Beer Hall Putsch
Date November 8-9, 1923 Location Munich, Germany Result Failure of Putsch, arrest of Nazi Leaders
Belligerents
NSDAP	Reichswehr Bavarian State Police
Commanders
Adolf Hitler Ernst Röhm Erich Ludendorff	Otto von Lossow Hans Ritter von Seisser
Strength
2,000	100 Soldiers and police
Casualties and losses
16 killed	4 police killed

The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch^[1]) was a failed coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday, November 8 and the early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923, when the Nazi party's leader Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The Reichswehr ( German for "National Defence" formed the military organisation of Germany from 1919 until 1935 when it was The Bavarian State Police has approximately 32000 officers and roughly 5600 civilian employees and is therefore one of the biggest police forces in Germany Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister General Otto von Lossow ( January 15, 1868 - November 25, 1938) was a Bavarian Army and then German Army officer who Colonel Hans Ritter von Seisser ( 9 December 1874 &ndash 14 April 1973) was the head of the Bavarian State Police in 1923 and formed Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister The Kampfbund was a league of "patriotic" fighting societies and the German National Socialist party in Bavaria Germany in the 1920s Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Putsch is the German word for "coup. "^[2]

Contents 1 Background 2 The Putsch 2.1 Counterattack 2.2 Trial and prison 3 Nazi supporters who died in the Putsch 4 Bavarian police who died in the Putsch 5 Martyrdom 6 Supporters of the Putsch 6.1 Key supporters 6.2 Other notable supporters 6.3 At the front of the march 6.4 Chief defendants in the 'Ludendorff-Hitler' Trial 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 Notes 10 External links

Background

Beer halls are huge taverns that exist in most larger southern German cities, where hundreds or even thousands of people are able to gather during the evenings, drink beer out of large stoneware jugs (steins) and often engage in political or social debate. A beer hall (Bierpalast Bierstube is a large Pub that specializes in Beer. German dialectal mapPNG|right|thumb|200px|Southern Germany roughly corresponds to the area of Germany south of the Speyer line where Upper German dialects are spoken Stoneware a Vitreous or semivitreous ceramic ware of fine texture made primarily from nonrefactory fire clay Beer stein is the English term for a Steinkrug, a traditionally German Beer drinking Mug similar to a Tankard. They are also places where political rallies can be held, a tradition still alive today. One of the largest beer halls in Munich was the Bürgerbräukeller, where the Beer Hall Putsch was launched. The Bürgerbräukeller was located in Munich, Germany, and by 1923 was one of the preferred gathering places of the NSDAP, or Nazi Party.

German power and prestige were destroyed in the aftermath of World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Hitler saw this as a betrayal by the central government. The former corporal and crowd-rousing speaker, who in the chaotic political atmosphere of postwar Munich had risen rapidly to head the small National Socialist party, could call on about 15,000 brown shirts representing several revanchist Bavarian political groups -- the Kampfbund. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers The Kampfbund was a league of "patriotic" fighting societies and the German National Socialist party in Bavaria Germany in the 1920s Hitler announced that starting on September 27, 1923, he would be holding 14 mass meetings. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This prompted the Bavarian Prime Minister Eugen von Knilling to declare a state of emergency and name Gustav von Kahr as Bavarian Commissioner, Bavarian State Police head Colonel Hans Ritter von Seisser, and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow as dictators (they were called the "triumvirs") to keep order. This is a list of the men who have served in the capacity of Minister President or equivalent office in Bavaria from the mid-18th century to the present Bavaria under Eugen Ritter von Knilling ( 1 August[[ 856]] in München &ndash 20 October[[ 927]] in München was the Prime Minister of Bavaria from 1922 to 1924 A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies Gustav Ritter von Kahr ( November 29, 1862 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a German right-wing conservative Politician, active The Bavarian State Police has approximately 32000 officers and roughly 5600 civilian employees and is therefore one of the biggest police forces in Germany Colonel Hans Ritter von Seisser ( 9 December 1874 &ndash 14 April 1973) was the head of the Bavarian State Police in 1923 and formed The Reichswehr ( German for "National Defence" formed the military organisation of Germany from 1919 until 1935 when it was General Otto von Lossow ( January 15, 1868 - November 25, 1938) was a Bavarian Army and then German Army officer who A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute

Hitler, with other leaders in the Kampfbund, searched out the triumvirs and the leaders of the conservative-nationalist-monarchist groups to convince them to march upon Berlin and seize power. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. In April, before the establishment of the triumvir, Hitler would call von Kahr almost every day. Each thought to use the other to propel himself into power. Von Kahr sought to restore the monarchy; Hitler wanted to be a dictator.

The Putsch

The attempted putsch was inspired by Mussolini's successful March on Rome. The March on Rome ( Marcia su Roma) was a Coup d'état by which Mussolini 's National Fascist Party ( Partito Nazionale Fascista Hitler and his associates planned a march on Munich. He planned to use Munich as a base for a big march against Germany's Weimar Republic government in Berlin. The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. But the circumstances were different from those in Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Once Hitler realized that von Kahr either sought to control him or was losing heart (history is unclear), Hitler decided to take matters into his own hands. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Gustav Ritter von Kahr ( November 29, 1862 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a German right-wing conservative Politician, active Hitler, along with a large detachment of SA, marched on the Bürgerbräukeller, a Munich beer hall where von Kahr was making a speech in front of 3,000 people. The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers Gustav Ritter von Kahr ( November 29, 1862 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a German right-wing conservative Politician, active

In the cold evening dark, 600 stormtroopers surrounded the beer hall and a machine gun was set up pointing at the auditorium doors. For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. Hitler, surrounded by his associates Hermann Göring, Alfred Rosenberg, Rudolf Hess, Ernst Hanfstaengl, Ulrich Graf, Johann Aigner, Adolf Lenk, Max Amann, Scheubner-Richter, Wilhelm Adam, etc. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member (12 January 1893 16 October 1946 was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi Party. Rudolf Walter Richard Hess ( Heß in German) (26 April 1894 &ndash 17 August 1987 was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, acting as Adolf Hitler Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl ( Munich, February 2, 1887 - November 6, 1975) worked for both Franklin Delano Roosevelt Ulrich Graf ( July 3, 1878 - March 1950 - was one of the very early members of the circle around Adolf Hitler. Max Amann ( November 24 1891 - March 30 1957) was a Nazi official with the honorary rank of Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter or Max Scheubner-Richter born Ludwig Maximilian Erwin Richter ( January 21, 1884 - November 9, Wilhelm Adam (born 28 March 1893 in Eichen near Hanau; died 24 November 1978 in Dresden) was a German (some twenty in all) burst through the doors at 8:30 pm, pushed their way laboriously through the crowd, fired a shot into the ceiling and jumped on a chair yelling, "The national revolution has broken out! The hall is filled with six hundred men. A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Nobody is allowed to leave. The Bavarian government and the government at Berlin are deposed. A new government will be formed at once. The barracks of the Reichswehr and those of the police are occupied. Both have rallied to the swastika. The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is "

At gunpoint, Hitler, accompanied by Rudolf Hess, Adolf Lenk and Ulrich Graf forced the triumvirate of von Kahr, von Seisser, and von Lossow into a side room (previously rented by Rudolf Hess) and demanded that they support his putsch, or they would be shot. Rudolf Walter Richard Hess ( Heß in German) (26 April 1894 &ndash 17 August 1987 was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, acting as Adolf Hitler Ulrich Graf ( July 3, 1878 - March 1950 - was one of the very early members of the circle around Adolf Hitler. Gustav Ritter von Kahr ( November 29, 1862 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a German right-wing conservative Politician, active Colonel Hans Ritter von Seisser ( 9 December 1874 &ndash 14 April 1973) was the head of the Bavarian State Police in 1923 and formed General Otto von Lossow ( January 15, 1868 - November 25, 1938) was a Bavarian Army and then German Army officer who Rudolf Walter Richard Hess ( Heß in German) (26 April 1894 &ndash 17 August 1987 was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, acting as Adolf Hitler Hitler thought that he would get an immediate response of affirmation from them, imploring von Kahr to accept a position as Regent of Bavaria. Gustav Ritter von Kahr ( November 29, 1862 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a German right-wing conservative Politician, active Von Kahr reasonably pointed out that he could not be expected to collaborate, especially as he had been taken out of the auditorium under heavy guard. Gustav Ritter von Kahr ( November 29, 1862 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a German right-wing conservative Politician, active

During this time, speeches were held in the main hall by Goering, amongst others, obtaining a temporary calm, whilst no one was allowed to leave, not even to go to the toilet. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Some, however, managed to escape via the kitchen, especially those foreign correspondents eager to file copy. At the same time, Heinz Pernet, Johann Aigner and Scheubner-Richter were dispatched to pick up General Ludendorff, whose personal prestige was being harnessed to give the Nazis credibility. Heinz Pernet ( September 5, 1896 &ndash ?? a former Lieutenant and Ludendorff 's Stepson. Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter or Max Scheubner-Richter born Ludwig Maximilian Erwin Richter ( January 21, 1884 - November 9, Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister A telephone call was made from the kitchen by Kriebel to Ernst Röhm, who was waiting with his Reichskriegflagge in the Löwenbräukeller, another beer hall, and ordered him to seize key buildings throughout the city. Hermann Kriebel (1876 &ndash 1941 was a retired lieutenant colonel and former Bavarian staff officer Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag was the official name of the War flag used by the German armed forces from 1867 to 1945 At the same time, co-conspirators under Gerhard Rossbach mobilized the students of a nearby Officers Infantry school to seize other objectives. Gerhard Roßbach ( February 28, 1893 &ndash August 30[[ 967]] was a German Freikorps leader and organizer of nationalist groups after World

Hitler became irritated by von Kahr and summoned Ernst Poehner, Friedrich Weber and Hermann Kriebel to stand in for him whilst he returned to the auditorium to make a speech (as he had promised some fifteen minutes earlier). Gustav Ritter von Kahr ( November 29, 1862 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a German right-wing conservative Politician, active Ernst Pöhner ( January 11, 1870 &ndash April 11, 1925) was Munich 's Chief of Police ('Green' Police President from 1919 to 1922 Friedriech Weber, Dr ( January 30, 1892 &ndash1954 was an instructor in veterinary medicine at the University of Munich. Hermann Kriebel (1876 &ndash 1941 was a retired lieutenant colonel and former Bavarian staff officer Flanked by Rudolf Hess and Adolf Lenk, Hitler returned to the auditorium to make an extemporaneous speech that changed the mood of the hall almost within seconds. Rudolf Walter Richard Hess ( Heß in German) (26 April 1894 &ndash 17 August 1987 was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, acting as Adolf Hitler Dr. Karl Alexander von Mueller, a professor of modern history and political science at the University of Munich, a supporter of von Kahr, was an eyewitness. Gustav Ritter von Kahr ( November 29, 1862 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a German right-wing conservative Politician, active He reported: "I cannot remember in my entire life such a change in the attitude of a crowd in a few minutes, almost a few seconds . . . Hitler had turned them inside out, as one turns a glove inside out, with a few sentences. It had almost something of hocus-pocus, or magic about it. "

Hitler started quietly reminding the audience that his move was not directed against von Kahr and launched into his speech ending with:

"Outside are Kahr, Lossow and Seisser. They are struggling hard to reach a decision. May I say to them that you will stand behind them?"

The audience roared its approval. He finished triumphantly:

"You can see that what motivates us is neither self-conceit or self-interest, but only a burning desire to join the battle in this grave eleventh hour for our German Fatherland . . . One last thing I can tell you. Either the German revolution begins tonight and the morrow will find us in Germany a true nationalist government, or it will find us dead by dawn!"

To the historian Karl Alexander von Mueller, the histrionics and melodrama were painful. He could not make up his mind whether Hitler was a man consumed, a brilliant showman, or another Machiavelli. Hitler carried all three traits to extremes. Hitler returned to the ante-room, where the triumvirs remained incarcerated, to ear-shattering acclaim which the triumvirs could not have failed to notice. On his way back, Hitler ordered Goering and Hess to take von Knilling and seven other members of the Bavarian government into custody. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Rudolf Walter Richard Hess ( Heß in German) (26 April 1894 &ndash 17 August 1987 was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, acting as Adolf Hitler Eugen Ritter von Knilling ( 1 August[[ 856]] in München &ndash 20 October[[ 927]] in München was the Prime Minister of Bavaria from 1922 to 1924

During Hitler's speech, Poehner, Weber, and Kriebel had been trying in a conciliatory fashion to bring the triumvirate round to their point of view. Ernst Pöhner ( January 11, 1870 &ndash April 11, 1925) was Munich 's Chief of Police ('Green' Police President from 1919 to 1922 Friedriech Weber, Dr ( January 30, 1892 &ndash1954 was an instructor in veterinary medicine at the University of Munich. Hermann Kriebel (1876 &ndash 1941 was a retired lieutenant colonel and former Bavarian staff officer The atmosphere in the room had become lighter but von Kahr continued to dig in his heels. Ludendorff showed up a little before 9 p. Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister m. and, being shown into the ante-room, concentrated on von Lossow and von Seisser appealing to their "sense of duty. " Eventually the triumvirate reluctantly gave in.

Hitler, Ludendorff, et al. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister moved back into the auditorium, where they gave speeches and shook hands; and then the crowd was allowed to leave. In a tactical mistake, Hitler decided to leave the Bürgerbräukeller shortly thereafter to deal with a crisis elsewhere. Around 10:30 p. m. , Ludendorff released von Kahr and his associates. Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister

The night was marked by confusion and unrest among government officials, armed forces and police units, and individuals deciding where their loyalties lay. Units of the Kampfbund were scurrying around to arm themselves from secret caches, seizing buildings. At around 3 am, the first casualties of the putsch occurred when the local garrison of the Reichswehr spotted Röhm's men coming out of the beer hall. The Reichswehr ( German for "National Defence" formed the military organisation of Germany from 1919 until 1935 when it was They were ambushed while trying to reach the Reichswehr barracks and had to fall back. In the meantime, the Reichswehr officers put the whole garrison on alert and called for reinforcements. In a prefiguration of things to come, a list of prominent Jews was made up and squads of SA were sent around to arrest them. Some were taken into custody while others escaped. The foreign attachés were also seized in their hotel rooms and put under house arrest.

In the early morning, Hitler ordered the seizure of the Munich city council as hostages. A hostage is a person or entity which is held by a captor The original definition meant that this was handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security He further sent the communications officer of the Kampfbund, Max Neunzert, to enlist the aid of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria to mediate between von Kahr and the putschists. Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria or Crown Prince Rupert of Bavaria ( German: Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern) ( 18 May 1869 &ndash Neunzert failed in the mission.

By midmorning on the 9th, the realization hit that the putsch was going nowhere and Hitler was desperate. The Putschists didn't know what to do and were about to give up. At this moment, Ludendorff cried out "Wir marschieren!" (We will march!), and Röhm's force together with Hitler's (a total of approximately 2000 men) marched out with no plan of where to go. At the spur of the moment, Ludendorff led them to the Bavarian Defense Ministry. However, at the Odeonsplatz in front of the Feldherrenhalle, they met a force of 100 soldiers blocking the way under the command of State Police Senior Lieutenant Baron Michael von Godin. The Feldherrnhalle (sometimes also written Feldherrenhalle, "Field Marshall's Hall" is a monumental Loggia in Munich, Germany. The two groups exchanged fire, killing four state police officers^[3][4] and sixteen Nazis. It was here that the Blutfahne came to be. The Blutfahne ( Blood flag) was a Nazi Swastika Flag which was used in the attempted Nazi Beer Hall Hitler and Hermann Göring were both injured, the latter managing to escape while the former was captured shortly thereafter.

Another effect of the putsch was that it forever became a wedge between Hitler and Ludendorff. When the skirmish broke out at the Odeonsplatz and Hitler fled, Ludendorff continued to march undaunted into the hostile fire. To irritations already felt toward Hitler, Ludendorff added a perception that Hitler was a coward. Ludendorff, from then until his death in 1937, refused to have anything positive to do with Hitler. In a description of Ludendorff's funeral, which occurred at the Feldherrenhalle in 1937, William L. Shirer writes as follows:

Hitler was there, but declined to speak. The Feldherrnhalle (sometimes also written Feldherrenhalle, "Field Marshall's Hall" is a monumental Loggia in Munich, Germany. William Lawrence Shirer ( February 23, 1904 – December 28, 1993) was an American journalist and historian The World War [One] hero [Ludendorff] had refused to have anything to do with him [Hitler] ever since he had fled from in front of the Feldherrnhalle after the volley of bullets during the Beer Hall Putsch. ^[5]

Counterattack

Police and State Police units were first notified of trouble by two police detectives stationed at the Löwenbräukeller. These reports reached Major Sigmund von Imhoff of the State police. He immediately called all his "green" police units and had them seize the central telegraph office and the telephone exchange, although his most important act was to notify Major General Jakob Ritter von Danner, the Reichswehr city commandant of Munich. Jakob Ritter von Danner ( August 7, 1865 - December 28, 1942) was a Bavarian General in the Imperial German Army As a staunch aristocrat, he loathed the "little corporal" and those "Freikorps bands of rowdies. The designation of Freikorps ( German for "Free Corps " was originally applied to voluntary armies formed in German lands from the middle of 18th century " He also didn't much like his commanding officer, Generalleutnant Otto von Lossow, "a sorry figure of a man. General Otto von Lossow ( January 15, 1868 - November 25, 1938) was a Bavarian Army and then German Army officer who " He was determined to put down the Putsch with or without von Lossow. General Ritter von Danner set up a command post at the 19th Infantry Regiment barracks and alerted all military units.

Meanwhile Captain Karl Wild, learning of the Putsch from marchers, mobilized his command to guard von Kahr's government building, the "Commissariat," with orders to shoot.

Around 11:00 p. m. , Ritter von Danner, along with fellow officers General Adolf Ritter von Ruith and General Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, compelled von Lossow to repudiate the putsch. Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein ( April 24, 1870 - October 16, 1948) was a German General from Nuremberg

There was one member of the cabinet who was not at the Bürgerbräu Keller: Franz Matt, the vice-premier and minister of education and culture. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. Franz Matt (September 9 1860 in Offenbach an der Queich, Palatinate, Germany – August 4 1929 in Munich) was a German Lawyer and A staunchly conservative Catholic, he was having dinner with the Archbishop of Munich, Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber and the Papal Nuncio to Bavaria, Archbishop Eugenio Pacelli (who would later become Pope Pius XII), when he learned of the putsch. Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber (born March 3, 1869 in Klosterheidenfeld Unterfranken, died June 12, 1952 in Munich Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead Pope Pope He immediately telephoned von Kahr. When he found the man vacillating and unsure, Matt decisively began plans to set up a rump government-in-exile in Regensburg and composed a proclamation calling upon all police, armed forces, and civil servants to remain loyal to the government. Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany

The action of these few men spelled doom for the putschists.

On Saturday, 4,000 students from Munich University rioted and marched to the Feldherrnhalle to lay wreaths. The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München also known as LMU, is a University in Munich and with more The Feldherrnhalle (sometimes also written Feldherrenhalle, "Field Marshall's Hall" is a monumental Loggia in Munich, Germany. (They continued to riot through Monday until learning of Hitler's arrest. ) Von Kahr and von Lossow were called "Judases" and "traitors. Judas Iscariot, יהודה איש־קריות Yəhûḏāh ʾΚ-qəriyyôṯ was according to the New Testament, one of the twelve original apostles "

Trial and prison

Three days after the putsch, Hitler was arrested and charged with high treason. See also Treason, High treason in the United Kingdom High treason is criminal disloyalty to one's country Some of his co-conspirators were arrested while others escaped to Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Nazi party headquarters were raided, and its newspaper, the Völkischer Beobachter ("The People's Observer") was banned. The Völkischer Beobachter (" Völkisch Observer" or less strictly "People's Observer" was the newspaper of the National

This, however, was not the first time Hitler had been in trouble with the law. In an incident in September 1921, he and some SA had disrupted a meeting of the Bayernbund, and the Nazis who had gone there to cause trouble were arrested as a result. Hitler had ended up serving a little over a month of a three-month jail sentence. Presiding Judge Georg Neithardt was judge in both Hitler cases. ^[6]

His trial began on February 26, 1924 and Hitler, along with Hess was sentenced to five years in Festungshaft (literally, "fortress confinement") for treason. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Festungshaft" was a type of jail that excluded forced labor, featured reasonably comfortable cells, and allowed the prisoner to receive visitors almost daily for many hours. It was the customary sentence for people whom the judge believed to have had honourable but misguided motives.

However, Hitler used his trial as an opportunity to spread his ideas. Every word he spoke was reported in the newspaper the next day. The judges were impressed (Presiding Judge Neithardt was inclined to favoritism towards the defendants prior to the trial), and as a result Hitler only served a little over eight months and was fined 500RM. ^[7] Due to his war service and connections, Ludendorff was acquitted. Both Röhm and Dr. Wilhelm Frick, though found guilty, were released. Dr Wilhelm Frick (12 March 1877 16 October 1946 was a prominent Nazi official serving as Minister of the Interior of the Third Reich. Göring, meanwhile, suffered bullet wounds in his leg, which led him to become increasingly dependent on morphine and other painkilling drugs. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in

Though Hitler failed to achieve his immediate stated goal—and in fact there seems to be no turn of events which could have caused this rather poorly organized coup not to fail—the event did give the Nazis their first exposure to national attention and a propaganda victory. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people It was while serving his prison sentence at Landsberg am Lech that he and Rudolf Hess wrote Mein Kampf. Landsberg Prison is a penal facility located in the town of Landsberg am Lech in the southwest of the German state of Bavaria, about 30 miles (65 km Rudolf Walter Richard Hess ( Heß in German) (26 April 1894 &ndash 17 August 1987 was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, acting as Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. Also, the putsch changed Hitler's outlook on violent revolution to effect change. From then on he thought that, in order to win the German heart, he must do everything by the book, strictly legal, since Germans obviously frowned on not following the rules. He decided to manipulate the German Volk so they would choose him as their dictator. Later on, the German people would call him "Adolf Legalité" or "Adolf the Legal One. "

The process of combination, where the conservative-nationalist-monarchist group thought that they could piggyback on to and control the National Socialist movement to garner the seats of power, was to repeat itself dangerously ten years later in 1933 when Franz von Papen would "legally" ask Hitler to form a government. (29 October 1879 2 May 1969 was a German nobleman Catholic monarchist Politician, General Staff officer and Diplomat

Nazi supporters who died in the Putsch

• Felix Alfarth
• Andreas Bauriedl
• Theodor Casella
• William Ehrlich
• Martin Faust
• Anton Hechenberger
• Oskar Körner
• Karl Kuhn
• Karl Laforce
• Kurt Neubauer
• Klaus von Pape
• Theodor von der Pfordten
• Johann Rickmers
• Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter
• Lorenz Ritter von Stransky
• Wilhelm Wolf

Bavarian police who died in the Putsch

There is a bronze plaque on the ground of the Odeonsplatz, in front of the Feldherrenhalle, commemorating the four policemen who died during the Putsch. Felix Allfarth ( 5 July, 1901 - 9 November, 1923) was one of the earliest Nazi 'martyrs' having been shot dead during a gun battle Andreas Bauriedl ( May 4, 1879 - November 9, 1923) was an early member of the Nazi Party. Theodor Casella ( August 8, 1900 – November 9, 1923) was a bank clerk who participated in the attempted Nazi overthrow of the Wilhelm Ehrlich ( 8 August 1894 - 9 November 1923) was a German bank clerk who participated in the attempted Nazi overthrow of the Martin Faust ( January 4, 1901 - November 10, 1923) was a bank clerk who participated in Adolf Hitler 's failed coup the Beer Anton Hechenberger ( September 28, 1902 - November 9, 1923) was a locksmith who participated in Adolf Hitler 's failed Beer Hall Oskar Körner ( January 4, 1875 - November 9, 1923) was a Businessman who participated in Adolf Hitler 's failed Beer Karl Kuhn ( July 7, 1875 - November 9, 1923) was a headwaiter in a restaurant and early member of the Nazi Party who was killed in Karl Laforce ( October 28, 1904 - November 9, 1923) was an early member of the Nazi Party who was killed in Hitler's failed Beer Hall Putsch Kurt Neubauer ( March 27, 1899 - November 9, 1923) was an early member of the Nazi Party and one of the first Nazis who Klaus von Pape ( August 16, 1904 - November 9, 1923) was a businessman and an early member of the Nazi Party who had participated in Theodor von der Pfordten ( May 14, 1873 - November 9, 1923) was a county court councillor who served in World War I and was an early Johann Rickmers ( May 7, 1881 - November 9, 1923) was a retired cavalry captain who served in World War I, and was an early member Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter or Max Scheubner-Richter born Ludwig Maximilian Erwin Richter ( January 21, 1884 - November 9, Lorenz Ritter Von Stransky ( March 14, 1889 - November 9, 1923) was an engineer and early member of the Nazi Party who reportedly was Wilhelm Wolf ( October 19, 1898 &ndash November 9, 1923) was a businessman and early member of the Nazi Party, who participated The plaque reads:

German: "Den Mitgliedern der Bayerischen Landespolizei, Die Beim Einsatz gegen die Nationalsozialistischen Putschisten am 9. 11. 1923 Ihr Leben liessen: Friedrich Fink, Nikolaus Hollweg, Max Schobert, Rudolf Schraut"

Rough translation: "The members of the Bavarian Police, who gave their lives opposing the National Socialist coup on November 9th, 1923: Frederick Fink, Nicholas Hollweg, Max Schobert, Rudolf Schraut. ")

Martyrdom

The sixteen fallen were regarded as the first 'blood martyrs' of the NSDAP and were remembered by Hitler in the foreword of Mein Kampf. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. The Nazi flag they carried, which in the course of events was stained with blood, came to be known as the Blutfahne (blood flag) and was brought out for the swearing in of new recruits in front of the Feldherrnhalle when Hitler was in power.

Shortly after he came to power, a memorial was placed at the south side of the Feldherrnhalle crowned with a swastika. The back of the memorial read 'Und ihr habt doch gesiegt!' ("Yet victory was yours"). Behind it flowers were laid, and either policemen or the SS stood guard in between a lower plaque. Passers-by were required to give the Hitler salute. The putsch was also commemorated on three sets of stamps. Mein Kampf was dedicated to the fallen and, in the book Ich Kämpfe (given to those joining the party circa 1943), they are listed first even though the book lists hundreds of other dead. The header text in the book read "Though they are dead for their acts they will live on forever. " The army had a division named the Feldherrnhalle regiment, and there was also an SA Feldherrnhalle division.

Every year (even during the war up to 1942) a commemoration, attended by Hitler, took place in Munich, the centrepiece of which was usually a recreation of the march, from the Burgerbräukeller to the south side of the Feldherrnhalle. Every Gau (administrative region of Germany) was also expected to hold a small remembrance ceremony. As material given to propagandists said, the sixteen fallen were the first losses and the ceremony was an occasion to commemorate everyone who had died for the movement.

On November 9, 1935, the dead were taken from their graves and to the Feldherrnhalle. The SA and SS carried them down to the Königplatz, where two Ehrentempel (Honour Temples) had been constructed. In each of the structures eight of the martyrs were interred in a sarcophagus bearing their name.

In June 1945 the Allied Control Commission removed the bodies from the Ehrentempels and contacted their families. Following the termination of hostilities in World War II, the Allied Powers were in control of the defeated Axis countries They were given the option of having their loved ones buried in Munich cemeteries in unmarked graves or having them cremated, common practice in Germany for unclaimed bodies. On January 9, 1947, the upper parts of the structures were blown up.

Since 1994, a commemorative plaque in the plaster in front of the Feldherrenhalle contains the names of the four Bavarian policemen who died in the fight against the Nazis.

Supporters of the Putsch

Key supporters

Rudolf Hess, Hermann Goering, Erich Ludendorff, Hermann Kriebel, Friedrich Weber, Ernst Röhm, Max Scheubner-Richter, Ulrich Graf, Julius Streicher, Hermann Esser, Ernst Hanfstaengl, Gottfried Feder, Josef Berchtold, Ernst Poehner, Emil Maurice, Max Amann, Heinz Pernet, Wilhelm Brueckner, Lt. Robert Wagner, Adolf Hitler

Other notable supporters

Heinrich Himmler, Edmund Heines, Gerhard Rossbach, Hans Frank, Julius Schaub, Walter Hewel, Dietrich Eckart, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Schreck, Josef 'Sepp' Dietrich, Philipp Bouhler, Franz Pfeffer von Salomon, Adolf Lenk, Hans Kallenbach, Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg, Adolf Wagner, Jakob Grimminger, Heinrich Trambauer, Karl Beggel, Rudolf Jung, Rudolf Buttmann, Hans Ulrich Klintzsche, Heinrich Hoffmann, Josef Gerum, Capt. Rudolf Walter Richard Hess ( Heß in German) (26 April 1894 &ndash 17 August 1987 was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, acting as Adolf Hitler Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister Hermann Kriebel (1876 &ndash 1941 was a retired lieutenant colonel and former Bavarian staff officer Friedriech Weber, Dr ( January 30, 1892 &ndash1954 was an instructor in veterinary medicine at the University of Munich. Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter or Max Scheubner-Richter born Ludwig Maximilian Erwin Richter ( January 21, 1884 - November 9, Ulrich Graf ( July 3, 1878 - March 1950 - was one of the very early members of the circle around Adolf Hitler. Julius Streicher ( February 12, 1885 &ndash October 16, 1946) was a prominent Nazi prior to World War II. Hermann Esser ( 29 July 1900 &ndash 7 February 1981) entered the Nazi party with Adolf Hitler in 1920 became the editor Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl ( Munich, February 2, 1887 - November 6, 1975) worked for both Franklin Delano Roosevelt Gottfried Feder ( 27 January 1883 – 24 September 1941) was an economist and one of the early key members of the Nazi party. Joseph Berchtold ( March 6, 1897 &ndash August 23, 1962) a former stationery salesman succeeded Julius Schreck as Reichsführer Ernst Pöhner ( January 11, 1870 &ndash April 11, 1925) was Munich 's Chief of Police ('Green' Police President from 1919 to 1922 Emil Maurice ( January 19, 1897, Westermoor &ndash February 6, 1972, Munich) was an early member of the Nazi Party Max Amann ( November 24 1891 - March 30 1957) was a Nazi official with the honorary rank of Heinz Pernet ( September 5, 1896 &ndash ?? a former Lieutenant and Ludendorff 's Stepson. Wilhelm Brückner (born 11 December 1884 in Baden-Baden; died 18 August 1954 in Herbstdorf, Chiemgau Upper Bavaria Robert Heinrich Wagner ( 13 October 1895 &ndash 14 August 1946) was Gauleiter and Head of the Civil Government of Alsace Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. Edmund Heines ( July 21 1897 in Munich &ndash June 30 1934 in Munich was Ernst Röhm 's deputy in the SA and possibly Gerhard Roßbach ( February 28, 1893 &ndash August 30[[ 967]] was a German Freikorps leader and organizer of nationalist groups after World Hans Michael Frank ( May 23 1900 &ndash October 16 1946) was a German Lawyer who worked for the Nazi party Julius Schaub ( August 20 1898 &ndash December 27 1967) was the chief Aide and Adjutant of German dictator Adolf Hitler Walther Hewel ( 2 January 1904 &ndash 2 May 1945) was a German Diplomat before and during World War II and one Dietrich Eckart ( 23 March 1868 - 26 December 1923) was a German politician one of the important early members of the National Socialist Dr Wilhelm Frick (12 March 1877 16 October 1946 was a prominent Nazi official serving as Minister of the Interior of the Third Reich. Julius Schreck ( July 13, 1898 &ndash May 16, 1936) was an early Nazi Party member and also the first commander of the Josef "Sepp" Dietrich ( May 28, 1892 –April 21/22 1966 was a German Waffen-SS general an SS-Oberstgruppenführer Philipp Bouhler ( 11 September 1899 - 19 May 1945) was a Nazi German government official SS-Obergruppenführer head of the Führer's Franz Pfeffer von Salomon ( February 19, 1888 in Düsseldorf - April 12, 1968 in Munich) was the first commander of the This article is about the 20th century conservative politican This article concerns the Nazi official Adolf Wagner for the German economist see Adolph Wagner. Jakob Grimminger ( 25 April 1892 - 28 January 1969) was a member of the Schutzstaffel (SS who was famous for carrying the Rudolf Jung ( April 16, 1882 - December 11, 1945) was an instrumental force and agitator of German-Czech National Socialism and later Rudolf Buttmann was a German ambassador to the Vatican. Hans Ulrich Klintzsch was an ex-naval lieutenant from the Erhardt Brigade who served as leader of the Oberste SA-Führer from 1921 until May 11, 1923 Heinrich Hoffmann ( September 12 1885 in Fürth - December 11 1957 in Munich) was a German photographer best known for his Eduard Dietl, Hans Georg Hofmann, Matthaeus Hofmann, Helmut Klotz, Adolf Huehnlein, Max Neunzert, Michael Ried

At the front of the march

In the vanguard were four flag bearers followed by Adolf Lenk and Kurt Neubauer, Ludendorff's servant. Adolf Hühnlein ( November 12 1881 Neustadt bei Coburg, Germany - June 18 1942, Munich) was a German soldier Kurt Neubauer ( March 27, 1899 - November 9, 1923) was an early member of the Nazi Party and one of the first Nazis who Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister Behind those two came more flag bearers then the leadership in two rows.

Hitler was in the centre, slouch hat in hand, the collar of his trenchcoat turned up against the cold. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately To his left in civilian clothes, a green felt hat and a loose loden coat was Ludendorff. Loden is water-resistant material for Clothing made from Sheep Wool. Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister To Hitler's right was Scheubner-Richter. Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter or Max Scheubner-Richter born Ludwig Maximilian Erwin Richter ( January 21, 1884 - November 9, To his right came Alfred Rosenberg. (12 January 1893 16 October 1946 was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi Party. On either side of these men were Ulrich Graf, Hermann Kriebel, Friedrich Weber, Julius Streicher, Hermann Goering and Wilhelm Brueckner. Ulrich Graf ( July 3, 1878 - March 1950 - was one of the very early members of the circle around Adolf Hitler. Hermann Kriebel (1876 &ndash 1941 was a retired lieutenant colonel and former Bavarian staff officer Friedriech Weber, Dr ( January 30, 1892 &ndash1954 was an instructor in veterinary medicine at the University of Munich. Julius Streicher ( February 12, 1885 &ndash October 16, 1946) was a prominent Nazi prior to World War II. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Wilhelm Brückner (born 11 December 1884 in Baden-Baden; died 18 August 1954 in Herbstdorf, Chiemgau Upper Bavaria

Behind these came the second string of Heinz Pernet, Johann Aigner (Scheubner-Richter's servant), Gottfried Feder, Theodor von der Pfordten, Wilhelm Kolb, Rolf Reiner, Hans Streck and Heinrich Bennecke, Brueckner's adjutant. Heinz Pernet ( September 5, 1896 &ndash ?? a former Lieutenant and Ludendorff 's Stepson. Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter or Max Scheubner-Richter born Ludwig Maximilian Erwin Richter ( January 21, 1884 - November 9, Gottfried Feder ( 27 January 1883 – 24 September 1941) was an economist and one of the early key members of the Nazi party. Theodor von der Pfordten ( May 14, 1873 - November 9, 1923) was a county court councillor who served in World War I and was an early Wilhelm Brückner (born 11 December 1884 in Baden-Baden; died 18 August 1954 in Herbstdorf, Chiemgau Upper Bavaria

Behind this row marched the Stosstrupp, the SA, the Infantry School and the Oberlaender. The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers

Chief defendants in the 'Ludendorff-Hitler' Trial

Heinz Pernet, Dr. Friedrich Weber, Wilhelm Frick, Hermann Kriebel, General Erich Ludendorff, Adolf Hitler, Wilhelm Brueckner, Ernst Roehm, Lt. Robert Wagner

Note only two of the defendants, Hitler and Frick, were dressed as civilians. Heinz Pernet ( September 5, 1896 &ndash ?? a former Lieutenant and Ludendorff 's Stepson. Friedriech Weber, Dr ( January 30, 1892 &ndash1954 was an instructor in veterinary medicine at the University of Munich. Dr Wilhelm Frick (12 March 1877 16 October 1946 was a prominent Nazi official serving as Minister of the Interior of the Third Reich. Hermann Kriebel (1876 &ndash 1941 was a retired lieutenant colonel and former Bavarian staff officer Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Wilhelm Brückner (born 11 December 1884 in Baden-Baden; died 18 August 1954 in Herbstdorf, Chiemgau Upper Bavaria Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder Robert Heinrich Wagner ( 13 October 1895 &ndash 14 August 1946) was Gauleiter and Head of the Civil Government of Alsace Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Dr Wilhelm Frick (12 March 1877 16 October 1946 was a prominent Nazi official serving as Minister of the Interior of the Third Reich.

See also

• Timeline of the Weimar Republic
• Early timeline of Nazism

Further reading

• Dornberg, John. This Weimar Timeline charts the chronology of the Weimar Republic, dating the pre-history before the adoption of the actual Weimar constitution The early timeline of Nazism begins with its origins in 1896 and continues until Hitler's rise to power. (1982). Munich 1923, The Story of Hitler's First Grab for Power. New York: Harper & Row.
• Gordon, Harold J. , Jr. (1972) Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972
• _______. (1976). The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich. University Publications of America.
• Large, David Clay. (1997). Where Ghosts Walked, Munich's Road to the Third Reich. New York: W. W. Norton.
• Snyder, Louis Leo. Louis Leo Snyder (1907-1993 was an American-born German scholar who witnessed the Nazi mass meetings and wrote about them in Hitlerism The Iron Fist in Germany. (1961). Hitler and Nazism. New York: Franklin Watts.

Notes

External links

• Beer Hall Putsch is at coordinates 48°07′49″N 11°35′31″E / 48.1304, 11.592 (Beer Hall Putsch)Coordinates: 48°07′49″N 11°35′31″E / 48.1304, 11.592 (Beer Hall Putsch)

A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic