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This article is about the genre of music, for the teenage mutant ninja turtles character see Bebop and Rocksteady. Bebop and Rocksteady are fictional characters in the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon series and the Archie TMNT Adventures comics as well as most

Bebop or bop is a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos and improvisation based on harmonic structure rather than melody. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States 2266-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl or TEMPO is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH23(CMe22NO Improvisation (also called extemporization) is the practice of acting singing talking and reacting of making and creating in the moment and in response to the stimulus of In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or It was developed in the early and mid-1940s. It first surfaced in musicians' argot some time during the first two years of the Second World War. Argot ( French, Spanish and Catalan for " Slang " is a Secret language used by various groups—including but not limited World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Contents

History

The 1939 recording of "Body and Soul" by Coleman Hawkins is an important antecedent of bebop. " Body and Soul " is a popular song written in 1930 by Edward Heyman, Robert Sour, Frank Eyton and Johnny Green. Coleman Randolph Hawkins ( November 21 1904 - May 19 1969) Nicknamed "Hawk" and sometimes "Bean" was a prominent Hawkins' willingness to stray — even briefly — from the ordinary resolution of musical themes and his playful jumps to double-time signaled a departure from existing jazz. The recording was popular; but more importantly, from a historical perspective, Hawkins became an inspiration to a younger generation of jazz musicians, most notably Charlie Parker, in Kansas City. Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages

In the 1940s, the younger generation of jazz musicians forged a new style out of the swing music of the 1930s. Mavericks like Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, and Thelonious Monk, were influenced by the preceding generation's adventurous soloists, such as pianists Art Tatum and Earl Hines, tenor saxophonists Hawkins and Lester Young, and trumpeter Roy Eldridge. John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie ( October 21 1917 &ndash January 6 1993) was an American Jazz Trumpeter Earl Rudolph "Bud" Powell ( September 27[[ 924]] &ndash July 31[[ 966]] in New York City) was an American Jazz pianist, usually considered Thelonious Sphere Monk ( October 10, 1917 - February 17, 1982) was an American Jazz Pianist and Composer. Arthur Tatum Jr ( October 13, 1909 – November 5, 1956) was an American Jazz Pianist and Virtuoso. Earl Kenneth Hines, universally known as Earl "Fatha" Hines, ( 28 December, 1903 Duquesne Pennsylvania &ndash 22 April Lester Willis Young ( August 27, 1909 &ndash March 15, 1959) nickname 'Prez' was an American Jazz tenor Saxophonist Roy David Eldridge ( January 30, 1911 &ndash February 26, 1989) nicknamed "Little Jazz" was an American Gillespie and Parker had traveled with some of the pre-bop masters, including Jack Teagarden, Hines, and Jay McShann. Weldon Leo "Jack" Teagarden ( August 20, 1905 &ndash January 15, 1964) was an influential Jazz Trombonist and Jay McShann ( January 12 1916 – December 7 2006) was an American Blues and swing Pianist, These forerunners of bebop began exploring advanced harmonies, complex syncopation, altered chords, and chord substitutions, and the bop generation advanced these techniques with a more freewheeling and often arcane approach.

Minton's Playhouse in New York served as a workout room and experimental theater for early bebop players, including Charlie Christian, who had already hinted at the bop style in innovative solos with Benny Goodman's band. Minton’s Playhouse is a Jazz club and bar located on the first floor of the Hotel Cecil at 210 West 118th Street in Harlem. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Charlie Christian (Charles Henry Christian ( 29 July 1916 &ndash 2 March 1942) was an American swing and Bebop

Christian's major influence was in the realm of rhythmic phrasing. Christian commonly emphasized weak beats and off beats, and often ended his phrases on the second half of the fourth beat. Christian experimented with asymmetrical phrasing, which was to become a core element of the new bop style. Swing improvisation was commonly constructed in two or four bar phrases that corresponded to the harmonic cadences of the underlying song form. Bop improvisers would often deploy phrases over an odd number of bars, and overlap their phrases across bar lines and across major harmonic cadences. Christian and the other early boppers would also begin stating a harmony in their improvised line before it appeared in the song form being outlined by the rhythm section. This momentary dissonance creates a strong sense of forward motion in the improvisation. Swing improvisers commonly emphasized the first and third beats of a measure. But in a bebop composition such as Dizzy Gillespie's "Salt Peanuts", the rhythmic emphasis switches to the second and fourth beats of the measure. John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie ( October 21 1917 &ndash January 6 1993) was an American Jazz Trumpeter " Salt Peanuts " is a Bebop tune composed by Dizzy Gillespie in 1942, also credited as "with the collaboration of" historical bebop drummer Such new rhythmic phrasing techniques give the typical bop solo a feeling of floating free over the underlying song form, rather than being tied into the song form.

Swing drummers had kept up a steady four-to-the-bar pulse on the bass drum. Bop drummers, led by Kenny Clarke, moved the drumset's time-keeping function to the ride or hi-hat cymbal, reserving the bass drum for accents. Kenny Clarke (born Kenneth Spearman Clarke, nicknamed " Klook " and later known as Liaqat Ali Salaam, on January 9, 1914 Bass drum accents were colloquially termed "dropping bombs. " Notable bop drummers such as Max Roach, Philly Joe Jones, Roy Haynes, and Kenny Clarke began to support and respond to soloists, almost like a shifting call and response. Maxwell Lemuel Roach ( January 10, 1924 &ndash August 16, 2007) was an American Jazz Percussionist, Drummer Joseph Rudolph (Philly Joe Jones ( July 15, 1923 – August 30, 1985) was a Philadelphia -born United States jazz Roy Owen Haynes (born on March 13 1925, in Roxbury, Massachusetts) is an American Jazz Drummer and bandleader Kenny Clarke (born Kenneth Spearman Clarke, nicknamed " Klook " and later known as Liaqat Ali Salaam, on January 9, 1914 In Music, a call and response is a succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different Musicians where the second phrase is heard as a direct

This change increased the importance of the string bass. Now, the bass not only maintained the music's harmonic foundation, but also became responsible for establishing a metronomic rhythmic foundation by playing a "walking" bass line of four quarter notes to the bar. While small swing ensembles commonly functioned without a bassist, the new bop style required a bass in every small ensemble.

By 1950, a second wave of bebop musicians — such as Clifford Brown, Sonny Stitt, and Fats Navarro — began to smooth out the rhythmic eccentricities of early bebop. Clifford Brown ( October 30, 1930 &ndash June 26, 1956) aka " Brownie," was an influential and highly rated Edward "Sonny" Stitt (b February 2, 1924, Boston Massachusetts &ndash d Theodore "Fats" Navarro ( 24 September, 1923 – 7 July, 1950) was an American Jazz Trumpet player Instead of using jagged phrasing to create rhythmic interest, as the early boppers had, these musicians constructed their improvised lines out of long strings of eighth notes, and simply accented certain notes in the line to create rhythmic variety.

Musical style

Bebop differed drastically from the straightforward compositions of the swing era, and was instead characterized by fast tempos, asymmetrical phrasing, complex harmonies, intricate melodies, and rhythm sections that expanded on their role as tempo-keepers. In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or The music itself seemed jarringly different to the ears of the public, who were used to the bouncy, organized, danceable tunes of Benny Goodman and Glenn Miller during the swing era. Alton Glenn Miller ( March 1 1904 &ndash presumably December 15 1944) was an American Jazz musician and Instead, bebop appeared to sound racing, nervous, and often fragmented. But to jazz musicians and jazz music lovers, bebop was an exciting and beautiful revolution in the art of jazz.

While swing music tended to feature orchestrated big band arrangements, bebop music was much more free in its structure. Typically, a theme (a "head," often the main melody of a pop or jazz standard of the swing era) would be presented in unison at the beginning and the end of each piece, with improvisational solos based on the major chords making up the body of the work. Thus, the majority of a song in bebop style would be improvisation, the only threads holding the work together being the underlying harmonies played by the rhythm section. Sometimes improvisation included references to the original melody or to other well-known melodic lines ("allusions," or "riffs"). Sometimes they were entirely original, spontaneous melodies from start to finish.

Bebop music extended the jazz vocabulary by exploring new harmonic territory through the use of altered chords and chord substitutions (using a different chord than originally composed, such as a diminished or flattened fifth, the "blue note"). In Music, an altered chord, an example of Alteration, is a chord with one or more Diatonic notes replaced by or altered to a neighboring pitch in the In Jazz and Blues, a blue note (also "worried" note is a Note sung or played at a slightly lower pitch than that of the While this produced a more colorful and rich harmonic sound than past jazz styles, it also required a highly trained musician to execute well. Melodies grew in complexity from those of swing jazz, and began to twist, turn, and jump rapidly to follow quickly-changing chord progressions. Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of Jazz music that developed in the early 1930s and had solidified as a distinctive style by 1935 in the United A chord progression (also chord sequence and harmonic progression or sequence) is a series of chords played in order

As bebop grew from its swing-era roots, these progressions often were taken directly from popular swing-era songs and reused with a new and more complex bebop melody, forming new compositions known as a contrafacts. A contrafact is a new Musical composition built out of an already existing one most often a new Melody overlaid on a familiar harmonic structure. While contrafaction was already a well-established practice in earlier jazz, it came to be central to the bebop style. Musicians and audiences alike were able to find something familiar in this new exotic sound, but perhaps more importantly, small record labels such as Savoy, often avoided paying copyright fees for pop tunes. Savoy Records is the name of a US jazz Record label. Starting in the mid 1940s Savoy played an important part in popularizing Bebop. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for

Specific harmonic vocabulary

The predominating contour of bebop melodies is that they tend to ascend in arpeggios and descend in scale steps - the composed melody to "Donna Lee" (a be-bop tune based on the changes of the '30s pop tune Indiana) being a classic example. " Donna Lee " is a Bebop Jazz standard in A flat based on the chord changes of the traditional jazz standard " (Back Home Again in Indiana " While a stereotype, an examination of improvised and written be-bop melodies shows this to be a key quality of the music.

Ascending arpeggios are frequently of diminished seventh chords, which function as 7b9 chords of various types. Typical scales used in bebop include the bebop major, minor and dominant (see below), the harmonic minor and the chromatic.

The half-whole diminished scale is also occasionally used, and in the music of Thelonious Monk especially, the whole tone scale. An octatonic scale is an eight-note musical scale Among the most famous of these is a scale in which the notes ascend in alternating intervals of a whole step and a half step Thelonious Sphere Monk ( October 10, 1917 - February 17, 1982) was an American Jazz Pianist and Composer. In Music, a whole tone scale is a scale in which each Note is separated from its neighbours by the interval of a Whole step.

Of the modes of the ascending melodic minor, such as the altered scale and lydian dominant beloved of many modern jazz educators, there is little or no sign — it is widely thought that John Coltrane was among the first to use them, but as with many things in Jazz history, it's hard to be certain. Minor Scale was a test conducted by the United States Defense Nuclear Agency (now part of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency) involving the detonation In Jazz, the altered scale is a seven-note scale that differs from the locrian mode in having a lowered fourth scale degree

Bebop frequently elaborates arpeggios with extra chromatic and scalar passing notes, some of which seem perverse. Perversion is a concept describing those types of Human behavior that are perceived to be a serious deviation from what is considered to be orthodox or normal The flattened seventh is frequently added to major seventh arpeggios, the major to dominant chords and minor chords. Phrases frequently terminate on the 9th of the chord — a traditionally dissonant tone.

Bebop was also heavily characterized by melodic use of the flatted fifth. The tritone ( Tri - or three and tone) is a Musical interval that spans three whole tones. This is related to the harmonic technique of tritone substitution, popularised during the pre-war era by the pianist Art Tatum. In Jazz Music, a tritone substitution is the use in a Chord progression of a dominant seventh chord (major/minor seventh chord that is three Arthur Tatum Jr ( October 13, 1909 – November 5, 1956) was an American Jazz Pianist and Virtuoso. Here, the familiar series of perfect cadences is replaced by chromatic motion of the root. Thus, the standard "iim7 - V7 - I" sequence, a building block of the 20th century popular song, is reconstructed as "iim7 - bII7 - I". A bebop pianist, confronted with a chord marked as G7 (G dominant seventh) resolving to C, would often replace it with Db7 (Db dominant seventh). The tritone substitution could also be used within a standard dominant (V7) chord: for example, the G7 chord above could be a Db7 chord with G as the bass (another example of a flatted fifth). The original chord and the substituted chord share two important tones, the third and the seventh (in this case B and F).

Later codifications of bebop harmony emerged, notably in the teachings of pianist/educator Barry Harris, who encouraged players to learn "bebop scales" for improvising such as the Bebop Dominant 7th Scale (1 2 3 4 5 6 b7 7) and the Bebop Major Scale (1 2 3 4 5 #5 6 7) (although Barry himself refers to them by a different name. For the Dance music performer and DJ see Barry Harris (DJ. Barry Doyle Harris (born December 15, 1929) is an Bebop scales are frequently used in Jazz improvisation and are derived from the modes of the Major scale, the Melodic minor scale, and the Harmonic minor scale ) A feature of these scales is that when they are played in 8th notes, up or down, players automatically play a tone featured in the corresponding chord on every 4/4 beat. These scales are often disguised by playing them through segments of an octave, changing direction on chord tones, or enclosing chord tones with a chromatic tone above and below the chord tone. Both of these techniques allow the improviser to embellish the bebop scale without sacrificing the effect of chord tones on every 4/4 beat.

Another important technique is anticipation — where a chord is expressed before it appears, and expansion, where the improviser holds on to it into the next chord. Again Parker's recorded solos have many examples of this technique, which creates dissonance.

Many bebop progressions and solos make heavy use of tonicization, but this is typical of harmonic jazz in general. In Music, tonicization is the treatment of a pitch other than the overall tonic as a temporary tonic in a composition.

Overall, bebop seems to have taken many of the raw materials of swing and liberated them — the underlying harmony and rhythm of improvised jazz lines became more malleable, and improvisers embraced this new freedom with relish. However, the raw materials of be-bop and swing era jazz; 12 bar blues forms and the pop songs of the 1930s; remained central, with tunes like "I Got Rhythm", "Cherokee" and "How High the Moon" forming central planks of the education of almost every subsequent generation of jazz musician. " I Got Rhythm " is a song composed by George Gershwin with lyrics by Ira Gershwin, published in 1930 which became a widely-known Jazz standard " How High the Moon " is a Jazz standard with Lyrics by Nancy Hamilton and music by Morgan Lewis.

Instrumentation

The classic bebop combo consisted of saxophone, trumpet, bass, drums, and piano. This was a format used (and popularized) by both Charlie Parker (alto sax) and Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet) in their 1940s groups and recordings, sometimes augmented by an extra saxophonist or guitar, occasionally adding other horns (often a trombone), or other strings (usually fiddle or violin) or dropping an instrument and leaving only a quartet. The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie ( October 21 1917 &ndash January 6 1993) was an American Jazz Trumpeter

Although only one part of a rich jazz tradition, bebop music continues to be played regularly throughout the world. Trends in improvisation since its era have changed from its harmonically-tethered style, but the capacity to improvise over a complex sequence of altered chords is a fundamental part of any jazz education.

Etymology of word

The word "bebop" is usually stated to be nonsense syllables (vocables) which were generated in scat singing, and is supposed to have been first attested in 1928. In Vocal jazz, scat singing is vocal improvisation with random vocables and syllables or without words at all [1] One speculation is that it was a term used by Charlie Christian, because it sounded like something he hummed along with his playing. Charlie Christian (Charles Henry Christian ( 29 July 1916 &ndash 2 March 1942) was an American swing and Bebop [2] However, possibly the most plausible theory is that it derives from the cry of "Arriba ! Arriba !" used by Latin American bandleaders of the period to encourage their bands. [3] This squares with the fact that, originally, the terms "bebop" and "rebop" were used interchangeably. By 1945, the use of "bebop"/"rebop" as nonsense syllables was widespread in R&B music, for instance Lionel Hampton's "Hey Ba-Ba-Re-Bop", and a few years later in rock and roll, for instance Gene Vincent's "Be-Bop-A-Lula" (1956). Lionel Leo Hampton ( April 20, 1908 &ndash August 31, 2002) was an American Jazz Vibraphonist, Percussionist Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African Gene Vincent, real name Vincent Eugene Craddock, ( February 11, 1935 - October 12, 1971) was an American Rock'n'roll pioneer

Bebop's influence

By the mid-1950s musicians (Miles Davis and John Coltrane among others) began to explore directions beyond the standard bebop vocabulary. Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Simultaneously, other players expanded on the bold steps of bebop: "cool jazz" or "West Coast jazz", modal jazz, as well as free jazz and avant-garde forms of development from the likes of George Russell. Cool jazz is a Jazz style that emerged in the late 1940s in New York City. West Coast jazz is a form of Jazz music that developed around Los Angeles and San Francisco at about the same time as Hard bop jazz was developing Modal jazz is Jazz using Musical modes rather than chord progressions as its harmonic framework For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard George Allen Russell (born June 23, 1923) is an American Jazz Pianist, Composer and theorist

Bebop style also influenced the Beat Generation whose spoken-word style drew on jazz rhythms, and whose poets often employed jazz musicians to accompany them. Spoken word is a form of literary Art or artistic performance in which Lyrics, Poetry, or stories are spoken rather than sung The bebop influence also shows in rock and roll, which contains solos employing a form similar to bop solos, and "hippies" of the 60s and 70s, who, like the boppers had a unique, non-conformist style of dress, a vocabulary incoherent to outsiders, and a communion through music. Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African Fans of bebop were not restricted to the USA; the music gained cult status in France and Japan.

More recently, Hip-hop artists (A Tribe Called Quest, Guru) have cited bebop as an influence on their rapping and rhythmic style. Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. A Tribe Called Quest is an American hip-hop group formed in 1988 A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others Bassist Ron Carter even collaborated with A Tribe Called Quest on 1991's The Low End Theory, and vibraphonist Roy Ayers and trumpeter Donald Byrd were featured on Jazzmatazz, by Guru, in the same year. Ron Carter (born May 4, 1937, Ferndale, Michigan) is an American Jazz Double-bassist. The Low End Theory is the second album by A Tribe Called Quest, released on September 24 1991 through Jive Records. Roy Ayers (born September 10, 1940, Los Angeles) is a Funk, soul and Jazz Vibraphone player Donaldson Toussaint L'Ouverture Byrd II (born December 9, 1932) is an American Jazz and Rhythm and blues Trumpeter Bebop samples, especially bass lines, ride cymbal swing clips, and horn and piano riffs are found throughout the hip-hop compendium.

References

  1. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
  2. ^ Jim Dawson and Steve Propes, What Was The First Rock'n'Roll Record?, 1992, ISBN 0-571-12939-0
  3. ^ Peter Gammond, The Oxford Companion to Popular Music, 1991, ISBN 0-19-311323-6

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Bebop musicians

Main article: List of Bebop musicians

Notable musicians identified with bebop:

Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. For the main article please see Bebop. A Al Aarons - trumpet Nat Adderley - cornet Julian Edwin "Cannonball" Adderley ( September 15 1928 – August 8 1975) was a Jazz alto saxophonist of Arthur (Art Blakey ( October 11 1919 &ndash October 16 1990) born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Clifford Brown ( October 30, 1930 &ndash June 26, 1956) aka " Brownie," was an influential and highly rated Raymond Matthews Brown ( October 13 1926 &ndash July 2 2002) was an American Jazz Double bassist. Carlos Wesley (Don Byas ( October 21, 1912 &ndash August 24, 1972) was an African American Jazz Tenor saxophonist Paul Laurence Dunbar Chambers Jr ( April 22 1935 – January 4 1969) was one of the most influential Jazz bassists of the Charlie Christian (Charles Henry Christian ( 29 July 1916 &ndash 2 March 1942) was an American swing and Bebop Kenny Clarke (born Kenneth Spearman Clarke, nicknamed " Klook " and later known as Liaqat Ali Salaam, on January 9, 1914 Tadley Ewing Peake (Tadd Dameron ( February 21, 1917 &ndash March 8, 1965) was an American Jazz Pianist Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. McKinley Howard (Kenny Dorham ( August 30, 1924 - December 5, 1972) was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Singer Carl Charles Fontana ( July 18 1928 - October 9 2003) was a Jazz trombonist. Curtis DuBois Fuller (born in Detroit, December 15, 1934) is a United States Hard bop trombonist. John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie ( October 21 1917 &ndash January 6 1993) was an American Jazz Trumpeter Dexter Gordon ( February 27, 1923 – April 25, 1990) was an American Jazz Tenor saxophonist, and an Academy Wardell Gray (1921-1955 was an American Jazz Bebop tenor saxophonist. ---- Alan Warren Haig ( 19 July 1924 &ndash 16 November 1982) was an American Jazz Pianist, best known as one of Sadik Hakim (born Argonne Thornton on July 15 1919 in Duluth, Minnesota; died in New York in June 1983 was an American Jazz pianist For the Dance music performer and DJ see Barry Harris (DJ. Barry Doyle Harris (born December 15, 1929) is an Percy Heath, ( April 30, 1923 &ndash April 28, 2005) was a Jazz musician, most famous for his 40+ years as the Double bass Milton (Milt Jackson (January 1 1923 in Detroit Michigan &ndash October 9 1999 was an American Jazz Vibraphonist and one of the most important figures J J Johnson (born James Louis Johnson) in Indianapolis Indiana, ( January 22, 1924 - February 4, 2001) was a Irving Sidney Jordan ( April 1, 1922 – August 8, 2006) was an American jazz pianist Lee Konitz (b October 13, 1927) is an American Jazz Composer and alto saxophonist born in Chicago Illinois Stan Levey ( April 5, 1926 &mdash April 19, 2005) was an American Jazz Drummer. Louis A Levy ( March 5, 1928 &ndash January 23, 2001) generally known as Lou Levy, was a Bebop -based pianist who worked John Aaron Lewis ( 3 May 1920 – 29 March 2001) was an American Jazz Pianist and Composer best known Michael "Dodo" Marmarosa ( December 12, 1925 &ndash September 17, 2002) was an American Bebop Pianist Howard McGhee (b March 6 1918 Tulsa OK - d July 17 1987 New York City) was one of the very first Bebop Charles McPherson may refer to Charles McPherson (musician, jazz saxophonist Charles Duncan McPherson, cabinet minister in Manitoba Charles Mingus ( 22 April 1922 &ndash 5 January 1979) was an American Jazz Bassist, Composer, Thelonious Sphere Monk ( October 10, 1917 - February 17, 1982) was an American Jazz Pianist and Composer. John Leslie "Wes" Montgomery ( 6 March 1925 - 15 June 1968) was an American Jazz guitarist He is generally considered Theodore "Fats" Navarro ( 24 September, 1923 – 7 July, 1950) was an American Jazz Trumpet player Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr ( Yale Oklahoma, 23 December 1929 - Amsterdam, 13 May 1988) was an American Oscar Pettiford ( 30 September, 1922 in Okmulgee, Oklahoma, &ndash 8 September, 1960 in Copenhagen, Denmark Tommy Potter, (born Charles Thomas Potter Philadelphia, PA on September 21 1918 - died March 1st 1988 was a jazz Double bass player Earl Rudolph "Bud" Powell ( September 27[[ 924]] &ndash July 31[[ 966]] in New York City) was an American Jazz pianist, usually considered Maxwell Lemuel Roach ( January 10, 1924 &ndash August 16, 2007) was an American Jazz Percussionist, Drummer Robert Roland Chudnick ( September 27, 1927 &ndash May 27, 1994) who performed by the Stage name Red Rodney, was an American Theodore Walter "Sonny" Rollins (born September 7 1930 in New York City) is an American Jazz tenor Saxophonist Frank Rosolino ( August 20 1926 - November 26 1978) was an American Jazz trombonist. Edward "Sonny" Stitt (b February 2, 1924, Boston Massachusetts &ndash d Eli "Lucky" Thompson ( June 16 1924, Columbia South Carolina &mdash July 30 2005, Seattle Washington) George Wallington (born Giacinto Figlia, October 27, 1923, Palermo, Sicily - Cape Coral, Miami, February

Dictionary

bebop

-noun

  1. (music) An early form of modern jazz played by small groups and featuring driving rhythms and complex, often dissonant harmonies.
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