| Belfast | |
| Scots: Bilfawst | |
| Irish: Béal Feirste | |
  Belfast shown within Northern Ireland |
|
| Area | 44. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Belfast City Hall is the civic building of the Belfast City Council. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 4 sq mi (115 km²) |
|---|---|
| Population | City proper: 276,459 Belfast Metropolitan Area: 579,554 (2001 census) |
| Irish grid reference | |
| - London | 322 mi (518 km) SE |
| District | City of Belfast |
| County | County Antrim County Down |
| Constituent country | Northern Ireland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BELFAST |
| Postcode district | BT1-BT17, BT29 (part of), BT58 |
| Dialling code | 028 |
| Police | Northern Ireland |
| Fire | Northern Ireland |
| Ambulance | Northern Ireland |
| European Parliament | Northern Ireland |
| UK Parliament | Belfast North Belfast South Belfast East Belfast West |
| NI Assembly | Belfast North Belfast South Belfast East Belfast West |
| Website: www.belfastcity.gov.uk | |
| List of places: UK • Northern Ireland • | |
Belfast (from the Irish: Béal Feirste meaning "Mouth of the (River) Farset")[1] is the capital of Northern Ireland. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology The Belfast Metropolitan Area is a grouping of council areas which include commuter towns and overspill from Belfast, Northern Ireland with a population of 579276 A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 The Irish grid reference system is a system of geographic Grid references commonly used in Ireland (both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland is divided into 26 districts for local government purposes Belfast City Council is the City council for Belfast, Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is one of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom. County Antrim ( Contae Aontroma or simply Aontroim in Irish) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, and one of nine counties County Down, ( Ulster Scots: Coontie Doun. is one of the nine counties that form the province of Ulster and one of six counties that form Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system UK Postal codes are known as postcodes. UK postcodes are Alphanumeric. The BT postcode area, also known as the Belfast postcode area covers Northern Ireland and was the last part of the United Kingdom to be coded The UK Telephone numbering plan, also known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, is the system used for assigning Telephone numbers in the United There are a number of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom. The Police Service of Northern Ireland is the Police service that covers Northern Ireland. The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and The Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service (NIFRS is the Statutory fire and rescue service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom The Northern Ireland Ambulance Service (NIAS is the Ambulance service that serves the whole of Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a Constituency of the European Parliament. This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as at the 2005 general election Belfast North is a Parliamentary Constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. Belfast South is a Parliamentary Constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. Belfast East is a Parliamentary Constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. For other constituencies of the same name see Belfast West. Belfast West is a Parliamentary Constituency in the UK House The Northern Ireland Assembly ( Irish: Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann Semmlie) is the devolved Belfast North is a constituency in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Belfast South is a constituency in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Belfast East is a constituency in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Belfast West is a constituency in the Northern Ireland Assembly. A Gazetteer of place names in the United Kingdom showing each place's County, Unitary authority or council area and its geographical coordinates List of places --> List of settlements in Northern Ireland &mdashdata from the 2001 Census A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of [2] It is the largest urban area in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster and the second-largest city in Ireland. Ulster ( Ulaidh ˈkwɪɟɪ ˈʌlˠu / ˈʌlˠi is one of the four provinces of Ireland, in addition to Connacht, Munster and Leinster Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world In the 2001 census, the population within the city limits (the Belfast Urban Area) was 276,459,[3] while 579,554 people lived in the wider Belfast Metropolitan Area. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 The Belfast Metropolitan Area is a grouping of council areas which include commuter towns and overspill from Belfast, Northern Ireland with a population of 579276 [4] This made it the fifteenth-largest city in the United Kingdom, but the eleventh-largest conurbation. For a list of the largest contiguous urban areas or Conurbations in the UK see here. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A Conurbation is formed when towns expand sufficiently that their urban areas join up with each other [5]
Belfast is situated on Ireland's eastern coast. The city is flanked to the northwest by a series of hills, including Cavehill, which is thought to be the inspiration for Jonathan Swift's novel, Gulliver's Travels. Cavehill ( Irish, Beann Mhadagáin or Cnoc na hUaighe) is a Basaltic hill overlooking the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 Gulliver's Travels (1726 amended 1735 officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World in Four Parts Belfast is located at the western end of Belfast Lough and at the mouth of the River Lagan making it an ideal location for the shipbuilding industry that once made it famous. Belfast Lough ( Loch Lao or Loch Laoigh in Irish) is a large natural intertidal sea lough situated at the mouth of the River Lagan on the The River Lagan ( is a major river in Northern Ireland which runs 40 miles (60 km from the Slieve Croob mountain in County Down to Belfast When the Titanic was built in Belfast in 1912, Harland and Wolff had the largest shipyard in the world. Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries is a diversified heavy industrial company specialising in Shipbuilding, Ship breaking, Offshore construction [6] Originally a town in County Antrim, the County borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888. County Antrim ( Contae Aontroma or simply Aontroim in Irish) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, and one of nine counties County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [7]
Belfast saw the worst of The Troubles in Ireland, with nearly half of the total deaths in the conflict occurring in the city. However, since the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, there has been significant urban regeneration in the city centre including Victoria Square, Queen's Island and Laganside as well as the Odyssey complex and the landmark Waterfront Hall. The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an Urban Renewal (similar to Urban Regeneration in British English) is a controversial U Belfast City Centre is the Central business district of the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Titanic Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area situated on reclaimed land in Belfast city harbour known until recently as Queen's Island The Laganside Corporation is a public body formed by the Laganside Development (Northern Ireland Order 1989 with The Odyssey is a large sports and entertainment centre situated in Queen's Island Belfast, Northern Ireland. Waterfront Hall is Concert hall and Exhibition centre in Belfast, Northern Ireland, designed by local architecture firm Robinson McIlwaine The city is served by two airports: The George Best Belfast City Airport adjacent to Belfast Lough and Belfast International Airport which is near Lough Neagh. George Best Belfast City Airport is an Airport in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Lough Neagh (ˌlɒx ˈneɪ, ɫ̪ɔx ˈn̠ʲahax is a freshwater Lake in Northern Ireland. Queen's University of Belfast is the main university in the city. Queen's University Belfast is a university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The University of Ulster also maintains a campus in the city, which concentrates on fine art, design and architecture. The University of Ulster ( UU; Ollscoil Uladh is a multi-centre University located in Northern Ireland and is the largest single university on the
Belfast is one of the constituent cities that makes up the Dublin-Belfast corridor region which has a population of just under 3 million. The Dublin-Belfast corridor is a term used to loosely describe a geographical area that encompasses the cities of Dublin and Belfast and the area between
Contents |
History
- See also: The Troubles and Belfast Blitz
The name, Belfast, is the anglicised version of the Irish Béal Feirste which translates as "Mouth of the (River) Farset". The history of Belfast as a settlement goes back to the Bronze Age but its status as a major urban centre dates to the eighteenth century The Belfast Blitz was an event that occurred on the night of Easter Tuesday 15 April 1941. Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English [1] This refers to the sand bar that formed where the River Farset met the River Lagan at Donegall Quay and flowed into Belfast Lough, which became the hub around which the city developed. A shoal or sandbar (also called sandbank) is a somewhat Linear Landform within or extending into a body of Water, The River Farset ( An Fhearsaid or Abhainn na Feirste in Irish) is a River in Northern Ireland, a Tributary of the The River Lagan ( is a major river in Northern Ireland which runs 40 miles (60 km from the Slieve Croob mountain in County Down to Belfast Belfast Lough ( Loch Lao or Loch Laoigh in Irish) is a large natural intertidal sea lough situated at the mouth of the River Lagan on the [8] The River Farset is also named after this silt deposit (from the Irish feirste meaning ‘sand spit’). The River Farset ( An Fhearsaid or Abhainn na Feirste in Irish) is a River in Northern Ireland, a Tributary of the Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay Originally a more significant river than it is today, the Farset formed a dock on High Street until the mid 19th century. Bank Street in the city centre referred to the river bank and Bridge Street was named for the site of an early Farset bridge. Belfast City Centre is the Central business district of the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland. [9] However, superseded by the River Lagan as the more important river in the city, the Farset now languishes in obscurity, under High Street. The River Lagan ( is a major river in Northern Ireland which runs 40 miles (60 km from the Slieve Croob mountain in County Down to Belfast
The site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze Age. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The Giant's Ring, a 5000-year-old henge, is located near the city, and the remains of Iron Age hill forts can still be seen in the surrounding hills. henge is a prehistoric Architectural structure. In form it is a nearly circular or oval-shaped flat area over 20 Metres (65 feet) in diameter This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement Belfast remained a small settlement of little importance during the Middle Ages. The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 John de Courcy built a castle on what is now Castle Street in the city centre in the 12th century, but this was on a lesser scale and not as strategically important as Carrickfergus Castle to the north, which was built by de Courcy in 1177. John de Courcy (1160 &ndash 1219 was a Norman knight who arrived in Ireland in 1177 Carrickfergus Castle is a Norman Castle in Northern Ireland, situated in the town of Carrickfergus in County Antrim, on the shore The O'Neill clan had a presence in the area. O'Neill (also spelled O'Neil, O'Neall, O'Neal) is a common Surname of Irish origin In the 14th century the Clan Aedh Buidh, descendants of "Yellow" Hugh O'Neill built Grey Castle at Castlereagh, now in the east of the city. [10] Conn O'Neill also owned land in the area, one remaining link being the Connswater River flowing thorough east Belfast. Conn O'Neill 1st Earl of Tyrone, Prince of Tyrone (c 1480 &ndash 1559 surnamed Bacach (the Lame son of Conn Mór King of Tir Eóghan grandson of Henry O'Neill [11]
Belfast became a substantial settlement in the 17th century after being established by Sir Arthur Chichester which was initially settled by the mainly Protestant English and Scottish migrants during the Plantation of Ulster. The Plantation of Ulster (Irish Plandáil Uladh) was a planned process of Colonisation which took place in the northern Irish province of Ulster In 1791, the Society of United Irishmen was founded in Belfast, after Henry Joy McCracken and other prominent Presbyterians from the city invited Theobald Wolfe Tone and Thomas Russell to a meeting, after having read Tone's "Argument on Behalf of the Catholics of Ireland". The Society of United Irishmen was founded as a Liberal political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought Parliamentary reform Henry Joy McCracken ( 31 August, 1767 &ndash 17 July, 1798) was a Cotton manufacturer and Industrialist, Presbyterian Theobald Wolfe Tone, commonly known as Wolfe Tone ( 20 June, 1763 – 19 November, 1798) was a leading figure in the United Thomas Russell ( August 14, 1895 &ndash March 9, 1958) was an American painter, also the grandfather of Kurt Belfast blossomed as a commercial and industrial centre in the 18th and 19th centuries and became Ireland's pre-eminent industrial city. Industries thrived, including linen, rope-making, tobacco, heavy engineering and shipbuilding, and at the end of the nineteenth century, Belfast briefly overtook Dublin as the largest and most industrialised city in Ireland. Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. The Harland and Wolff shipyards became one of the largest shipbuilders in the world, employing up to 35,000 workers. Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries is a diversified heavy industrial company specialising in Shipbuilding, Ship breaking, Offshore construction [12] Belfast was heavily bombed during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In one raid, in 1941, German bombers killed around one thousand people and left tens of thousands homeless. Outside of London, this was the greatest loss of life in a night raid during the Blitz. The Blitz was the sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941 in World War II. [13]
Belfast has been the capital of Northern Ireland since its creation in 1920 by the Government of Ireland Act. An Act to Provide for the Better Government of Ireland, more usually the Government of Ireland Act 1920, (and sometimes called the Fourth Home Rule Act) was an Act Since it began to emerge as a major city, it has been the scene of much sectarian conflict between its Roman Catholic and Protestant populations. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. These opposing groups in this conflict are now often termed republican and loyalist respectively, although they are also referred to as 'nationalist' and 'unionist'. Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty Ulster loyalism is a militant unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. Irish nationalism (Náisiúnachas Éireannach refers to political and sociological movements and sentiment that embodies a love for Irish ancestry, culture and language and Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and The most recent example of this is known as the Troubles - a civil conflict that raged from c. 1969 to the late 1990s. Belfast saw the worst of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, particularly in the 1970s, with rival paramilitary groups forming on both sides. Bombing, assassination and street violence formed a backdrop to life throughout The Troubles. The IRA detonated 22 bombs, all in a confined area in the city centre in 1972, on what is known as "Bloody Friday", killing nine people. Bloody Friday is the name given to the bombings by the Provisional Irish Republican Army 's (IRA Belfast Brigade in and around Belfast, Northern Ireland Loyalists paramilitaries, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Ulster Defence Association (UDA) claimed that murders they carried out were in retaliaton to the PIRA campaign. The Ulster Volunteer Force (more commonly referred to as the UVF) is a Loyalist group in Northern Ireland. The Ulster Defence Association ( UDA) is a loyalist Paramilitary criminal organization in Northern Ireland, outlawed as a Terrorist From 1969 until 1997 the Provisional Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA conducted an armed Paramilitary campaign in the United Kingdom, aimed at ending British Most of those their victims, however, were civilians entirely unconnected to the Provisional IRA. A particularly notorious group, based on the Shankill Road in the mid 1970s became known as the Shankill Butchers. The Shankill Road ( is the arterial road leading through a predominantly Protestant working-class area The " Shankill Butchers " were a group of UVF members who were involved in a large number of loyalist terrorist activities in Belfast, Northern Ireland In all, over 1,500 people were killed in political violence in the city from 1969 until 2001. [14]
A legacy of the Troubles is that both republican and loyalist paramilitary groups in Belfast have become involved in organised crime and racketeering. A racket is an illegal business usually run as part of Organized crime. On 20 December 2004, UK£26. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency 4 million was stolen from the headquarters of the Northern Bank in Belfast City Centre, the largest cash robbery at the time in the United Kingdom. The Northern Bank robbery was a large robbery of cash from the Donegall Square headquarters of the Northern Bank in Belfast, Northern Ireland The police investigation linked the robbery to the Provisional Irish Republican Army. [15] Policing in Belfast is provided by the Police Service of Northern Ireland. The Police Service of Northern Ireland is the Police service that covers Northern Ireland. They reported annual decreases in recorded crime in East, North, and South Belfast between 2002 and 2006. [16] West Belfast showed an increase in recorded crime during the same period. [16]
Governance
Belfast was granted borough status by James I in 1613 and official city status by Queen Victoria in 1888. Borough status in the United Kingdom is granted by Royal charter to Local government Districts in England, Wales and Northern James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [17] Since 1971 it has been a local government district under local administration by Belfast City Council. The Local Government (Boundaries Act (Northern Ireland 1971 was an Act of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, passed in 1971 to replace the previous system Belfast City Council is the City council for Belfast, Northern Ireland. [18] Belfast is represented in both the British House of Commons and in the Northern Ireland Assembly. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The Northern Ireland Assembly ( Irish: Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann Semmlie) is the devolved For elections to the European Parliament, Belfast is within the Northern Ireland constituency. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU Northern Ireland is a Constituency of the European Parliament.
Local government
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For more details on this topic, see Belfast City Council. Belfast City Council is the City council for Belfast, Northern Ireland.
The city of Belfast has a mayoral form of municipal government. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. The City's officials are the Lord Mayor, Deputy Lord Mayor and High Sheriff who are elected from fifty-one councillors. The Lord Mayor is the title of the Mayor of a major city with special recognition The High Sheriff is or was a law enforcement position in Anglosphere countries A councillor or councilor ( Cllr, Coun, Clr or Cr for short is a member of a Local government council such as a The first Lord Mayor of Belfast was Daniel Dixon, who was elected in 1892. [19] As of June 2008, the Lord Mayor of Belfast is Sinn Féin politician, Tom Hartley, who is only the second Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of the city. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 His duties, as mayor of Belfast, include presiding over meetings of the council, receiving distinguished visitors to the city, and representing and promoting the city on the national and international stage. [19] Hartley replaces the Ulster Unionist Party Lord Mayor, Jim Rodgers OBE. The Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or in a historic sense simply the Unionist Party Jim Rodgers OBE is a Northern Irish politician who was twice been Lord Mayor of Belfast[http //news
In 1997, Unionists lost overall control of Belfast City Council for the first time in its history, with the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland gaining the balance of power between Nationalists and Unionists. Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and Belfast City Council is the City council for Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI is a Political party in Northern Ireland. Irish nationalism (Náisiúnachas Éireannach refers to political and sociological movements and sentiment that embodies a love for Irish ancestry, culture and language and This position was confirmed in the council elections of 2001 and 2005. Local elections took place in some parts of the UK on the 7 June, 2001. Elections for local government were held in the England and Northern Ireland on May 5, 2005 along with the 2005 general election across Since then it has had three Nationalist mayors, two from the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and one from Sinn Féin. The Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP; Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre is one of the two major nationalist parties in Northern Ireland Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 The first nationalist Lord Mayor of Belfast was Alban Maginness, a member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, in 1996.
In the 2005 local government elections, the voters of Belfast elected fifty-one councillors to Belfast City Council from the following political parties: 15 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 14 Sinn Féin, 8 Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 7 Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), 4 Alliance Party, 2 Progressive Unionist Party (PUP), and 1 Independent. The Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP) is the larger of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 The Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP; Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre is one of the two major nationalist parties in Northern Ireland The Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or in a historic sense simply the Unionist Party The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI is a Political party in Northern Ireland. See Ulster Progressive Unionist Association, for the political group founded in 1938 The Progressive Unionist Party ( PUP) is a small [20]
Northern Ireland Assembly and Westminster
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For more details on this topic, see Northern Ireland Assembly and Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Northern Ireland Assembly ( Irish: Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann Semmlie) is the devolved The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories
- See also: Belfast (Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies) and Belfast (constituency)
As Northern Ireland's capital city, Belfast is host to the Northern Ireland Assembly at Stormont, the site of home rule legislature in Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Assembly ( Irish: Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann Semmlie) is the devolved Parliament Buildings, known as Stormont because of its location in the Stormont area of Belfast, served as the seat of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a State to government at subnational level Belfast is divided into four Northern Ireland Assembly and UK parliamentary constituencies: North Belfast, West Belfast, South Belfast and East Belfast. The Northern Ireland Assembly ( Irish: Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann Semmlie) is the devolved The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories All four extend beyond the city boundaries including into parts of Castlereagh, Lisburn and Newtownabbey districts. Castlereagh Borough Council is a local council in Northern Ireland. Lisburn City Council is a Local Council covering an area partly in County Antrim and partly in County Down in Northern Ireland. Newtownabbey Borough Council is a Local Council in County Antrim in Northern Ireland. In the Northern Ireland Assembly Elections in 2007, Belfast elected 24 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), 6 from each constituency. The third elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly were held on 7 March 2007 when 108 new members were selected A Member of the Legislative Assembly, or MLA, is a representative elected by the voters of an Electoral district to the Legislature or Legislative Northern Ireland is divided into 18 Parliamentary constituencies - 4 Borough constituencies in Belfast and 14 County constituencies elsewhere The MLA breakdown consisted of 8 Sinn Féin, 6 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 4 Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 3 Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), 2 Alliance Party, and 1 Progressive Unionist Party (PUP). Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 The Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP) is the larger of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland. The Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP; Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre is one of the two major nationalist parties in Northern Ireland The Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or in a historic sense simply the Unionist Party The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI is a Political party in Northern Ireland. See Ulster Progressive Unionist Association, for the political group founded in 1938 The Progressive Unionist Party ( PUP) is a small [21] In the 2005 UK general election, Belfast elected one MP from each constituency to the House of Commons at Westminster, London. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. This was comprised of 2 DUP, 1 SDLP, and 1 Sinn Féin. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 [22]
Coat of Arms and motto
The city of Belfast has the Latin motto "Pro tanto quid retribuamus". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. This is taken from Psalm 116 Verse 12 in the Latin Vulgate Bible and is literally "For (Pro) the much (tanto) it is that (quid) we repay (retribuamus)" The verse has been translated in different bibles differently - for example as "What shall I render unto the Lord for all his benefits toward me?". Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by [23] It is also translated as "In return for so much, what shall we give back?"[24] The Queens University Students' Union Rag Week publication PTQ derives its name from the first three words of the motto. Queen's University Belfast is a university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. University Rag societies are student-run charitable fundraising organisations that are widespread in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
The city's coat of arms shows a central shield, bearing a ship and a bell, flanked by a chained wolf (or wolfhound) on the left and a seahorse on the right. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people A smaller seahorse sits at the top. This crest dates back to 1613, when King James I granted Belfast town status. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The seal was used by Belfast merchants throughout the seventeenth century on their signs and trade-coins. [25] A large stained glass window in the City Hall displays the seal, where an explanation suggests that the seahorse and the ship refer to Belfast's significant maritime history. Belfast City Hall is the civic building of the Belfast City Council. The wolf may be a tribute to the city's founder, Sir Arthur Chichester, and refer to his own coat of arms. Arthur Chichester 1st Baron Chichester (May 1563 &ndash 19 February 1625) known between 1596 and 1613 as Sir Arthur Chichester, was an English administrator [25]
Geography
Belfast is situated on Northern Ireland's eastern coast at . A consequence of this northern latitude is that it both endures short winter days and enjoys long summer evenings. During the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year, local sunset is before 16:00 while sunrise is around 08:45. The winter solstice occurs at the instant when the Sun 's position in the sky is at its greatest angular distance on the other side of the equatorial plane from the This is balanced by the summer solstice in June, when the sun sets after 22:00 and rises before 05:00. Solstices occur twice a year when the tilt of the Earth's axis is most oriented toward or away from the Sun, causing the Sun to reach its northernmost and southernmost extremes [26]
Belfast is located at the eastern end of Belfast Lough and at the mouth of the River Lagan. Belfast Lough ( Loch Lao or Loch Laoigh in Irish) is a large natural intertidal sea lough situated at the mouth of the River Lagan on the The River Lagan ( is a major river in Northern Ireland which runs 40 miles (60 km from the Slieve Croob mountain in County Down to Belfast In 1994, a weir was built across the river by the Laganside Corporation to raise the average water level so that it would cover the unseemly mud flats which gave Belfast its name[27](from the Irish: Béal Feirste meaning "The sandy ford at the river mouth"[1]). The Lagan Weir, completed in 1994 at a cost of £14m is located across the Lagan between the Queen Elizabeth Bridge and the M3 bridge (completed around the same time The Laganside Corporation is a public body formed by the Laganside Development (Northern Ireland Order 1989 with Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. The area of Belfast Local Government District is 42. 3 square miles (110 km²). [28]
The city is flanked on the north and northwest by a series of hills, including Divis Mountain, Black Mountain and Cavehill thought to be the inspiration for Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Divis (from the Irish, Dubh Ais, meaning black back) is an area of sprawling Moorland to the north-west of Belfast, Black Mountain (Cnoc an tSléibhe Dhuibh is a large hill which overlooks the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland. Cavehill ( Irish, Beann Mhadagáin or Cnoc na hUaighe) is a Basaltic hill overlooking the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 Gulliver's Travels (1726 amended 1735 officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World in Four Parts When Swift was living at Lilliput Cottage near the bottom of the Limestone Road in Belfast, he imagined that the Cavehill resembled the shape of a sleeping giant safeguarding the city. Cavehill ( Irish, Beann Mhadagáin or Cnoc na hUaighe) is a Basaltic hill overlooking the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland [29] The shape of the giant's nose, known locally as Napoleon's Nose, is officially called McArt's Fort probably named after Art O'Neill, a sixteenth century chieftain who controlled the area at that time. [30] The Castlereagh Hills overlook the city on the southeast. Castlereagh Borough Council is a local council in Northern Ireland.
Former poet and Catholic Bishop of Down and Connor, Dr William Philbin wrote this of Belfast: "Belfast is a city walled in by mountains, moated by sees, and undermined by deposits of history".
Climate
Belfast has a temperate climate. Average daily high temperatures are 18 °C (64 °F) in July and 6 °C (43 °F) in January. The highest temperature recorded in Belfast was 30. 8 °C (87. 4 °F) on 12 July 1983. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) [31] The city gets significant precipitation (greater than 0. 01 in/0. 25 mm) on 213 days in an average year with an average annual rainfall of 845. 8 millimetres (33. 3 in),[32] less than the Lake District or the Scottish Highlands,[31] but higher than Dublin or the south-east coast of Ireland. The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in North West England. The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. [33] As an urban and coastal area, Belfast typically gets snow on fewer than 10 days per year. [31] The city is also renowned for how warm it can get during the winter month at its high latitude. In February, temperatures have hit 17 °C, at the same latitude where it is ~-45 °C in Russia and Canada. It is not uncommon for temperatures in summer to reach as high as 27 °C (80 °F) on numerous days. [34] The consistently humid climate that prevails over Ireland can make temperatures feel uncomfortable when they stray into the high 20s (80-85°F), more so than similar temperatures in hotter climates in the rest of Europe.
| Weather averages for Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13 (55) | 14 (57) | 19 (66) | 21 (70) | 26 (79) | 28 (82) | 32 (90) | 28 (82) | 26 (79) | 21 (70) | 16 (61) | 14 (57) | 32 (90) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6 (43) | 7 (45) | 9 (48) | 12 (54) | 15 (59) | 18 (64) | 18 (64) | 18 (64) | 16 (61) | 13 (55) | 9 (48) | 7 (45) | 12 (54) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 2 (36) | 2 (36) | 3 (37) | 4 (39) | 6 (43) | 9 (48) | 11 (52) | 11 (52) | 9 (48) | 7 (45) | 4 (39) | 3 (37) | 6 (43) |
| Record low °C (°F) | -13 (9) | -12 (10) | -12 (10) | -4 (25) | -3 (27) | -1 (30) | 4 (39) | 1 (34) | -2 (28) | -4 (25) | -6 (21) | -11 (12) | -13 (9) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 80 (3. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 1) | 52 (2) | 50 (2) | 48 (1. 9) | 52 (2) | 68 (2. 7) | 94 (3. 7) | 77 (3) | 80 (3. 1) | 83 (3. 3) | 72 (2. 8) | 90 (3. 5) | 846 (33. 3) |
| Source: [32] 2007-08-04 | |||||||||||||
Areas and districts
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For more details on City Layout, see Belfast City Layout. Belfast is the capital city of Northern Ireland. The districts of Belfast reflect the still-divided nature of Northern Ireland as a whole Transportation systems in the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland include road air rail and sea
Belfast expanded very rapidly from small market town to industrial city during the course of the nineteenth century. Because of this it is less an agglomeration of villages and towns which have expanded into each other than other comparable cities, such as Manchester or Birmingham. The city expanded to the natural barrier of the hills that surround it, overwhelming other settlements. Consequently the arterial roads along which this expansion took place (such as the Falls Road or the Newtownards Road) are more significant in defining the districts of the city than nucleated settlements. Including the City Centre, the city can be divided into five areas with North Belfast, East Belfast, South Belfast, and West Belfast. Belfast City Centre is the Central business district of the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland. Each of these is a parliamentary constituency. Westminster was a former parliamentary constituency in the Parliament of England to 1707 the Parliament of Great Britain 1707-1800 and the Parliament of Belfast remains segregated by walls, commonly known as “peace lines”, erected by the British Army after August 1969, which still divide fourteen neighbourhoods in the inner-city. The Peace Lines are a series of Separation barriers ranging in length from a few hundred yards to over three miles (5 km separating Catholic The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. [35] In June 2007, a UK£16 million programme was announced which will transform and redevelop streets and public spaces in the city centre. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency [36] Major arterial roads (quality bus corridors) into the city include the Antrim Road, Shore Road, Holywood Road, Newtownards Road, Castlereagh Road, Cregagh Road, Ormeau Road, Malone Road, Lisburn Road, Falls Road, Springfield Road, Shankill Road, and Crumlin Road. Bus rapid transit ( BRT) is a broad term given to a variety of transportation systems that through improvements to infrastructure vehicles and scheduling attempt to use Ormeau, a division of Belfast was a UK parliamentary constituency in Ireland. The Malone Road ( Irish: Bóthar Maigh Lón; 'The Plain of the Lambs' Road is a radial road in Belfast, Northern Ireland, leading from the The Lisburn Road ( Irish: Bóthar Lios na gCearrbhach) is a main arterial road linking Belfast to Lisburn, in Northern Ireland. Falls Road also refers to the Rochester Lockport and Niagara Falls Railroad, the New York Central Railroad 's line to Niagara Falls New York. The Shankill Road ( is the arterial road leading through a predominantly Protestant working-class area [37]
Belfast City Centre is divided by two postcodes, BT1 for the area lying north of the City Hall, and BT2 for the area to its south. Belfast City Centre is the Central business district of the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland. Belfast City Hall is the civic building of the Belfast City Council. The industrial estate and docklands share BT3. The rest of the Greater Belfast postcodes are set out in a clockwise system. The BT postcode area, also known as the Belfast postcode area covers Northern Ireland and was the last part of the United Kingdom to be coded A clockwise motion is one that proceeds 'like the Clock 's hands' from the top to the right then down and then to the left and back to the top Although BT stands for Belfast, it is used across the whole of Northern Ireland. [38]
Since 2001, boosted by increasing numbers of tourists, the city council has developed a number of cultural quarters. The central area of Belfast has been roughly divided into four Quarters The Titanic Quarter The Cathedral Quarter Queen's The Cathedral Quarter takes its name from St. Anne’s Cathedral (Church of Ireland) and has taken on the mantle of the city's key cultural locality. The Cathedral Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area roughly situated between Royal Avenue and the Dunbar Link in the city centre. St Anne's Cathedral also known as Belfast Cathedral is a Cathedral of the Church of Ireland in Belfast, Northern Ireland. [39] It hosts a yearly visual and performing arts festival. The Cathedral Quarter Arts Festival is an annual arts festival that takes place in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
In March 2008, Victoria Square, Belfast, a £400m shopping complex opened in the centre of Belfast, consisting of shops, restaurants, a cinema (opening in June 2008) and the largest House of Fraser in the UK and Ireland, increasing the shopping area of Belfast by up to a third. Victoria Square Belfast is a commercial residential and leisure development in Belfast, Northern Ireland developed and built by Multi Development UK House of Fraser is a British Department store group with 63 stores (April 2008 across the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Custom House Square is one of the city's main outdoor venues for free concerts and street entertainment. The Gaeltacht Quarter is an area around the Falls Road in West Belfast which promotes and encourages the use of the Irish language. The Gaeltacht Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area surrounding the Falls Road in the west of the city Falls Road also refers to the Rochester Lockport and Niagara Falls Railroad, the New York Central Railroad 's line to Niagara Falls New York. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. [40] The Queens Quarter in South Belfast is named after Queens University. Queen's Quarter (also known as the University Quarter) is the southern-most of Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland and named after Queen's Queen's University Belfast is a university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The area has a large student population and hosts the annual Belfast Festival at Queen’s each autumn. The Belfast Festival at Queen's is an annual arts Festival held in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is home to Botanic Gardens and the Ulster Museum, closed for major redevelopment until 2009. Belfast Botanic Gardens is a public park in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Ulster Museum is located in the Botanical Gardens in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and has around 8000 square metres of public display space featuring [41] The Golden Mile is the name given to the mile between Belfast City Hall and Queen's University. The Golden Mile is the name given to the stretch of Great Victoria Street between the City Hall and the university area in Belfast, Northern Ireland Belfast City Hall is the civic building of the Belfast City Council. Taking in Gt. Victoria St, Shaftesbury Square and Bradbury Place, it contains some of the best bars and restaurants in the city. [42] Since the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the nearby Lisburn Road has developed into the city's most exclusive shopping strip. The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an The Lisburn Road ( Irish: Bóthar Lios na gCearrbhach) is a main arterial road linking Belfast to Lisburn, in Northern Ireland. [43][44] Finally, The Titanic Quarter covers 0. The Titanic Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area situated on reclaimed land in Belfast city harbour known until recently as Queen's Island 75 km² of reclaimed land adjacent to Belfast harbour, formerly known as Queen's Island. The Port of Belfast is Northern Ireland 's principal maritime gateway serving the Northern Ireland economy and increasingly that of the Republic of Ireland Named after the Titanic, which was built here in 1912,[6] work has begun which promises to transform some former shipyard land into "one of the largest waterfront developments in Europe". Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland [45] Plans also include new apartments, a riverside entertainment district, and a major Titanic-themed museum. [45]
Parks and gardens
Belfast has over forty public parks. Belfast has over forty public parks The Forest of Belfast is a partnership between government and local groups set up in 1992 to manage and conserve the city's parks and open spaces The Forest of Belfast is a partnership between government and local groups, set up in 1992 to manage and conserve the city's parks and open spaces. They have commissioned more than 30 public sculptures since 1993. [46] In 2006, the City Council set aside UK£8 million to continue this work. Belfast City Council is the City council for Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency [47] The Belfast Naturalists' Field Club was founded in 1863 and is administered by National Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland. The Belfast Naturalists' Field Club is a club of naturalists based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. [48]
With 700,000 visitors in 2005,[49] one of the most popular parks[50] is Botanic Gardens in the Queen's Quarter. Belfast Botanic Gardens is a public park in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Queen's Quarter (also known as the University Quarter) is the southern-most of Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland and named after Queen's Built in the 1830s and designed by Sir Charles Lanyon, Botanic Gardens Palm House is one of the earliest examples of a curvilinear and cast iron glasshouse. Sir Charles Lanyon (1813 to 1889 was an English architect of the 19th century A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse or hothouse) is a building where plants are cultivated [51] Other attractions in the park include the Tropical Ravine, a humid jungle glen built in 1889,[50] rose gardens and public events ranging from live opera broadcasts to pop concerts. U2 played here in 1997 and the Tennents ViTal festival takes place in the gardens each summer. Tennents ViTal is Music festival originally held in the Botanic Gardens in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park, to the south of the city centre, attracts thousands of visitors each year to its International Rose Garden. The Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park is a park located in South Belfast. [52] Rose Week in July each year features over 20,000 blooms. [53] It has an area of 128 acres (0. 52 km²) of meadows, woodland and gardens and features a Princess Diana Memorial Garden, a Japanese Garden, a walled garden, and the Golden Crown Fountain commissioned in 2002 as part of the Queen’s Golden Jubilee celebrations. The Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II marked the fiftieth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II 's accession to the throne [52]
In 2008, Belast was named a finalist in the Large City (200,001 and over) category of the RHS Britain in Bloom competition along with London Borough of Croydon and Sheffield. The Royal Horticultural Society ( RHS) was founded in 1804 in London, England as the Horticultural Society of London, and gained its present Britain in Bloom is a horticultural competition in the United Kingdom. The London Borough of Croydon ( is a London borough in South London, England and is part of Outer London. Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England
Demography
- Further information: Demography and politics of Northern Ireland
| Northern Ireland 2001 census[3] | ||
| Belfast | Northern Ireland | |
| Protestant | 49% | 53% |
| Roman Catholic | 47% | 44% |
| Male | 47% | 49% |
| Under 16 years old | 22% | 24% |
| Between 20 and 44 years old | 37% | 37% |
| Over 65 years old | 15% | 13% |
| Ethnically white | 99% | 99% |
Belfast experienced a huge growth in population around the first half of the twentieth century. General demographics Population 1685267 The population of Northern Ireland has increased annually since 1978 This article discusses the Demographics of Northern Ireland as presented by the United Kingdom Census in 2001. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology This rise slowed and peaked around the start of the Troubles with the 1971 census showing almost 600,000 people in the Belfast Urban Area. [54] Since then, the inner city numbers have dropped dramatically as people have moved to swell the Greater Belfast suburb population. Greater Belfast (Irish Mórcheantar Bhéal Feirste) is an area surrounding and including Belfast in Northern Ireland. The 2001 census population within the same Urban Area, had fallen to 277,391[3] people, with 579,554 people living in the wider Belfast Metropolitan Area. The Belfast Metropolitan Area is a grouping of council areas which include commuter towns and overspill from Belfast, Northern Ireland with a population of 579276 [4] The population density in the same year was 2,415 people/km² (compared to 119 for the rest of Northern Ireland). [55] As with many cities, Belfast's inner city is currently characterised by the elderly, students and single young people, while families tend to live on the periphery. Socio-economic areas radiate out from the Central Business District, with a pronounced wedge of affluence extending out the Malone Road to the south. Belfast City Centre is the Central business district of the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Malone Road ( Irish: Bóthar Maigh Lón; 'The Plain of the Lambs' Road is a radial road in Belfast, Northern Ireland, leading from the [54] An area of greater deprivation extends to the west of the city. The areas around the Falls and Shankill Roads are the most deprived wards in Northern Ireland. Falls Road also refers to the Rochester Lockport and Niagara Falls Railroad, the New York Central Railroad 's line to Niagara Falls New York. The Shankill Road ( is the arterial road leading through a predominantly Protestant working-class area [56]
Despite a period of relative peace, most areas and districts of Belfast still reflect the divided nature of Northern Ireland as a whole. Many areas are still highly segregated along ethnic, political and religious lines, especially in working class neighbourhoods. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types [57] These zones ‘Catholic’ or ‘Protestant’, ‘Republican’ or ‘Loyalist’ are invariably marked by flags, graffiti and murals. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. In 1921 Ireland was partitioned Most of the country became part of the independent Irish Free State. Ulster loyalism is a militant unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland flags issue is one that divides the population along sectarian lines Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property Northern Irish murals have become symbols of Northern Ireland, depicting the region's past and present divisions Segregation has been present throughout the history of Belfast, but has been maintained and increased by each new outbreak of violence in the city. This escalation in segregation, described as a "ratchet effect", has shown little sign of decreasing during times of peace. [58] When violence flares, it tends to be in interface areas. The highest levels of segregation in the city are in West Belfast with many areas greater than 90% Catholic. Opposite but comparatively high levels are seen in the predominantly Protestant East Belfast. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. [59] Areas where segregated working-class areas meet are known as interface areas. Interface area is the name given to areas where segregated Protestant and Catholic residential areas meet in Northern Ireland.
Ethnic minority communities have been in Belfast since the 1930s. Since its creation Northern Ireland has attracted immigrants from all over the world [60] The largest groups are Chinese and Irish travellers. Since the expansion of the European Union, numbers have been boosted by an influx of Eastern European immigrants. Census figures (2001) showed that Belfast has a total ethnic minority population of 4,584 or 1. 3% of the population. Over half of these live in South Belfast with numbers reaching 2. 63% of the population. [60] The majority of the estimated 5000 Muslims[61] and 200 Hindu families[62] living and working in Northern Ireland live in the Greater Belfast area. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Greater Belfast (Irish Mórcheantar Bhéal Feirste) is an area surrounding and including Belfast in Northern Ireland.
Economy
The IRA Ceasefire in 1994 and the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 have given investors increased confidence to invest in Belfast. The economy of Belfast, Northern Ireland has changed dramatically since 1600 The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an [63][64] This has led to a period of sustained economic growth and large-scale redevelopment of the city centre. Belfast City Centre is the Central business district of the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland. New developments include Victoria Square, the Cathedral Quarter, and the Laganside with the new Odyssey complex and the landmark Waterfront Hall. The Cathedral Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area roughly situated between Royal Avenue and the Dunbar Link in the city centre. The Laganside Corporation is a public body formed by the Laganside Development (Northern Ireland Order 1989 with The Odyssey is a large sports and entertainment centre situated in Queen's Island Belfast, Northern Ireland. Waterfront Hall is Concert hall and Exhibition centre in Belfast, Northern Ireland, designed by local architecture firm Robinson McIlwaine
Other major developments include the regeneration of the Titanic Quarter, and the erection of the Obel Tower, a skyscraper set to be the tallest tower on the island until eclipsed by the U2 Tower in Dublin. The Titanic Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area situated on reclaimed land in Belfast city harbour known until recently as Queen's Island The U2 Tower is a proposed Landmark Skyscraper due to be constructed in Dublin. [65] In 2007, Belfast launched its vision for a World Trade Centre—currently a 'virtual' centre but with plans to become a physical building—which aims to promote the city to the international business market. [66]
Today, Belfast is Northern Ireland's educational and commercial hub. In February 2006, Belfast's unemployment rate stood at 4. 2%, lower than both the Northern Ireland[67] and the UK average of 5. 5%. [68] Over the past 10 years employment has grown by 16. 4 per cent, compared with 9. 2 per cent for the UK as a whole. [69]
Northern Ireland's peace dividend has led to soaring property prices in the city. The peace dividend is a political slogan popularized by US President George H In 2007, Belfast saw house prices grow by 50%, the fastest rate of growth in the UK. [70] In March 2007, the average house in Belfast cost £191,819, with the average in South Belfast being £241,000. [71] In 2004, Belfast had the lowest owner occupation rate in Northern Ireland at 54%. [72]
Peace has also boosted the numbers of tourists coming to Belfast. There were 6. 4 million visitors in 2005, which was a growth of 8. 5% from 2004. The visitors spent £285. 2 million, supporting over 15,600 jobs. [73] Visitor numbers rose by 6% to reach 6. 8 million in 2006, with tourists spending £324 million, an increase of 15% on 2005. [74] The city's two airports have help make the city one of the most visited weekend destinations in Europe. [75]
Industrial growth
When the population of Belfast town began to grow in the seventeenth century, its economy was built on commerce. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. [76] It provided a market for the surrounding countryside and the natural inlet of Belfast Lough gave the city its own port. Belfast Lough ( Loch Lao or Loch Laoigh in Irish) is a large natural intertidal sea lough situated at the mouth of the River Lagan on the The Port of Belfast is Northern Ireland 's principal maritime gateway serving the Northern Ireland economy and increasingly that of the Republic of Ireland The port supplied an avenue for trade with Great Britain and later Europe and North America. In the mid-seventeenth century, Belfast exported beef, butter, hides, tallow and corn and it imported coal, cloth, wine, brandy, paper, timber and tobacco. [76] Around this time, the linen trade in Northern Ireland blossomed and by the middle of the eighteenth century, one fifth of all the linen exported from Ireland was shipped from Belfast. Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system [76] The present city however is a product of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the [77] It was not until industry transformed the linen and shipbuilding trades that the economy and the population boomed. By the turn of the nineteenth century, Belfast had transformed into the largest linen producing centre in the world,[78] earning the nickname "Linenopolis". The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar
Belfast harbour was dredged in 1845 to provide deeper berths for larger ships. Donegall Quay was built out into the river as the harbour was developed further and trade flourished. [79] The Harland and Wolff shipbuilding firm was created in 1861, and by the time the Titanic was built in Belfast in 1912 it had become the largest shipyard in the world. Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries is a diversified heavy industrial company specialising in Shipbuilding, Ship breaking, Offshore construction Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland [6]
Short Brothers plc is a British aerospace company based in Belfast. Short Brothers plc is a British Aerospace company usually referred to simply as Shorts, that is now based in Belfast, Northern Ireland It was the first aircraft manufacturing company in the world. The company began its association with Belfast in 1936, with Short & Harland Ltd, a venture jointly owned by Shorts and Harland and Wolff. Now known as Shorts Bombardier it works as an international aircraft manufacturer located near the Port of Belfast. The Port of Belfast is Northern Ireland 's principal maritime gateway serving the Northern Ireland economy and increasingly that of the Republic of Ireland [80] The rise of mass-produced and cotton clothing following World War I were some of the factors which led to the decline of Belfast's international linen trade. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [78] Like many British cities dependent on traditional heavy industry, Belfast suffered serious decline since the 1960s, exacerbated greatly in the 1970s and 1980s by The Troubles. More than 100,000 manufacturing jobs have been lost since the 1970s. [81] For several decades, Northern Ireland's fragile economy required significant public support from the British exchequer of up to UK£4 billion per year. The Exchequer was (and in some cases still is a part of the governments of England (latterly to include Wales) Scotland, and Northern Ireland The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency [81] Ongoing sectarian violence has made it difficult for Belfast to compete with Dublin's Celtic Tiger economy. Celtic Tiger (Tíogar Ceilteach is a name for the period of rapid Economic growth in the Republic of Ireland that began in the 1990s and slowed in 2001 [81]
Architecture
The architectural style of Belfast's buildings range from Edwardian, like the City Hall, to modern, like Waterfront Hall. The buildings and structures of Belfast, Northern Ireland comprise many styles of architecture ranging from Edwardian through to state-of-the-art modern buildings The term Edwardian Baroque refers to the Neo-Baroque architectural style of many public buildings built in the British Empire during the reign of Edward Belfast City Hall is the civic building of the Belfast City Council. Waterfront Hall is Concert hall and Exhibition centre in Belfast, Northern Ireland, designed by local architecture firm Robinson McIlwaine Many of the city's Victorian landmarks, including the main Lanyon Building at Queens University and the Linenhall Library, were designed by Sir Charles Lanyon. The term Victorian architecture can refer to one of a number of Architectural styles predominantly employed during the Victorian era. Queen's University Belfast is a university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Linen Hall Library is located at 17 Donegall Square Belfast, Northern Ireland. Sir Charles Lanyon (1813 to 1889 was an English architect of the 19th century
The City Hall was finished in 1906 and was built to reflect Belfast’s city status, granted by Queen Victoria in 1888. Belfast City Hall is the civic building of the Belfast City Council. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The Edwardian architectural influenced the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta, India, and Durban City Hall in South Africa. The term Edwardian Baroque refers to the Neo-Baroque architectural style of many public buildings built in the British Empire during the reign of Edward The Victoria Memorial, located in Kolkata, India is a memorial of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom who also carried the title of Empress India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa [82][83] The dome is 173 ft (53 m) high and figures above the door state “Hibernia encouraging and promoting the Commerce and Arts of the City”. Hibernia is the Classical Latin name for the island of Ireland. [84] Among the city's grandest buildings are two former banks: Ulster Bank in Waring Street (built in 1860) and Northern Bank, in nearby Donegall Street (built in 1769). Ulster Bank ( Irish: Banc Uladh) is a large commercial Bank, one of the Big Four in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Northern Bank, is a Commercial bank in Northern Ireland It is one of the oldest banks in Ireland having been formed in 1824. The Royal Courts of Justice in Chichester Street are home to Northern Ireland's Supreme Court. The Royal Courts of Justice in Belfast is the home of the Supreme Court of Northern Ireland. The courts of Northern Ireland are the civil and criminal Courts responsible for the administration of Justice in Northern Ireland: Many of Belfast's oldest buildings are found in the Cathedral Quarter area, which is currently undergoing redevelopment as the city's main cultural and tourist area. The Cathedral Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area roughly situated between Royal Avenue and the Dunbar Link in the city centre. [39] Windsor House, 262 ft (80 m) high, has twenty-three floors and is the tallest building (as distinct from structure) in Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world [85] Work has started on the taller Obel Tower and in 2007, plans were approved for the Aurora building. See also List of tallest structures in the Commonwealth of Nations List of tallest buildings in Europe At 37 storeys and 358 ft (109 m) high, this will surpass both previous buildings. [86]
The ornately decorated Crown Liquor Saloon, designed by Joseph Anderson 1876, in Great Victoria Street is the only bar in the UK owned by the National Trust. The Crown Liquor Saloon is a Public house in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located National Trust Properties in Northern Ireland is a list of National Trust properties in Northern Ireland. It was made internationally famous as the setting for the classic film, Odd Man Out, starring James Mason. Odd Man Out ( 1947) is a British Film noir directed by Carol Reed, starring James Mason, and is based on a novel of James Neville Mason ( 15 May 1909 – 27 July 1984) was a three-time Academy Award -nominated British Actor who [87] The restaurant panels in the Crown Bar were originally made for Britannic, the sister ship of the Titanic,[84] built in Belfast. Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland The Harland and Wolff shipyard is now the location of the world's largest dry dock,[88] where the giant cranes, Samson and Goliath stand out against Belfast's skyline. Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries is a diversified heavy industrial company specialising in Shipbuilding, Ship breaking, Offshore construction A drydock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform Samson and Goliath are twin Shipbuilding Gantry cranes situated at Queen's Island Belfast, Northern Ireland. Including the Waterfront Hall and the Odyssey Arena, Belfast has several other venues for performing arts. Waterfront Hall is Concert hall and Exhibition centre in Belfast, Northern Ireland, designed by local architecture firm Robinson McIlwaine The Odyssey is a large sports and entertainment centre situated in Queen's Island Belfast, Northern Ireland. The architecture of the Grand Opera House has a distinctly oriental theme and was completed in 1895. The Grand Opera House is a theatre in Belfast, Northern Ireland, designed by the most prolific theatre architect of the period Frank Matcham. It was bombed several times during the Troubles but has now been restored to its former glory. [89] The Lyric Theatre, the only full-time producing theatre in the country, is where film star Liam Neeson began his career. The Lyric Players' Theatre, more commonly known as The Lyric Theatre, or simply The Lyric, is an acting theatre in Belfast, Northern Ireland. William John "Liam" Neeson OBE (born June 7, 1952) is an Irish Actor. [90] The Ulster Hall (1859-1862) was originally designed for grand dances but is now used primarily as a concert and sporting venue. The Ulster Hall ( Halla Uladh) is a Concert hall and grade B1 Listed building in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Lloyd George, Parnell and Patrick Pearse all attended political rallies there. David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only Charles Stewart Parnell ( 27 June 1846 &ndash 6 October 1891) was an Irish Protestant landowner nationalist Patrick Henry Pearse (also known as Pádraig Pearse; Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais An Piarsach; 10 November 1879 &ndash 3 May 1916 was a teacher barrister [84]
Infrastructure
Utilities
Most of Belfast's water is supplied from the Silent Valley Reservoir in County Down, created to collect water from the Mourne Mountains. The Silent Valley Reservoir is a reservoir located in the Mourne Mountains near Kilkeel, County Down in Northern Ireland. County Down, ( Ulster Scots: Coontie Doun. is one of the nine counties that form the province of Ulster and one of six counties that form The Mourne Mountains or Mournes (Na Beanna Boirche a granite mountain range located in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland, are among the [91] The rest of the city's water is sourced from Lough Neagh, via Dunore Water Treatment Works in County Antrim. Lough Neagh (ˌlɒx ˈneɪ, ɫ̪ɔx ˈn̠ʲahax is a freshwater Lake in Northern Ireland. [92] The citizens of Belfast pay for their water in their rates bill. Rates are a type of taxation system in the United Kingdom, and in places with systems deriving from the British one used to fund Local government. Plans to bring in additional water tariffs have been deferred by devolution in May 2007. The Northern Ireland Assembly ( Irish: Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann Semmlie) is the devolved [93] Belfast has approximately 1,300 km of sewers, which are currently being replaced in a project costing over UK£100 million and due for completion in 2009. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency [94]
Northern Ireland Electricity is responsible for transmitting electricity in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland Electricity plc ( NIE) is the Electricity transmission company in Northern Ireland. Belfast's electricity comes from Kilroot Power Station, a 520 megawatt dual coal and oil fired plant, situated near Carrickfergus. Kilroot is a small Village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, on the eastern outskirts of Carrickfergus, east of Belfast on the north The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of Carrickfergus ( is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. [92] Phoenix Natural Gas Ltd. has been granted the licence for the transportation of natural gas across the Irish Sea from Stranraer to supply Greater Belfast from a base station near Carrickfergus. Phoenix Natural Gas Limited is a Northern Ireland utility company which supplies Natural gas to Greater Belfast and surrounding Stranraer ( Gaelic: An t-Sròn Reamhar, ən̴̪ t̪ɾɔːn ɾãũ Carrickfergus ( is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. [92] Rates in Belfast (and the rest of Northern Ireland) were reformed in April 2007. Rates are a type of taxation system in the United Kingdom, and in places with systems deriving from the British one used to fund Local government. The new discrete capital value system means rates bills are determined by the capital value of each domestic property as assessed by the Valuation and Lands Agency. In Economics, capital or capital Goods or real capital refers to items of extensive value [95] The recent dramatic rise in house prices has made these reforms unpopular. [96]
Healthcare
The Belfast Trust is one of five new NHS trusts which were created on 1 April 2007 by the Department of Health. The Belfast Trust is a Health and Social Care Trust covering Belfast, Northern Ireland. The National Health Service is the name commonly used to refer to the four Publicly-funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom collectively or individually (although Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Belfast contains most of Northern Ireland's regional specialist centres. [97] The Royal Victoria Hospital, serving mainly West Belfast, is an internationally renowned centre of excellence in trauma care and provides specialist trauma care for all of Northern Ireland. The Royal Victoria Hospital ( Irish: Ospidéal Ríoga Victoria; commonly known as "The Royal" or the "R [98] It also provides the city's specialist neurosurgical, ophthalmology, ENT, and Dentistry services. Otolaryngology is the branch of Medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of Ear, Nose, Throat, and head and neck disorders The City Hospital, serving South Belfast, is the regional specialist centre for Haematology and is home to the most modern equipped regional Cancer Centre in the UK. The Belfast City Hospital ( Irish: Ospidéal Chathair Bhéal Feirste) located in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is a 900-bed modern university [99] The Mary G McGeown Regional Nephrology Unit at the Belfast City Hospital is the Kidney Transplant Centre and provides regional renal services for N. The Belfast City Hospital ( Irish: Ospidéal Chathair Bhéal Feirste) located in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is a 900-bed modern university Ireland. [100] Musgrave Park Hospital in South Belfast specialises in orthopaedics, rheumatology, sports medicine and rehabilitation. Musgrave Park Hospital is a regional specialist hospital managed by Belfast Health and Social Care Trust in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is home to Northern Ireland's first Acquired Brain Injury Unit, costing GB£9 million and opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall in May, 2006. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom The Duchess of Cornwall is the title held by the wife of the Duke of Cornwall. [101] Other hospitals in Belfast include the Mater Hospital in North Belfast, the Children's Hospital, and the Ulster Hospital, Dundonald. The Mater Infirmorum Hospital, commonly known as The Mater ( Ospidéal an Mater) is an acute hospital in Belfast, The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children is a specialized government Children 's Hospital and medical center in Belfast, Northern Ireland The Ulster Hospital (commonly known as Dundonald Hospital or "The Ulster" " Irish: Ospidéal Uladh) is a hospital in the Dundonald ( is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies in the outer suburbs of east Belfast.
Transportation
Belfast is a relatively car-dependent city, by European standards, with an extensive road network including the ten lane M2 motorway. Transportation systems in the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland include road air rail and sea The M2 is a Motorway in Belfast and County Antrim in Northern Ireland. A recent survey of how people travel in Northern Ireland showed that people in Belfast made 77% of all journeys by car, 11% by public transport and 6% on foot. [102] It also showed that Belfast has 0. 70 cars per household compared to figures of 1. 18 in the East and 1. 14 in the West of Northern Ireland. [102] A significant road improvement scheme in Belfast began early in 2006, with the upgrading of two junctions along the Westlink dual carriageway to grade separated standard. The Westlink road in Belfast, Northern Ireland is a Dual carriageway throughpass designated the A12 connecting the M1 to the M2 Grade separation is the process of aligning a junction of two or more transport axes at different heights ( The Westlink, a dual carriageway skirting the western edge of the City Centre, connects all three Belfast motorways and often suffers from chronic congestion. The work will cost UK£103. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency 9 million and is scheduled for completion in 2009. [103] Commentators have argued that this may simply create a new bottleneck at York Street, the next at-grade intersection, until that too is upgraded (planned for 2011). An at-grade intersection is a junction at which two or more transport axes cross at the same Level (or grade) [104]
Black taxis are common in the city, operating on a share basis in some areas. See also Taxicab ||-||-||}A hackney or hackney carriage (also called a cab or hack) is a Carriage or Automobile Types of vehicle Share taxis come in various Vehicle types including Minibuses Midibuses covered Pickup trucks Station wagons However, these are outnumbered by private hire minicabs. Bus and rail public transport in Northern Ireland is operated by subsidiaries of Translink. Translink is the brand name of the Northern Ireland Transport Holding Company (NITHCo a public corporation in Northern Ireland which provides the Public Bus services in the city proper and the nearer suburbs are operated by Translink Metro, with services focusing on linking residential districts with the City Centre on twelve quality bus corridors running along main radial roads, resulting in poor connections between different suburban areas. Metro is the trading name for Bus company Citybus in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Bus rapid transit ( BRT) is a broad term given to a variety of transportation systems that through improvements to infrastructure vehicles and scheduling attempt to use More distant suburbs are served by Ulsterbus. Ulsterbus is a Public transport operator in Northern Ireland and operates bus services outside of Belfast. Northern Ireland Railways provides suburban services along three lines running through Belfast’s northern suburbs to Carrickfergus and Larne, eastwards towards Bangor and south-westwards towards Lisburn and Portadown. NI Railways also known as Northern Ireland Railways and for a brief period of time Ulster Transport Railways (UTR is the Railway operator in The Belfast Suburban Rail network serves the metropolitan area of Greater Belfast and some of its Commuter towns with three lines Carrickfergus ( is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Larne (&mdashthe domain of a Viking chieftain is a substantial seaport and industrial Town on the east coast of County Antrim, Northern Ireland Bangor (Beannchor is a large Town in County Down, Northern Ireland, with a population of 76403 people in the 2001 Census, making it the Lisburn (Lios na gCearrbhach meaning fort of the gamblers) is a predominantly Unionist city in Northern Ireland, south-west of and adjoining Belfast Portadown ( is a former market town in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. This service is known as the Belfast Suburban Rail system. The Belfast Suburban Rail network serves the metropolitan area of Greater Belfast and some of its Commuter towns with three lines Belfast also has a direct rail connection with Dublin called Enterprise which is operated jointly by NIR and Iarnród Éireann, the state railway company of the Republic of Ireland. History The service was introduced as the "Enterprise Express" on August 11 1947 by the Great Northern Railway (Ireland (GNR (I in an rail transport in Ireland Iarnród Éireann ( IÉ;; in English, Irish Rail) is the national Railway system operator of the Republic In April 2008 the DRD reported on a plan for a light rail system, similar to Dublin's system, suggesting that investment in more modern buses would be prefereable. [105]
The city has two airports: the Belfast International Airport offers domestic, European and transatlantic flights and is located north of the city, near Lough Neagh, while the George Best Belfast City Airport is closer to the city centre, adjacent to Belfast Lough. Lough Neagh (ˌlɒx ˈneɪ, ɫ̪ɔx ˈn̠ʲahax is a freshwater Lake in Northern Ireland. George Best Belfast City Airport is an Airport in Belfast, Northern Ireland. In 2005, Belfast International Airport was the 11th busiest commercial airport in the UK, accounting for just over 2% of all UK terminal passengers while the George Best Belfast City Airport was the 16th busiest and had 1% of UK terminal passengers. [106]
Belfast has a large port which is used for exporting and importing goods, and for passenger ferry services. The Port of Belfast is Northern Ireland 's principal maritime gateway serving the Northern Ireland economy and increasingly that of the Republic of Ireland Stena Line run regular routes to Stranraer in Scotland using their HSS (High Speed Service) vessel—with a crossing time of around 90 minutes—and/or their conventional vessel—with a crossing time of around 3hrs 45 minutes. Stena Line is one of the world's largest ferry operators with Ferry services serving Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Great Britain Stranraer ( Gaelic: An t-Sròn Reamhar, ən̴̪ t̪ɾɔːn ɾãũ Norfolkline—formally Norse Merchant Ferries—run a passenger/cargo ferry to and from Liverpool, with a crossing time of 8 hours and a seasonal sailing to Douglas, Isle of Man is operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet company—formally SeaCat. Volvo FH12-Meulman (NL-2004jpg|thumb|right|Norfolkline conatainer being hauled by a sub-contractor's lorry Douglas (Doolish is the capital of the Isle of Man and its largest town The Isle of Man Steam Packet Company (Sheshaght Phaggad Bree Ellan Vannin is the oldest continuously operating passenger shipping company in the world celebrating its 175th anniversary SeaCat was the marketing name used by Sea Containers Ltd for Ferry services between Northern Ireland and Scotland between 1992 and 2004
Culture
Belfast's population is evenly split between its Protestant and Catholic residents[3] (politically Unionist and Nationalist respectively). The culture of Belfast, much like the city is a microcosm of the Culture of Northern Ireland. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and In 1921 Ireland was partitioned Most of the country became part of the independent Irish Free State. These two distinct vibrant cultural communities have both contributed significantly to the city's culture. Throughout the Troubles, Belfast artists continued to express themselves through poetry, art and music. In the period since the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, Belfast has begun a social, economic and cultural transformation giving it a growing international cultural reputation. The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an [107] In 2003, Belfast had a unsuccessful bid for the 2008 European Capital of Culture. The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its The bid was run by an independent company, Imagine Belfast, who boasted that it would "make Belfast the meeting place of Europe's legends, where the meaning of history and belief find a home and a sanctuary from caricature, parody and oblivion. "[108] According to The Guardian the bid may have been wrecked by the city's history and volatile politics. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. The history of Belfast as a settlement goes back to the Bronze Age but its status as a major urban centre dates to the eighteenth century [109]
In 2004-05, art and cultural events in Belfast were attended by 1. 8 million people (400,000 more than the previous year). The same year, 80,000 people participated in culture and arts activities, twice as many as in 2003-04. [110] A combination of relative peace, international investment and an active promotion of arts and culture is attracting more tourists to Belfast than ever before. In 2004-05, 5. 9 million people visited Belfast, a 10% increase from the previous year, and spent UK£262. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency 5 million. [110]
The Ulster Orchestra, based in Belfast, is Northern Ireland's only full-time symphony orchestra and is well renowned in the United Kingdom. The Ulster Orchestra is Northern Ireland 's only full-time symphony Orchestra and one of the major orchestras in the United Kingdom. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Founded in 1966, it has existed in its present form since 1981, when the BBC Northern Ireland Orchestra was disbanded. [111]
Media
Belfast is the home of The News Letter, the oldest English language newspaper in the world still in publication. The News Letter is one of Northern Ireland 's main daily newspapers published Monday to Saturday English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States [112][113] Other newspapers include the Irish News and Belfast Telegraph and an Irish language daily newspaper called Lá Nua (from the Irish: Lá Nua meaning "New Day"). The Irish News is a compact -sized daily newspaper based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Belfast Telegraph is a daily evening newspaper published in Belfast, Northern Ireland by Independent News and Media. Lá Nua (meaning 'New Day' is an Irish language Daily newspaper based in Belfast. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. The current affairs magazine Fortnight, published (ironically) on a monthly basis, is Northern Ireland's longest running independent publication. [114]
The city is the headquarters of BBC Northern Ireland, the ITV station UTV and the commercial radio stations Belfast CityBeat & U105. Independent Television (generally known as ITV) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters set up under the Independent For other uses of the UTV acronym see UTV (disambiguation UTV (formerly Ulster Television) is a Television channel based Belfast CityBeat (commonly referred to as just "Citybeat" is a Northern Irish Radio station. U105 is a Belfast based radio station providing a mix of music and speech as well as hourly news bulletins Two community radio stations, Feile FM and Irish language station Raidió Fáilte broadcast to the city from west Belfast, as well as Queen's Radio - a student-run radio station which broadcasts from Queen's University Students' Union. Féile FM 1032 is a community Radio station based at the Conway Mill in West Belfast. Raidió Fáilte is an Irish language Community radio station broadcasting from Belfast, in Northern Ireland. Queen's Radio (or QR) is a student radio station based at Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, broadcasting on 1134 Mediumwave Queen's University, generally referred to simply as Queen's, is a coeducational non-sectarian Public university located in Kingston, Ontario One of Northern Ireland's two community TV stations NvTv is based in the Cathedral Quarter of the city. NvTv (Northern Visions Television is a local community Television station based in the city of Belfast, which broadcasts on UHF channel 62 (799 The Cathedral Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area roughly situated between Royal Avenue and the Dunbar Link in the city centre. There are two independent cinemas in Belfast, the Queen's Film Theatre and the Strand Cinema, which host screenings during the Belfast Film Festival and the Belfast Festival at Queen's. The Queen's Film Theatre, or QFT for short is an art house cinema in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Strand Cinema is an independent four screen cinema in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Belfast Film Festival is an annual Film festival that takes places in Belfast, Northern Ireland The Belfast Festival at Queen's is an annual arts Festival held in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Sports
Watching and playing sports is an important part of Belfast culture. Almost six out of ten (59%) of the adult population in Northern Ireland regularly participate in one or more sports. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of [115] Belfast has several notable sports teams playing a diverse variety of sports including association football, rugby, Gaelic games, and North American sports like American football and ice hockey. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Gaelic games are the traditional sports played in Ireland. The two main Gaelic games are Gaelic football and Hurling, both of which are organised by the The Belfast Marathon is run annually on May Day, and attracted 14,300 participants in 2007. The Belfast Marathon is a Marathon run every year in Belfast, Northern Ireland. [116] The Northern Ireland national football team, ranked 27th in September 2007 in the FIFA World Rankings,[117] and 1st in the FIFA rankings per capita in April 2007[118] play their home matches in Windsor Park. The Northern Ireland national football team represents Northern Ireland in international football. History FIFA World Ranking Leaders In December 1992 FIFA first published Windsor Park, in Belfast, is the home ground of the Northern Irish football club Linfield. The 2005-06 Irish League champions Linfield are also based at Windsor Park, in the south of the city. Windsor Park, in Belfast, is the home ground of the Northern Irish football club Linfield. Other Premier League teams include Glentoran based in east Belfast, Cliftonville and Crusaders in north Belfast and Donegal Celtic in west Belfast. Glentoran FC is a Northern Irish football club playing in East Belfast. Cliftonville Football & Athletic Club ( the Reds) is an Irish League football team playing in the IFA Premiership. Crusaders FC is a Northern Ireland football club playing in the IFA Premiership. Donegal Celtic is a football club playing in the IFA Championship in Northern Ireland. Belfast was the hometown of the renowned player George Best who died in November 2005. George Best (22 May 1946 &ndash 25 November 2005 was a Northern Irish professional football player best known for his years with Manchester United. On the day he was buried in the city, 100,000 people lined the route from his home on the Cregagh Road to Roselawn cemetery. [119] Since his death the City Airport was named after him and a trust has been set up to fund a memorial to him in the city centre. George Best Belfast City Airport is an Airport in Belfast, Northern Ireland. [120]
Gaelic football is the most popular spectator sport in Ireland,[121] and Belfast is home to over 20 football and hurling clubs. Gaelic football ( Irish: Peil, Peil Ghaelach, or Caid) commonly referred to as " football " is a form of Football Hurling (in Irish, iománaíocht or iomáint) is an outdoor team Sport of ancient Gaelic origin administered by the Gaelic [122] Casement Park in West Belfast, home to the Antrim county teams, has a capacity of 32,000 which makes it the second largest Gaelic Athletic Association ground in Ulster. Casement Park ( Páirc Mhic Asmaint) is the principal Gaelic Athletic Association stadium in Belfast, Northern Ireland, home to the Antrim For more details on Antrim GAA see Antrim Senior Football Championship or Antrim Senior Hurling Championship. The Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA) ( Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael /'kʊmˠən̪ˠ 'l̪ˠuh Ulster ( Ulaidh ˈkwɪɟɪ ˈʌlˠu / ˈʌlˠi is one of the four provinces of Ireland, in addition to Connacht, Munster and Leinster [123] The 2006 Celtic League champions and 1999 European Rugby Union champions Ulster play at Ravenhill in South Belfast. The European Rugby Cup (known as the Heineken Cup because of the tournament's sponsorship by Heineken) is an annual Rugby union competition involving leading The Irish Rugby Football Union Ulster Branch (also known as Ulster Rugby) is one of four branches of the IRFU, and is responsible for Rugby union in the Ravenhill Stadium is located in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is used by Ulster Rugby. Belfast has four teams in rugby's All-Ireland League: Belfast Harlequins (who play at Deramore Park in south Belfast) and Malone (who play at Gibson Park in south-east Belfast) are in the Second Division; and Instonians (Shaw's Bridge, south Belfast) and Queen's University RFC (south Belfast) are in the Third Division. The AIB League is the national league system for the 48 senior Rugby union clubs in Ireland, covering both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland Background of the club Belfast Harlequins was formed in 1999 with the merger of Collegians and North of Ireland Cricket Club and North of Ireland FC. Malone RFC' (Malone Rugby Football Club is a Rugby union club based in Belfast in Northern Ireland. Membership The club was closed to former pupils or staff of Royal Belfast Academical Institution, one of the leading schools in Belfast
Belfast boasts Ireland's premier cricket venue at Stormont. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Stormont is an electoral ward of East Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Ireland cricket team plays many of its home games at this venue, which in 2006 hosted the first ever One Day International between Ireland and England. In 2007, Ireland, India and South Africa will play a triangular series of one-day internationals at Stormont. At club level, Belfast has seven senior teams: Instonians (Shaw's Bridge, south Belfast) and Civil Service North (Stormont, east Belfast) are in Section 1 of the Northern Cricket Union League; CIYMS (Circular Road, east Belfast), Cooke Collegians (Shaw's Bridge) and Woodvale (Ballygomartin Road, west Belfast) are in Section 2; and Cregagh (Gibson Park, south-east Belfast) and Police Service of Northern Ireland (Newforge Lane, south Belfast) are in Section 4. Membership The club was closed to former pupils or staff of Royal Belfast Academical Institution, one of the leading schools in Belfast Teams Initially after the merger the club managed to field six Saturday teams Cregagh ( is the name of a district in south east Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Police Service of Northern Ireland is the Police service that covers Northern Ireland.
Ireland's first professional ice hockey team, the Belfast Giants play their home matches at the Odyssey Arena, watched by up to 7,000 fans. Facts Sponsors Coors Brewing Company (Primary Sponsor Charles Hurst Usedirect (Secondary Sponsor Zoom Airlines, FonaCab David The Odyssey is a large sports and entertainment centre situated in Queen's Island Belfast, Northern Ireland. [124] The Belfast Bulls and Belfast Trojans American football teams represent Belfast in the IAFL, competing for the Shamrock Bowl. Overview Coached by HC Rod Thompson the team was founded in 2002 The Belfast Trojans are a team formed in January 2006 and will compete in the IAFL organisations league as of 2007 American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with The Shamrock Bowl is the championship game of the Irish American Football League (IAFL Other significant sportspeople from Belfast include double world snooker champion Alex "Hurricane" Higgins[125] and world champion boxers Wayne McCullough and Rinty Monaghan. Alexander Gordon Higgins (born 18 March 1949 in Belfast) best known as Alex "Hurricane" Higgins, is a professional Snooker player from Wayne William McCullough (born 7 July 1970 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is a professional boxer. John Joseph "Rinty" Monaghan ( 21 August 1918 - 3 March 1984) was a former world Flyweight Boxing champion from [126]
Education
- See also: List of Primary schools in Belfast, List of Secondary schools in Belfast, and List of Grammar schools in Belfast
Belfast has two universities. List of Primary schools in Belfast This is a list of Primary schools in Belfast, Northern Ireland. This is a list of Secondary schools in Belfast, Northern Ireland. List of Grammar schools in Belfast This is a list of Grammar schools in Belfast, Northern Ireland Aquinas Diocesan Grammar School Queen's University Belfast is a university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Queens University of Belfast was founded in 1845 and is a member of the Russell Group, an association of 20 leading research-intensive universities in the UK. Queen's University Belfast is a university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Russell Group is a collaboration of twenty UK universities that receive two-thirds of universities' research grant and contract funding in the United Kingdom [127] It is one of the largest universities in the UK with 25,231 undergraduate and postgraduate students spread over 250 buildings, 120 of which are listed as being of architectural merit. [128] The University of Ulster, created in its current form in 1984, is a multi-centre university with a campus in the Cathedral Quarter of Belfast. The University of Ulster ( UU; Ollscoil Uladh is a multi-centre University located in Northern Ireland and is the largest single university on the The Cathedral Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area roughly situated between Royal Avenue and the Dunbar Link in the city centre. The Belfast campus has a specific focus on Art and Design and Architecture, and is currently undergoing major redevelopment. The Jordanstown campus, just seven miles (11 km) from Belfast city centre concentrates on engineering, health and social science. Jordanstown is a suburb of Belfast located within the borough of Newtownabbey, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The Conflict Archive on the INternet (CAIN) Web Service receives funding from both universities and is a rich source of information and source material on the Troubles as well as society and politics in Northern Ireland. [129]
Belfast Metropolitan College is a large further education college with several campuses around the city. Belfast Metropolitan College (previously known as Belfast Institute of further and Higher Education or BIFHE) is a further and Higher education Further education (often abbreviated "FE" is Post-secondary Education (in addition to that received at Secondary school) that is distinct from Formerly known as Belfast Institute of Further and Higher Education, it specialises in vocational education. Vocational education or Vocational Education and Training (VET also called Career and Technical Education (CTE prepares learners for jobs that are based The college has over 53,000 students enrolled on full-time and part-time courses, making it one of the largest further education colleges in the UK. [130]
The Belfast Education and Library Board was established in 1973 as the local authority responsible for education, youth and library services within the city. Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, though is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it [131] There are 184 primary, secondary and grammar schools in the city. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Australia See also Education A grammar school is one of several different types of School in the history of education in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries [132]
Twin cities
Trivia
- Frances Griffiths, one of the two girls involved in the Cottingley Fairies story is buried in Belfast. The Ulster Museum is located in the Botanical Gardens in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and has around 8000 square metres of public display space featuring The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hefei ( literally "Junction of the (South Fei Rivers " former names Ho-fei Luzhou Luchow is a Prefecture-level city and the provincial capital of China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Cottingley Fairies are a series of five photographs taken by Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths two young Cousins living in Cottingley, near Bradford (Buried under the name Frances Way)
WWE Superstar Finlay is from Belfast. This is a list of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE employees, organized by role within the promotion and assigned brands including its developmental Finlay is a Given name and a Family name. Name meaning blond warrior
References
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- ^ Pointer, Graham. The UK's major urban areas (PDF). UK National Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
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- ^ Komesu, Okifumi (1990). Irish Writers and Politics. Rowman & Littlefield, 73.
- ^ "Celebrations mark the arrival of first Ulster Scots in Ireland", Irish News, 2006-04-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
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- ^ "The Belfast blitz is remembered", BBC News, 2001-04-11. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ Sutton Index of Deaths. CAIN. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
- ^ "Police say IRA behind bank raid", BBC News Northern Ireland, BBC, 2005-01-07. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Retrieved on 2007-05-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b (May 2007). "Research into Recent Crime Trends in Northern Ireland" (PDF). . Northern Ireland Policing Board Retrieved on 2007-05-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Belfast City Hall: History and Background. Belfast City Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Local Government (Boundaries) Act (Northern Ireland) 1971. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN) (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ a b Councillors: Lord Mayor. Belfast City Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Belfast City Council Elections 1993-2005. Northern Ireland Elections. Northern Ireland Social and Political Archive (ARK) (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ "Northern Ireland election", BBC News, 2007-03-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ The 2005 Westminster elections in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland Elections. Northern Ireland Social and Political Archive (ARK) (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ King James Bible, Psalm 116 Verse 12
- ^ "I reflected on the two mottos of Belfast and America - 'Pro Tanto Quid' and 'E Pluribus Unum'. I am reliably informed that these roughly translate as 'In return for so much, what shall we give back?' and 'From many, one'" Celebrating diversity, by Belfast Lord Mayor Tom Ekin
- ^ a b Brett, C. E. B (1967). Buildings of Belfast, 1700-1914. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
- ^ Sunrise and sunset in Belfast. Sun Calculator. time and date. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Lagan Weir - Why it exists. Laganside. Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ Area Measurements in Northern Ireland. 2001 census Data. Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency (2001). Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Belfast Hills. Discover Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland Tourist Board. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ About the Cave Hill. The Cave Hill Conservation Campaign (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ a b c Climate: Northern Ireland. Met Office. Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ a b Belfast, Northern Ireland - Average Conditions. BBC Weather Centre. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Rainfall in Ireland. Met Éireann. Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ Belfast/Harbour Climate History. weatheronline. co. uk. weatheronline. co. uk. Retrieved on 2008-03-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor.
- ^ Margrethe C. Lauber. "Belfast's Peacelines: An Analysis of Urban Borders, Design and Social Space in a Divided City". Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Major makeover for Belfast City Centre. Department for Social Development (NI) (2007-06-12). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ The Arterial Routes. Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan 2015 Draft Plan. The Planning Service. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ The UK Postcode System. List Masters (2005). Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ a b Exploring Belfast's cultural life. Belfast City Council (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ Gaeltacht Quarter. Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ Contact Details. The Ulster Museum (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ The Golden Mile: Pub Crawl. Virtual Belfast. Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ Shopping At A Glance. Visit South Belfast. South Belfast Partnership. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Burns, Gemma. "A passion for preserving Belfast’s beauty", South Belfast News, 2007-02-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ a b Corporate Message: The Vision. About Us at Titanic Quarter. Titanic Quarter (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Forest of Belfast. Belfast City Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Your City, Your Space. Belfast City Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ About the Field Club. Belfast Naturalists' Field Club. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Hansard 27 April 2006. House of Commons. Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
- ^ a b Botanic Gardens. Belfast City Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Palm House Botanic Gardens, Belfast City. Houses, Castles and Gardens of Ireland. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ a b Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park and City of Belfast International Rose Garden. Go To Belfast. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park. Discover Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland Tourist Board. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ a b Stephen, Roulston (2006). Urban Structure: Growth of Belfast. Geography in Action. National Grid for Learning. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Local Government District Information for Belfast LGD. Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service (NINIS). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2003). Retrieved on 2007-06-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure (PDF). Department of Finance and Personnel (2005-05). Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Stephen, Roulston (2006). Ethnic Diversity: Segregation in Belfast. Introduction to Ethnic Diversity in Belfast. Geography in Action. National Grid for Learning. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Lloyd, C; Shuttleworth, I; McNair, D (2003). "Measuring local segregation in Northern Ireland". Centre for Spatial Territorial Analysis and Research (C-STAR). School of Geography, Queen’s University.
- ^ Doherty, P; Poole, M (1995). "Ethnic Residential Segregation in Belfast". Centre for the Study of Conflict: Chapter 8. University of Ulster, Coleraine.
- ^ a b Ethnic minorities: Who lives here? (PDF). Northern Ireland Learning: Teacher's Notes. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ About Us. Belfast Islamic Centre (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Hinduism. Primary Focus: Programme 1 - Indian Community. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-10-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses
- ^ Durkan "hopeful" For Future Of Good Friday Agreement. Department of Finance and Personnel. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 13 February 2002. House of Commons. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ "U2 Tower strikes bad chord with residents", BBC News, 2006-08-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ World Trade Centre Belfast. Belfast City Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Monthly Labour Market Report. Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (2006-02-15). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Employment. National Statistics. Office of National Statistics (2006-03). Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ "From bombs and bullets to boom towns", Guardian Unlimited, 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Retrieved on 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
- ^ University of Ulster (2007-11-15). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. "Northern Ireland Reaches Watershed in House Price Growth". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
- ^ Carson, Helen. "Typical price of Ulster home edges ever closer to UK£200,000", Belfast Telegraph, 2007-02-28. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ Halifax (2004-11-19). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land "House Owner Occupation Rates". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Belfast 2005: Tourism Facts and Figures, Belfast: Belfast City Council, 2006, <http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/tourism/docs/FactsFigures2005.pdf>. Retrieved on 18 May 2007
- ^ "Record number of visitors come to Belfast", GO Belfast, July/August 2007, p. 6.
- ^ Invest in Belfast: A 2007 City Guide for Investors. Belfast City Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ a b c Beckett, JC; et al. (2003). Belfast, The Making of the City. Chapter 1: Belfast to the end of the eighteenth century. Belfast: Appletree Press Ltd, pp13-26. 0862818788.
- ^ (2005) The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.. Columbia University Press.
- ^ a b Beckett, JC; Boyle, E (2003). Belfast, The Making of the City. Chapter 3: "Linenopolis": the rise of the textile industry. Belfast: Appletree Press Ltd, pp41-56. 0862818788.
- ^ Beckett, JC; Sweetman, R (2003). Belfast, The Making of the City. Chapter 4: The development of the port. Belfast: Appletree Press Ltd, pp. 57–70. 0862818788.
- ^ Coprorate Series Northern Ireland. Corporate Northern Ireland 2007. Coprorate Series. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
- ^ a b c "Northern Ireland - Where is the bright new future?" (03-23-2006). Management Today.
- ^ Krishna, Dutta (2003). Calcutta: A Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books, 132.
- ^ Wines, Michael. "Where the Road to Renaming Does Not Run Smooth", New York Times, 2006-05-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
- ^ a b c Historic Belfast: A guide to the City’s landmark buildings. Go To Belfast. Retrieved on 2007-05-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Morgan, Ian (2007-03-04). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Ireland's tallest building to be turned into flats. 24dash. com. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
- ^ Belfast's tallest building revealed. Archiseek (2007-01-19). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
- ^ "BBC seeks stars of Belfast film noir", BBC News Northern Ireland, 2007-02-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Retrieved on 2007-05-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Welcome to Belfast City. Irish News. Retrieved on 2007-05-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Grand Opera House. Cinema Treasures. Retrieved on 2007-06-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ BBC. "Neeson in bid to revive theatre", BBC News, 2004-12-10. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
- ^ The Silent Valley. Northern Ireland Water (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b c Strategic Plan Framework: Public Services and Utilities. Draft Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan 2015. The Planning Service. Retrieved on 2007-05-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Water Reform Implemented: Secretary of State announces deferral of charges. Water Reform NI (March 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Belfast Sewers Project - Key Facts. Northern Ireland Water (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Summary of domestic rating reforms. Department of Finance and Personnel (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Domestic Rates Reform. Fair Rates Campaign. Retrieved on 2007-05-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Review Of Public Administration: Consultation On Draft Legislation To Establish Five New Integrated Health And Social Services Trusts. DHSSPS. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ Payne, William (1998-09). "Hospital Development:PFI beyond DBFO". ProQuest Information and Learning Company. Wilmington Publishing Ltd. .
- ^ Belfast Cancer Centre, Northern Ireland. Scott Wilson. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Belfast City Hospital: About the Unit. The Renal Association (2006-11). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ "TRH open Northern Ireland's first Regional Acquired Brain Injury Unit", The Prince of Wales, 2006-05-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
- ^ a b Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2005-10-18). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid "Travel Survey for Northern Ireland 2002-04" (PDF). . Department for Regional Development Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
- ^ Westlink Upgrade. Road Improvements. Road Service (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Johnston, Wesley. Westlink & M1 Upgrade, Belfast. Northern Ireland Roads Site. Retrieved on 2007-05-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ City to get rapid transit network. BBC Northern Ireland. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
- ^ Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2006-09-28). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. "Northern Ireland Transport Statistics Annual 2005-2006" (PDF). . Department for Regional Development Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ Summary of the bid. One Belfast Where Hope and History Rhyme (Internet Archive). Imagine Belfast 2008 (2002-11-22). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ "The official websites on UK bids for European capital of culture 2008", The Guardian, 2002-10-30. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ Ward, D; Carter, H. "Six cities shortlisted for culture capital bid", The Guardian, 2002-10-31. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ a b Integrated Cultural Strategy for Belfast (PDF). Capital City: Belfast City Councils Development Agenda (2006-05). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Welcome to the new season. Ulster Orchestra Society. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Research Guide: Irish News & Newspapers. Boston College (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Johnston, Ruth. Belfast News Letter. Your Place and Mine. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Fortnight Magazine. Fortnight Publications. Retrieved on 2007-06-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Chapter Twelve: Sport and Recreation as an activity. The Organisation of Sport & Recreation in the UK. Central Council of Physical Recreation (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Mutai wins Belfast Marathon. Belfast City Council (2007-05-07). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ FIFA/Coca Cola World Rankings. FIFA (September 2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
- ^ List of Teams with Per Capita Factor. FIFA World Rankings (2007-04-26). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ McCann, Nuala. "A city mourns for the Belfast Boy", BBC News Northern Ireland, BBC, 2005-12-03. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Retrieved on 2005-05-18. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ George Best Memorial Trust. George Best Trust. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Information and Statistics. GAA Attendance Figures. Gaelic Athletic Association Gaelic Athletic Association. The Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA) ( Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael /'kʊmˠən̪ˠ 'l̪ˠuh Retrieved on 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ South Antrim Clubs. CLG Aontroim. Retrieved on 11 November 2007. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Antrim chief in protest at Maze games. Sunday Mirror. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ Ayr Eagles win Challenge Cup. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ Snooker on the ropes - Hurricane. BBC (2007-04-16). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ WBA History. World Boxing Association. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ About The Russell Group: Aims and objectives. The Russell Group (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ About Queens: Facts and Figures. Queens University Belfast (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland (1968 to the Present). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN) (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Belfast Metropolitan College - About Us. Belfast Metropolitan College (2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
- ^ About Us: The Roles and Functions of the Belfast Education and Library Board. Belfast Education and Library Board (2003). Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Schools Database - List of Institutions. Department of Education. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ "Sister Cities Online Directory: UK, Europe. " Sister Cities International, Inc.. Retrieved on March 26, 2007. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Belfast signs sister city agreement with Hefei. " 4NI.co.uk. Retrieved on February 19, 2008. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
Further reading
- Beesley, S. and Wilde, J. 1997. Urban Flora of Belfast. Institute of Irish Studies & The Queens University of Belfast.
- Deane, C. Douglas. 1983. The Ulster Countryside. Century Books. ISBN 0903152177
- Nesbitt, Noel. 1982. The Changing Face of Belfast. Ulster Museum, Belfast. Publication no. 183.
- Gillespie, R. 2007. Early Belfast. Belfast Natural History & Philosophical Society in Association with Ulster Historical Foundation. ISBN 978-1-903688-72-4.
External links
- Belfast City Council
- Belfast City Online - public service portal
- Belfast's political wall murals
- Go To Belfast - Tourism
- Belfast travel guide from Wikitravel
- Belfast Travel Guide Travel, Weather, News, Video, Photos, History etc. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.
- The Story of Belfast and Its Surroundings An illustrated history, circa 1913
- Architecture of Belfast
Dictionary
Belfast
-proper noun
- A seaport in and the capital of Northern Ireland.
- A town in the State of Maine, USA.
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