.jpg/180px-Great_Britain's_King_and_Queen_(1913).jpg)
The Belle Époque (French for "Beautiful Era") was a period in European history that began during the late 19th century and lasted until World War I. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Occurring during the time of the French Third Republic and the German Empire, the Belle Époque was considered a "golden age" as peace prevailed between the major powers of Europe, new technologies improved people's lives, and the commercial arts adopted modern forms. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification
Contents |
Politics
The years between the Franco-Prussian War and World War I were characterized by unusual political stability in western and central Europe. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 Although tensions between the French and German governments persisted as a result of the French loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany during 1871, diplomatic conferences, including the Congress of Berlin in 1878 and the Berlin Congo Conference in 1884, mediated disputes that threatened the general European peace. Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 See also Berlin Conference (1884-85 re Africa and Berlin Conference of 1954 (Cold War See also Congress of Berlin (1878 and Berlin Conference of 1954 (Cold War Indeed, for many Europeans, transnational, class-based affiliations were as important as national identities in the Belle Époque. A middle- or upper-class gentleman could travel through much of Europe without a passport and even reside abroad with minimal bureaucratic regulation. A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder [1][2] Meanwhile, the international workers' movement also reorganized itself and reinforced pan-European, class-based identities. The most notable transnational socialist organization was the Second International. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889.
In terms of domestic politics, there were very few regime changes in Europe, the most major exception being Portugal which experienced a republican revolution in 1910. The revolution of 1910 was a republican Coup d'état that occurred in Portugal on 5 October 1910, which deposed King However, tensions between working-class socialist parties, bourgeois liberal parties, and landed or aristocratic conservative parties did increase in many countries; and it has been claimed that profound political instability belied the calm surface of European politics in the era. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined [3] In fact, militarism and international tensions grew considerably between 1897 and 1914, and the immediate prewar years were marked by a general armaments competition in Europe. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or Additionally, this era was one of massive overseas colonialism, known as the New Imperialism, or High Imperialism. The Second European colonization wave is so-called because it followed the first European colonization wave, which started in the 15th century New Imperialism refers to the colonial expansion adopted by Europe 's powers and later Japan and the United States, during the 19th The most famous portion of this imperial expansion was the Scramble for Africa. The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New
Science and technology
The Belle Époque was an era of great scientific and technological advancement in Europe and the world in general. Inventions that either are associated with this era or became generally common in this era include the automobile, the aeroplane, the phonograph, the telephone, the cinématographe and the subway or underground railway. Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft. The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information The cinematograph is a film Camera, which also serves as a Film projector and developer A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway
It was during this era that biologists and physicians finally came to understand the true origins of illnesses, and the field of bacteriology was established. Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία Max Planck, Albert Einstein, and Niels Bohr initiated modern physics. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Niels Henrik David Bohr (nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ in Danish 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962 was a Danish Physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding To recognize many of the great advances made in science in this era, the Nobel Prizes were established for physics, chemistry, and physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature
The social sciences also flourished with the professionalization and modernization of research techniques for many disciplines, including history and political science. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Georg Simmel, Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, along with American Thorstein Veblen, pioneered the field of academic sociology. Georg Simmel (March 1 1858 &ndash September 28 1918 was one of the first generation of German sociologists. Émile Durkheim ( April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French Sociologist whose contributions were instrumental Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered Thorstein Bunde Veblen (born Tosten Bunde Veblen July 30, 1857 &ndash August 3, 1929) was a Norwegian-American sociologist Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge"
Art and literature
The arts underwent a radical transformation during the decades before World War I, and new artistic forms associated with cultural modernity emerged. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century
Impressionism, which had been considered the artistic avant-garde in the 1860s, gained widespread acceptance. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s In the early 20th century Expressionism became the new avant-garde. Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form The visual art style known as Art Nouveau (called Jugendstil in central Europe), characterized by its curvilinear forms, become prominent and dominated design throughout much of Europe. Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines Many successful examples of this style, with notable regional variations, were built in France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Austria (the Vienna Secession), Hungary, Bohemia, and Latvia. The Vienna Secession (also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereiningung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists It soon spread around the world, including to Mexico and the United States. It is sometimes called Belle Époque style.
Theater adopted new modern methods, including Expressionism, and many playwrights wrote plays that shocked contemporary audiences either with their frank depictions of everyday life and sexuality or with unusual artistic elements. Cabaret theater also become popular. Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring Comedy, Song, Dance, and Theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue &mdash a Restaurant Musically, the Belle Époque was characterized by salon music. Salon music was a popular Music genre in Europe during the 19th century This was not considered "serious" music but, rather, short pieces considered accessible to a general audience. In addition to works for piano solo or violin and piano, the Belle Époque was famous for its large repertory of songs (mélodies, romanze, etc. A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed ). The Italians were the greatest proponents of this type of song, its greatest champion being Francesco Paolo Tosti. Sir Francesco Paolo Tosti ( April 9, 1846 &ndash December 2, 1916) was an Italian composer and music teacher Though Tosti's songs never completely left the repertoire, salon music generally fell into a period of obscurity. Even as encores, singers were afraid to sing them at "serious" recitals. In that period, waltzes also flourished. Operettas were also at the peak of their popularity, with composers such as Johann Strauss, Emmerich Kalman, and Franz Lehar. It was during this era that the motion pictures were developed, though these did not become common until after World War I.
European literature underwent a major transformation during the Belle Époque. Literary realism and naturalism achieved new heights. Literary realism most often refers to the trend beginning with certain works of nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Naturalism is a movement in Theatre, film, and Literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such Among the most famous realist or naturalist authors are Theodor Fontane, Guy de Maupassant, and Émile Zola. Theodor Fontane (ˈtʰeodoɐ̯ fɔnˈtaːnə December 30, 1819 – September 20, 1898) was a German Novelist and Guy de Maupassant (gi də mopasɑ̃ (5 August 1850 &ndash 6 July 1893 was a popular 19th-century French Writer and considered one of the fathers of the modern Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Realism gradually developed into modernism, which emerged in the 1890s and came to dominate European literature during the Belle Époque's final years and throughout the interwar years. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Among the most prominent European modernist authors are Andrei Bely, Joseph Conrad, James Joyce, Franz Kafka, D. H. Lawrence, Thomas Mann, Robert Musil, Marcel Proust, Arthur Schnitzler, Robert Walser, and William Butler Yeats. Andrei Bely (Андрей Белый was the pseudonym of Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev ( &ndash January 8, 1934) a Russian novelist poet Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930 was an English writer of the 20th century whose prolific and diverse output included Novels short Paul Thomas Mann ( June Robert Musil born Robert Edler von Musil ( November 6, 1880, Klagenfurt, Austria &ndash Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic Arthur Schnitzler ( May 15, 1862 - October 21, 1931) was an Austrian writer, Dramatist and doctor For the US musicologist see Robert Walser (musicologist. Robert Walser ( 15 April 1878 near Biel/Bienne,
Notes
- ^ A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945
- ^ A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle of Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918
- ^ Arno J. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War
See also
- Fin de siècle
- The corresponding Edwardian period in Britain
- Succès de scandale
- Belle Époque (film)
External links
- The Belle Epoque in Europe (in English, French, German, Italian, many pictures of Art Nouveau architecture)
- paris1900.lartnouveau.com The Belle Epoque in Paris through postcards and documents
- dijon1900.blogspot.com The Belle Epoque in Dijon through postcards
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic