barrister Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan ( چودھری اعتزاز احسن) (born September 27, 1945) is a Barrister-at-Law by profession Rather he was seen as a rival and was isolated.
2002 election
The Bhutto-led PPP secured the highest number of votes (28. 42%) and eighty seats (23. 16%) in the national assembly in the October 2002 general elections. General elections were held in Pakistan on 10 October 2002 during the military regime of Pervez Musharraf. [69] Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) managed to win eighteen seats only. The Pakistan Muslim League (N ( Urdu: پاکستان مسلم لیگ ن) is a Political party in Pakistan. Some of the elected candidates of PPP formed a faction of their own, calling it PPP-Patriots which was being led by Makhdoom Faisal Saleh Hayat, the former leader of Bhutto-led PPP. They later formed a coalition government with Musharraf's party, PML-Q. The Pakistan Muslim League (Q or officially Pakistan Muslim League (پاکستان مسلم لیگ ق is a centrist conservative Political party in Pakistan
Return to Pakistan and assassination attempts
Possible deal with the Musharraf Government
In mid-2002 Musharraf implemented a two-term limit on Prime Ministers. Both Bhutto and Musharraf's other chief rival, Nawaz Sharif, have already served two terms as Prime Minister. [70] Musharraf's allies in parliament, especially the PMLQ, are unlikely to reverse the changes to allow Prime Ministers to seek third terms, nor to make particular exceptions for either Bhutto or Sharif.
In July 2007, some of Bhutto's frozen funds were released. [71] Bhutto continued to face significant charges of corruption. In an 8 August 2007 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Bhutto revealed the meeting focused on her desire to return to Pakistan for the 2008 elections, and of Musharraf retaining the Presidency with Bhutto as Prime Minister. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. On August 29, 2007, Bhutto announced that Musharraf would step down as chief of the army. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [72][73] On 1 September Bhutto vowed to return to Pakistan "very soon", regardless of whether or not she reached a power-sharing deal with Musharraf before then. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. [74]
On September 17, 2007, Bhutto accused Musharraf's allies of pushing Pakistan into crisis by their refusal to permit democratic reforms and power-sharing. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. A nine-member panel of Supreme Court judges deliberated on six petitions (including one from Jamaat-e-Islami, Pakistan's largest Islamic group) asserting that Musharraf be disqualified from contending for the presidency of Pakistan. The Supreme Court ( Urdu: عدالت عظمیٰ) is the apex court in Pakistan 's judicial hierarchy the final arbiter of legal and constitutional Jamaat-e-Islami ( Urdu: جماعتِ اسلامی, " Islamic Block " Jamaat, JI) is an Islamist For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Bhutto stated that her party could join one of the opposition groups, potentially that of Nawaz Sharif. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Attorney-general Malik Mohammed Qayyum stated that, pendente lite, the Election Commission was "reluctant" to announce the schedule for the presidential vote. Pendente lite is a Latin term meaning "while the litigation is pending" which is used for Court orders or legal Agreements entered into Bhutto's party's Farhatullah Babar stated that the Constitution of Pakistan could bar Musharraf from being elected again because he was already chief of the army: "As Gen. Farhatullah Babar is a Pakistani politician He is a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party and served in the Pakistani Senate from 2003 to 2006 The Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان is the supreme law of Pakistan. Musharraf was disqualified from contesting for President, he has prevailed upon the Election Commission to arbitrarily and illegally tamper with the Constitution of Pakistan. "[75]
Musharraf prepared to switch to a strictly civilian role by resigning from his position as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He still faced other legal obstacles to running for re-election. On October 2, 2007, Gen. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Musharraf named Lt. Gen. Ashfaq Kayani, as vice chief of the army starting October 8 with the intent that if Musharraf won the presidency and resigned his military post, Kayani would become chief of the army. General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani ( Urdu: اشفاق پرویز کیانی) (born April 1952 Gujar Khan, Punjab) is a Pakistani Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Meanwhile, Minister Sheikh Rashid Ahmed stated that officials agreed to grant Benazir Bhutto amnesty versus pending corruption charges. Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad ( Urdu: شيخ رشيد احمد) (born November 6 1950) is a Pakistani Politician and Writer Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to She has emphasized the smooth transition and return to civilian rule and has asked Pervez Musharaf to shed uniform. [76] On October 5, 2007, Musharraf signed the National Reconciliation Ordinance, giving amnesty to Bhutto and other political leaders—except exiled former premier Nawaz Sharif—in all court cases against them, including all corruption charges. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Ordinance came a day before Musharraf faced the crucial presidential poll. Both Bhutto's opposition party, the PPP, and the ruling PMLQ, were involved in negotiations beforehand about the deal. [77] In return, Bhutto and the PPP agreed not to boycott the Presidential election. [78] On October 6, 2007, Musharraf won a parliamentary election for President. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. However, the Supreme Court ruled that no winner can be officially proclaimed until it finishes deciding on whether it was legal for Musharraf to run for President while remaining Army General. Bhutto's PPP party did not join the other opposition parties' boycott of the election, but did abstain from voting. [79] Later, Bhutto demanded security coverage on-par with the President's. Bhutto also contracted foreign security firms for her protection.
Return
Bhutto was well aware of the risk to her own life that might result from her return from exile to campaign for the leadership position. In an interview on September 28, 2007, with reporter Wolf Blitzer of CNN, she readily admitted the possibility of attack on herself. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner [80]
After eight years in exile in Dubai and London, Bhutto returned to Karachi on October 18, 2007, to prepare for the 2008 national elections. Dubai (in دبيّ,) is one of the seven emirates and most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. A general election was held in Pakistan on February 18, 2008, after being postponed from 8 January 2008, the original date to elect [81][82][83][84]
En route to a rally in Karachi on October 18, 2007, two explosions occurred shortly after Bhutto had landed and left Jinnah International Airport. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Jinnah International Airport previously Quaid-e-Azam International Airport is Pakistan 's largest international and domestic Airport She was not injured but the explosions, later found to be a suicide-bomb attack, killed 136 people and injured at least 450. The 2007 Karachi bombing of October 18, 2007 in Karachi, Pakistan, was an attack on a motorcade carrying former Prime Minister The dead included at least 50 of the security guards from her PPP who had formed a human chain around her truck to keep potential bombers away, as well as 6 police officers. A number of senior officials were injured. Bhutto, after nearly 10 hours of the parade through Karachi, ducked back down into the steel command center to remove her sandals from her swollen feet, moments before the bomb went off. [85] She was escorted unharmed from the scene. [86]
Bhutto later claimed that she had warned the Pakistani government that suicide bomb squads would target her upon her return to Pakistan and that the government had failed to act. She was careful not to blame Pervez Musharraf for the attacks, accusing instead "certain individuals within the government who abuse their positions, who abuse their powers" to advance the cause of Islamic militants. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of Shortly after the attempt on her life, Bhutto wrote a letter to Musharraf naming four persons whom she suspected of carrying out the attack. Those named included Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, a rival PML-Q politician and chief minister of Pakistan's Punjab province, Hamid Gul, former director of the Inter-Services Intelligence, and Ijaz Shah, the director general of the Intelligence Bureau, another of the country’s intelligence agencies. Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi ( Urdu: چودھری پرویز الہی) ( November 1 1945 &ndash September 20 2008) was a Lieutenant General Hamid Gul ( Urdū: حمید گل) is a retired Pakistani general famous for heading the Inter-Services Intelligence History After independence in 1947 two new intelligence agencies were created in Pakistan called the Intelligence Bureau (IB and Military Intelligence Brigadier (retd Ijaz Shah is the former Director of Intelligence Bureau, and a long-term close associate of Pervez Musharraf, and a former Pakistan All those named are close associates of General Musharraf. Bhutto has a long history of accusing parts of the government, particularly Pakistan’s premier military intelligence agencies, of working against her and her party because they oppose her liberal, secular agenda. Bhutto claimed that the ISI has for decades backed militant Islamic groups in Kashmir and in Afghanistan. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, [86] She was protected by her vehicle and a "human cordon" of supporters who had anticipated suicide attacks and formed a chain around her to prevent potential bombers from getting near her. The total number of injured, according to PPP sources, stood at 1000, with at least 160 dead (The New York Times claims 134 dead and about 450 injured).
A few days later, Bhutto's lawyer Senator Farooq H. Naik said he received a letter threatening to kill his client. The letter also claims to have links with al-Qaeda and followers of Osama bin Laden. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March
2007 State of Emergency and response
On November 3, 2007, President Pervez Musharraf declared a state of emergency, citing actions by the Supreme Court of Pakistan and religious extremism in the nation. A 2007 Pakistani state of emergency was declared by Pervez Musharraf on November 3, 2007 and lasted until December 15, 2007,during Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Bhutto returned to the country, interrupting a visit to family in Dubai. She was greeted by supporters chanting slogans at the airport. After staying in her plane for several hours she was driven to her home in Lahore, accompanied by hundreds of supporters. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. While acknowledging that Pakistan faced a political crisis, she noted that Musharraf's declaration of emergency, unless lifted, would make it very difficult to have fair elections. She commented that "The extremists need a dictatorship, and dictatorship needs extremists. "[87][88][89]
On November 8, 2007, Bhutto was placed under house arrest just a few hours before she was due to lead and address a rally against the state of emergency. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. In Justice and Law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or electronic monitoring) is a measure by which
During a telephone interview with National Public Radio in the United States, Ms. Bhutto said "I have freedom of movement within the house. I do not have freedom of movement outside the house. They've got a heavy police force inside the house, and we've got a very heavy police force - 4,000 policemen around the four walls of my house, 1,000 on each. They've even entered the neighbors' house. And I was just telling one of the policemen, I said 'should you be here after us? Should not you be looking for Osama bin Laden?' And he said, 'I'm sorry, ma'am, this is our job. We're just doing what we are told. '"[90]
The following day, the Pakistani government announced that Bhutto's arrest warrant had been withdrawn and that she would be free to travel and to appear at public rallies. However, leaders of other opposition political parties remained prohibited from speaking in public.
Preparation for 2008 elections
On November 24, 2007, Bhutto filed her nomination papers for January's Parliamentary elections; two days later, she filed papers in the Larkana constituency for two regular seats. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. She did so as former Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, following seven years of exile in Saudi Arabia, made his much-contested return to Pakistan and bid for candidacy. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [91]
When sworn in again on November 30, 2007, this time as a civilian president after relinquishing his post as military chief, Musharraf announced his plan to lift the Pakistan's state of emergency rule on December 16. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Bhutto welcomed the announcement and launched a manifesto outlining her party's domestic issues. Bhutto told journalists in Islamabad that her party, the PPP, would focus on "the five E's": employment, education, energy, environment, equality. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type [92][93]
On December 4, 2007, Bhutto met with Nawaz Sharif to publicize their demand that Musharraf fulfill his promise to lift the state of emergency before January's parliamentary elections, threatening to boycott the vote if he failed to comply. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. They promised to assemble a committee which would present to Musharraf the list of demands upon which their participation in the election was contingent. [94][95]
On December 8, 2007, three unidentified gunmen stormed Bhutto's PPP office in the southern western province of Baluchistan. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Three of Bhutto's supporters were killed. [96]
Assassination
On December 27, 2007, Bhutto was killed while leaving a campaign rally for the PPP at Liaquat National Bagh, where she had given a spirited address to party supporters in the run-up to the January 2008 parliamentary elections. The assassination of Benazir Bhutto occurred on December 27 2007 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Liaquat National Bagh (Park usually just referred to as Liaquat Bagh (Urdu لیاقت باغ is a famous park located on Murree Road in the city of Rawalpindi After entering her bulletproof vehicle, Bhutto stood up through its sunroof to wave to the crowds. At this point, a gunman fired shots at her and subsequently explosives were detonated near the vehicle killing approximately 20 people. [97] Bhutto was critically wounded and was rushed to Rawalpindi General Hospital. Rawalpindi General Hospital, Murree Road Rawalpindi is a major teaching hospital offering the basic specialities as well as psychiatry orthopaedics urology and cardiology She was taken into surgery at 17:35 local time, and pronounced dead at 18:16. Pakistan Standard Time (PST is the time zone for Pakistan. It is usually 5 hours ahead of GMT though as of June 1 2008 it is 6 hours ahead due to the use of DST to help decrease [98][99][100]
Bhutto's body was flown to her hometown of Garhi Khuda Bakhsh in Larkana District, Sindh, and was buried next to her father in the family mausoleum at a ceremony attended by hundreds of thousands of mourners. Garhi Khuda Bakhsh ( Urdu: گڑھی خدا بخش) is a village in Ratodero Taluka near to Naudero town Sindh, Pakistan. Larkana or Larkano ( Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو Urdu: لاڑکانہ) is a district of Sindh province of Pakistan. Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. [101][102][103]
There was some disagreement about the exact cause of death. Bhutto's husband refused to permit an autopsy or post-mortem examination to be carried out. An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is a Medical procedure that consists of a thorough Examination An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is a Medical procedure that consists of a thorough Examination [104] On December 28, 2007, the Interior Ministry of Pakistan stated that "Bhutto was killed when she tried to duck back into the vehicle, and the shock waves from the blast knocked her head into a lever attached to the sunroof, fracturing her skull". Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [105] However, a hospital spokesman stated earlier that she had suffered shrapnel wounds to the head and that this was the cause of her death. [106][107] Bhutto's aides have also disputed the Interior Ministry's account. [108] On December 31st, CNN posted the alleged emergency room admission report as a PDF file. The document appears to have been signed by all the admitting physicians and notes that no object was found inside the wound. [109]
Al-Qaeda commander Mustafa Abu al-Yazid claimed responsibility for the attack, describing Bhutto as "the most precious American asset. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Mustafa Ahmed Muhammad Uthman Abu al-Yazid (born December 17, 1955) often shortened to Mustafa Abu al-Yazid and also known as Sheikh Saeed, "[110] The Pakistani government also stated that it had proof that al-Qaeda was behind the assassination. A report for CNN stated: "the Interior Ministry also earlier told Pakistan's Geo TV that the suicide bomber belonged to Lashkar i Jhangvi — an al-Qaeda-linked militant group that the government has blamed for hundreds of killings". Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Geo TV or GEO Television is a Pakistani Television network founded by Mir Shakil ur Rehman in May 2002 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (لشكرِ جهنگوی alternately Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, LJ; English: Army of Jhang) is an Islamic terrorist [111] The government of Pakistan claimed Baitullah Mehsud was the mastermind behind the assassination. Baitullah Mahsud ( Urdu: بیت اللہ محسود born ca 1974) is a leading tribal militia leader in Waziristan, Pakistan. [112] Lashkar i Jhangvi, a Wahabi Muslim extremist organization affiliated with al-Qaeda that also attempted in 1999 to assassinate former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, is alleged to have been responsible for the killing of the 54-year-old Bhutto along with approximately 20 bystanders, however this is vigorously disputed by the Bhutto family, by the PPP that Bhutto had headed and by Baitullah Mehsud. Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (لشكرِ جهنگوی alternately Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, LJ; English: Army of Jhang) is an Islamic terrorist Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan [113] On January 3, 2008, President Musharraf officially denied participating in the assassination of Benazir Bhutto as well as failing to provide her proper security. [114]
The assassination of Benazir Bhutto has also been blamed on foreign intelligence agencies involved in destabilizing Pakistan[115].
Reaction in Pakistan
After the assassination, there were initially a number of riots resulting in approximately 20 deaths, of whom three were police officers. Around 250 cars were burnt; angry and upset supporters of Bhutto threw rocks outside the hospital where she was being held. [102] Through December 29, 2007, the Pakistani government said rioters had wrecked nine election offices, 176 banks, 34 gas stations, 72 train cars, 18 rail stations, and hundreds of cars and shops. [116] Nawaz Sharif, the leader of the rival opposition party Pakistan Muslim League (N), stated that "This is a tragedy for her party, and a tragedy for our party and the entire nation. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan The Pakistan Muslim League (N ( Urdu: پاکستان مسلم لیگ ن) is a Political party in Pakistan. "[117] President Musharraf decreed a three-day period of mourning.
On December 30, 2007, at a news conference following a meeting of the PPP leadership, Bhutto's widower Asif Ali Zardari and son Bilawal Bhutto Zardari announced that 19-year-old Bilawal will succeed his mother as titular head of the party, with his father effectively running the party until his son completes his studies at Christ Church, Oxford. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Bilawal Bhutto Zardari ( بلاول بھٹو زرداری) (born 21 September 1988) is co-chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party, and the eldest Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as "When I return, I promise to lead the party as my mother wanted me to," Bilawal said. The PPP called for parliamentary elections to take place as scheduled on January 8, 2008, and Asif Ali Zardari said that vice-chair Makhdoom Amin Fahim would probably be the party's candidate for prime minister. (Bilawal is not of legal age to stand for parliament. )[118]
On December 30, Bhutto's political party, the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), called for the UK Government and the United Nations to help conduct the investigation of her death. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St The Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP) (پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی is Centre-left Political party in Pakistan affiliated with Socialist Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security [119] Bilawal Bhutto Zardari has been appointed chairman of his late mother's opposition political party in Pakistan. Bilawal is only 19 years old. [120] On February 5, 2008 the PPP released Ms. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Bhutto's political will which she wrote two weeks before returning to Pakistan and only 12 weeks before she was killed, stating that her husband Asif Ali Zardari would be the leader of the party, until a new leader is elected. Asif Ali Zardari ( Urdu, Sindhi: آصف علی زرداری) (born 26 July 1955 is the 12th and current President of Pakistan and the Co-Chairman
International reaction
The international reaction to Bhutto's assassination was of strong condemnation across the international community. The international reaction to the assassination of Benazir Bhutto consisted of universal condemnation across the International community,However The UN Security Council held an emergency meeting and unanimously condemned the assassination. [121] Arab League Secretary General Amr Moussa stated that, "We condemn this assassination and terrorist act, and pray for God Almighty to bless her soul. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية Amr Moussa (عمرو موسى (born 1936 has been the current Secretary-General of the League of Arab States since his election to the position in May 2001 "[122] India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said he was "deeply shocked and horrified to hear of the heinous assassination of Mrs. Manmohan Singh (ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ (born 26 September 1932 is the 17th Benazir Bhutto. ... My heartfelt condolences go to her family and the people of Pakistan who have suffered a grievous blow. "[123] British Prime Minister Gordon Brown stated, "Benazir Bhutto may have been killed by terrorists but the terrorists must not be allowed to kill democracy in Pakistan and this atrocity strengthens our resolve that terrorists will not win there, here or anywhere in the world. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951 is "[124] European Commission President José Manuel Barroso condemned the assassination as "an attack against democracy and against Pakistan," and "hopes that Pakistan will remain firmly on track for return to democratic civilian rule. The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. José Manuel Durão Barroso (ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃ũ bɐˈʁozu born 23 March 1956 is the 12th President of the European Commission. "[124] U. S. President George W. Bush condemned the assassination as a "cowardly act by murderous extremists," and encouraged Pakistan to "honor Benazir Bhutto's memory by continuing with the democratic process for which she so bravely gave her life. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. "[125] Vatican Secretary of State Tarcisio Bertone expressed the sadness of Pope Benedict XVI, saying that "the Holy Father expresses sentiments of deep sympathy and spiritual closeness to the members of her family and to the entire Pakistani nation. The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone, SDB (born 2 December 1934) is an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger "[124] Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Qin Gang said that China was "shocked at the killing of Pakistan's opposition leader Benazir Bhutto" and "strongly condemns the terrorist attack. "[126][127][128]
Scotland Yard investigation
British detectives were asked by the Pakistan Government to investigate the assassination. Although expressing reservations as to the difficulty in investigating due to the crime scene having been hosed down and Asif Zardari refusing permission for a post mortem, they announced on 8 February 2008 that Benazir Bhutto had been killed by impact with the knob on the sun roof following the bomb explosion.
Allegation of giving nuclear secrets to North Korea
Shyam Bhatia, an Indian journalist, alleged in his book Goodbye Shahzadi that in 1993, Bhutto had downloaded secretive information on uranium enrichment to give to North Korea in exchange for information on developing ballistic missiles. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, A ballistic missile is a Missile that follows a Sub-orbital ballistic flightpath with the objective of delivering a warhead to a predetermined target Bhatia alleges that Bhutto had asked him to not tell the story during her lifetime. Nuclear expert David Albright of the Institute of Science and International Security said the allegations "made sense" given the timeline of North Korea's nuclear development. David Albright, MS is the founder of the non-governmental Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS its current president and author of several books on proliferation George Perkovich of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace called Bhatia a "smart and serious guy. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a formally private nonprofit organization in practice closely associated with the United States Department of State, " Selig Harrison of the Center for International Policy called Bhatia "credible on Bhutto". The Center for International Policy (CIP located in Washington DC, was founded in 1975 by Diplomats and Peace activists in the wake of the Vietnam The Pakistani Embassy in Washington, D.C. denied the claims and an official United States dismissed them, insisting that Abdul Qadeer Khan, whom had been accused of proliferating secrets before only to later deny them prior to Bhatia's book. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Abdul Qadeer Khan ( عبدالقدیر خان; born April 1 1936 in Bhopal, India) is a Pakistani scientist and metallurgical engineer [129]
Benazir Bhutto's books
- Benazir Bhutto, (1983), Pakistan: The gathering storm, Vikas Pub. House, ISBN 0706924959
- Benazir Bhutto (1989). Daughter of the East. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-12398-4.
Daughter of the East was also released as:
- Benazir Bhutto (1989). Daughter of Destiny: An Autobiography. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-66983-4.
At the time of Bhutto's death, the manuscript for her third book, to be called Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy and the West, had been received by HarperCollins. HarperCollins is a Publishing company owned by News Corporation. The book, written with Mark Siegel, was published in February 2008. [130]
- Benazir Bhutto (2008). Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy, and the West. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-156758-2.
See also
References
- ^ Interview with Vali Nasr
- ^ End in sight for a dynasty steeped in power, death and politics
- ^ The Martyrdom of Benazir Bhutto
- ^ a b Vali Nasr The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (W. Peoples Students Federation (PSF is a student federation and the back bone student wing of the Pakistan Peoples Party. In recent history the Pakistani political processes have taken place in the framework of a Federal republic, where the system of government has at times been Parliamentary Malik Amjad Ali Noon was born on 17 June 1954 in Lahore province Punjab is a Pakistani politician Vali Reza Nasr (born 1960 is an Iranian-American academic and scholar as well as Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy of Tufts W. Norton, 2006), pp. 88-90 ISBN 0-3933-2968-2
- ^ "Benazir Bhutto: Daughter of Tragedy" by Muhammad Najeeb, Hasan Zaidi, Saurabh Shulka and S. Prasannarajan, India Today, January 7, 2008
- ^ Benazir Bhutto's Biography.
- ^ Pakistan Times! » Blog Archive » Biography of PPP Chairperson Benazir Bhutto.
- ^ Story of Pakistan — Benazir Bhutto (2003-06-01). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ a b c Bookrags Encyclopedia of World Biography entry.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica entry via about. com
- ^ Classmates at Harvard recall a shy girl, 'Pinkie' December 28, 2007
- ^ WIC Biography - Benazir Bhutto.
- ^ Note at St. Catherine's web site.
- ^ Pakistan's Premier Bhutto was Put Under House Arrest, New York Times, November 5, 1996, by John F. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Burns
- ^ Pakistan Frees Widow And Daughter of Bhutto, New York Times, May 29, 1979
- ^ Kessler, Glenn. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) "Bhutto Dealt Nuclear Secrets to N. Korea, Book Says", Washington Post, 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Pakistan Supreme Court Upholds Benazir Bhutto's Dismissal on the basis of Corruption and Extra-Judicial Killings of MQM Workers and Supporters.
- ^ Commentary: Bhutto failed to modernize Pakistan Irshad Manji, December 29, 2007
- ^ Many Pakistanis See Leader As Having Reigned Too Long January 14, 2008
- ^ Turner, Brian S. Irshad Manji (born 1968 is a Canadian Feminist, Author, journalist, activist and professor of leadership (2003) Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology (pp. 118) Routledge
- ^ Bhutto's deadly legacy.
- ^ S. Coll, "Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001", Penguin Press HC, U.S. 2004
- ^ C’wealth apprised of Asif’s ‘illegal’ detention - Dawn Pakistan. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
- ^ a b Bhutto Clan Leaves Trail of Corruption in Pakistan, by John F. Burns, The New York Times, 1998-01-09
- ^ Bhutto's Husband Appeals May 11, 1999
- ^ World News Briefs; Bhutto's Jailed Husband Sworn In as Senator December 30, 1997
- ^ The Bhutto saga takes a new turn. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar
- ^ Corruption amnesty may release millions for Bhutto, The Sunday Times, 2007-10-14
- ^ Asif Zardari lays claim to 4-mn-pound UK estate, The Times of India, 2004-08-22
- ^ £4 m Surrey mansion in Bhutto ‘corruption’ row, The Sunday Times, 2004-11-21
- ^ South Asia Bhutto 'corruption' documents reach Pakistan, Thursday, 23 July 1998
- ^ Swiss Want Bhutto Indicted in Pakistan for Money Laundering, August 20, 1998, Thursday, by Elizabeth Olson
- ^ Swiss Want Bhutto Indicted in Pakistan for Money Laundering, August 20, 1998, Thursday, by Elizabeth Olson
- ^ Asia: Pakistan: Bhutto Sentenced In Switzerland August 6, 2003
- ^ THE BHUTTO MILLIONS; A Background Check Far From Ordinary, 9 January 1998, Friday, By JOHN F. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) BURNS (NYT)
- ^ Swiss prosecutor gets case against Bhutto, 29 October 2007, Monday, by The Associated Press
- ^ £4 m Surrey mansion in Bhutto ‘corruption’ row 21 November 2004
- ^ Poland gives Pak papers on $ 2-mn Bhutto bribe May 6, 1999
- ^ World: South Asia Poland linked to Bhutto corruption charge, Friday, May 7, 1999
- ^ Bhutto's Husband Appeals 11 May 1999
- ^ NAB says Swiss order names Benazir: Ursus tractor case July 22, 2004
- ^ Sweet Economic-Political Deal. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- ^ Steps taken by France to implement and enforce the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions.
- ^ House of Graft: Tracing the Bhutto Millions -- A special report.; Bhutto Clan Leaves Trail of Corruption January 9, 1998
- ^ Bhutto and Her Legacy: Death in Rawalpindi December 28, 2007
- ^ The Gold Connection, New York Times, 1998
- ^ Graft charges against Benazir lead to UK April 14, 1998
- ^ "Murtaza Bhutto's Murder" by Fatima Bhutto retrieved Sun, Dec 30, 2007
- ^ Minhaj-ul-Quran International, By Mr. Jawed Iqbal
- ^ Benazir Bhutto announces she is Kurdish 21 July 2003
- ^ Storyofpakistan.com profile June 01, 2003
- ^ Asia Times - Bhutto on Al-Qaeda (Asia Times - Bhutto on Al-Qaeda).
- ^ Pakistani police deploy in force, shut Lahore: Thousands arrested ahead of opposition leader's return April 16, 2005
- ^ BBC News - Bhutto cleared of corruption charges 30 November 2005
- ^ The Bhutto saga takes a new turn July 25, 2006
- ^ Pakistan seeks arrest of Bhutto, BBC News, 26 January 2006. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Pakistan Times, Pakistan's ex-PM Benazir Bhutto to meet President Bush, by Khalida Mazhar, Jan. 25, 2007
- ^ Bhutto at the Council on Foreign Relations Aug. 15, 2007
- ^ A Piece of Political Theatre October 19, 2007
- ^ David Frost interview with Bhutto November 3, 2007
- ^ Former Leader Talks of Return To Pakistan, and Maybe Power June 4, 2007
- ^ Bhutto claims Sharif agreed to power-sharing deal 18 Jun 2007
- ^ Back to Bhutto? June 28, 2007
- ^ Bhutto gets renewed interest in Pakistan, U.S. may accept ex-prime minister -- will her country? July 1, 2007
- ^ Why Bhutto and the Elites Hate Musharraf June 14, 2007
- ^ Benazir, elites hate Musharraf because of his ethnicity, claims US author June 15, 2007
- ^ Back to Bhutto? June 28, 2007
- ^ Mosque Crisis May Boost Musharraf's Hand July 11, 2007
- ^ 2002 election results by ECP (Election Commission of Pakistan). Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pakistan Court Bars Former Prime Minister From Election.
- ^ Bhutto's accounts de-frozen for deal with Musharraf: reports - India News.
- ^ Bhutto: 'Musharraf has agreed to quit as military chief' Aug. 29, 2007
- ^ Bhutto Expects Musharraf to Quit as Military Chief Aug. 29, 2007
- ^ BBC NEWS, Bhutto vows early Pakistan return.
- ^ AP: Pakistani court hears cases on Musharraf.
- ^ New York Times, Maneuvering Before Vote in Pakistan.
- ^ Musharraf signs national reconciliation ordinance.
- ^ Musharraf wins presidential vote.
- ^ BBC NEWS, Musharraf 'wins presidency vote'.
- ^ Wolf Blitzer interview September 28, 2007
- ^ "Supporters flock to Karachi for Bhutto's return", CBC News, 2007-10-17. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost
- ^ "Huge crowds greet Bhutto return", BBC News, 2007-10-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Retrieved on 2007-10-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
- ^ Opposition walks out: State media accused of maligning Benazir December 15, 2005
- ^ Bhutto returns to Pakistan after 8 years (2007-10-18). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
- ^ A Wrong Must Be Righted An interview from Pakistan by Gail Sheehy, quote: "I Am What the Terrorists Most Fear", published in Parade Magazine, Sunday Jan. 6 2008:
- ^ a b "After Bombing, Bhutto Assails Officials' Ties", New York Times, 2007-10-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony
- ^ Musharraf declares emergency in Pakistan, Matthew Pennington, AP, November 3, 2007
- ^ "Pakistani opposition leader Bhutto returns to Karachi publisher=PR Inside", 2007-11-03. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina.
- ^ "Benazir returns to Pak, faces no problem", IBN Live, 2007-11-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina.
- ^ NPR telephone interview with Steve Inskeep November 13, 2007
- ^ Sharif, Bhutto set aside differences (2007-12-04). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song.
- ^ Musharraf: State of emergency will end before elections (2007-11-29). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
- ^ Pakistan's Bhutto launches election manifesto (2007-11-30). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
- ^ Sharif, Bhutto and the ex-general (2007-11-29). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
- ^ Ultimatum Delivered: Pakistan's leading opposition leaders have united (sort of) against President Pervez Musharraf. But their impact will probably be minimal (2007-12-04). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song.
- ^ Gunmen kill Bhutto's supporters (2007-12-08). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe.
- ^ Scotland Yard: Bomb blast killed Bhutto (2008-2-8).
- ^ Bhutto photographer: 'Gunshots rang out and she went down' CNN
- ^ "Benazir Bhutto 'killed in blast'", BBC News, 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the
- ^ Benazir Bhutto assassinated (2007-12-27). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the
- ^ Bhutto's body in Larkana for burial (2007-12-28). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ a b "Bhutto's body flown home", CNN Asia, 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the
- ^ Pakistanis Bury Bhutto and Brace for More Turmoil December 29, 2007
- ^ Bhutto murder: the key questions 31 December 2007
- ^ "Bhutto Assassination: Bhutto's Last Moments Captured on Tape", Reuters, 2007-12-28. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Retrieved on 2007-12-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II
- ^ Bhutto died after hitting sun roof December 28, 2007
- ^ Pakistan: Bhutto Died of Skull Fracture By The Associated Press Published: December 28, 2007. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Filed by NewYorkTimes. com
- ^ Bhutto death explanation 'pack of lies'. Herald Sun. The Herald Sun is a morning Tabloid Newspaper based in Melbourne, Australia Retrieved on 2007-12-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ "Bhutto's murder: Many theories, many questions", CNN, 2007-12-31. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Retrieved on 2008-01-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
- ^ Al-Qaida claims Bhutto assassination (2007-12-28). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ Bhutto died after hitting sun roof December 28, 2007
- ^ Named: the al-Qaeda chief who ‘masterminded murder’ (2007-12-29). Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II
- ^ Bhutto's Party Rejects Al-Qaeda Claim as Riots Spread (Update5) (2007-12-29). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II
- ^ "Musharraf Denies Allegations Of Involvement in Bhutto Killing", Wall Street Journal, 2008-01-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Retrieved on 2008-01-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
- ^ Indian mechanations against Pakistan and China
- ^ "Mourners converge on Benazir's house ahead of meeting on poll plans", Associated Press via The Hindu, 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ Salman Masood; Carlotta Gall. "Bhutto Assassination Ignites Disarray", New York Times, 2007-12-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Retrieved on 2007-12-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ "Bhutto's son named as successor", BBC News, 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ BBC. "PPP ask UK and UN for help", BBC, 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto (shaheed).
- ^ "Security Council, in presidential statement, condemns ‘in strongest terms’ suicide attack that killed former prime minister of Pakistan", UN Department of Public Information, 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Retrieved on 2007-12-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ "Arab League condemns Bhutto's assassination", Kuwait News Agency (KUNA), 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Retrieved on 2007-12-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ Roy, Nilova. "India expresses shock, horror at Bhutto's assassination", Hindustan Times, 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Retrieved on 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the
- ^ a b c "Reactions to Bhutto assassination", BBC, 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Retrieved on 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the
- ^ "Bhutto's death heightens democracy concerns", CNN, 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Retrieved on 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the
- ^ "Global outrage over assassination", Al-Jazeera, 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Retrieved on 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the
- ^ Life in Pictures, BBC, Last Updated: Thursday, 27 December 2007, 14:53 GMT
- ^ Bhutto's fateful moment, October 4, 1993 Profile in The New Yorker by Mary Anne Weaver
- ^ http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2008_6_2.html#C3F9574A
- ^ Bhutto's book primed. HarperCollins rushes manuscript into print December 28, 2007
Books about Benazir Bhutto
- W. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry F. Pepper, (1983), Benazir Bhutto, WF Pepper, ISBN 0946781001
- Rafiq Zakaria (1990). The Trial of Benazir. Sangam Books. ISBN 0-861-32265-7.
- Katherine M. Doherty, Caraig A. Doherty , (1990), Benazir Bhutto (Impact Biographies Series), Franklin Watts, ISBN 0531109364
- Rafiq Zakaria, (1991), The Trial of Benazir Bhutto: An Insight into the Status of Women in Islam, Eureka Pubns, ISBN 9679783200
- Diane Sansevere-Dreher, (1991), Benazir Bhutto (Changing Our World Series), Bantam Books (Mm), ISBN 0553158570
- Christina Lamb, (1992), Waiting for Allah, Penguin Books Ltd, ISBN 0140143343
- M. Fathers, (1992), Biography of Benazir Bhutto, W. H. Allen / Virgin Books, ISBN 024554965X
- Elizabeth Bouchard, (1994), Benazir Bhutto: Prime Minister (Library of Famous Women), Blackbirch Pr Inc, ISBN 1567110274
- Iqbal Akhund, (2000), Trial and Error: The Advent and Eclipse of Benazir Bhutto, OUP Pakistan, ISBN 0195791606
- Libby Hughes, (2000), Benazir Bhutto: From Prison to Prime Minister, Backinprint. Com, ISBN 0595003885
- Iqbal Akhund, (2002), Benazir Hukoomat: Phela Daur, Kia Khoya, Kia Paya?, OUP Pakistan, ISBN 0195794214
- Mercedes Anderson, (2004), Benazir Bhutto (Women in Politics), Chelsea House Publishers, ISBN 0791077322
- Mary Englar, (2007), Benazir Bhutto: Pakistani Prime Minister and Activist, Compass Point Books, ISBN 0756517982
- Ayesha Siddiqa Agha, (2007), Military Inc. Dr Ayesha Siddiqa Agha ( عائشہ صدیقہ آغا) is an independent security analyst and strategic affairs columnist of Pakistan. : Inside Pakistan's Military Economy, Pluto Press, ISBN 0745325459
Other related publications
- Abdullah Malik, (1988), Bhutto se Benazir tak: Siyasi tajziye, Maktabah-yi Fikr o Danish, ASIN B0000CRQJH
- Bashir Riaz, (2000), Blind justice, Fiction House, ASIN B0000CPHP8
- Khatm-i Nabuvat, ASIN B0000CRQ4A
- Mujahid Husain, (1999), Kaun bara bad °unvan: Benazir aur Navaz Sharif ki bad °unvaniyon par tahqiqati dastavez, Print La'in Pablisharz, ASIN B0000CRPC3
- Ahmad Ejaz, (1993), Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy: A study of Pakistan's relations with major powers, Classic, ASIN B0000CQV0Y
- Lubna Rafique, (1994), Benazir & British press, 1986-1990, Gautam, ASIN B0000CP41S
- Sayyid Afzal Haidar, (1996), Bhutto trial, National Commission on History & Culture, ASIN B0000CPBFX
- Mumtaz Husain Bazmi, (1996), Zindanon se aivanon tak, al-Hamd Pablikeshanz, ASIN B0000CRPOT
- Unknown author, (1996), Napak sazish: Tauhin-i risalat ki saza ko khatm karne ka benazir sarkari mansubah, Intarnaishnal Institiyut af Tahaffuz-i
External links
- Benazir Bhutto - Official website
- Benazir Bhutto - BBC Obituary
- Bhutto's deadly legacy - International Herald Tribune
- TIME: The Aftermath of an Assassination
- TIME: Life in Pictures 1953 - 2007
- Benazir Bhutto at the Open Directory Project
- Photo Diary of Benazir Bhutto
- Inside Bhutto's 'Prison' - Photo Essay
- Times topics: people
- Index of Stories on Benazir Bhutto CNN
- The assassination of Benazir Bhutto - responses at The Immanent Frame, a blog hosted by the Social Science Research Council
Dated
- The Political Situation in Pakistan (audio) - Benazir Bhutto on Capitol Hill in September 2007
- News & Videos about Benazir Bhutto CNN, 2007
- Timeline shows conflicting reports on cause of Bhutto's death, 2007
- In pictures: Bhutto laid to rest, BBC News, 28 December 2007
- Life in pictures: Benazir Bhutto, BBC News, 27 December 2007
- Bhutto murder: the key questions 31 December 2007,
- Medical report of Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto, Washington Post (December 27, 2007)
- Facts on Pakistan's ex-PM Benazir Bhutto Dec 31, 2007
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Muhammad Khan Junejo |
Prime Minister of Pakistan 1988–1990 |
Succeeded by Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (Caretaker) followed by Nawaz Sharif |
| Preceded by Moin Qureshi (Caretaker) |
Prime Minister of Pakistan 1993–1996 |
Succeeded by Miraj Khalid (Caretaker) followed by Nawaz Sharif |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Nusrat Bhutto |
Chairperson of the Pakistan Peoples Party Acting Chairperson for Nusrat Bhutto from 1982–1984 1982–2007 |
Succeeded by Bilawal Bhutto Zardari As co-chairman |
| Succeeded by Asif Ali Zardari As co-chairman |
||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Bhutto, Benazir |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | بینظیر بھٹو |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | 12th & 16th Prime Minister of Pakistan |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 21 June 1953 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Karachi, Pakistan |
| DATE OF DEATH | 27 December 2007 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Rawalpindi, Pakistan |
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