Beaujolais (Wine Region)
Appellation type	Appellation d'origine contrôlée
Year established	1936
Country	France
Part of	Burgundy
Soil conditions	Granite, Schist, Clay and Sandstone
Total area	10,500ha
Grapes produced	Gamay with a little Pinot Noir (and the local variation of Pinot Liébault), Chardonnay, Aligoté, Pinot gris (known locally as Pinot Beurot), Pinot blanc and Melon de Bourgogne
Wine produced	Beaujolais, Beaujolais Villages, cru Beaujolais, Beaujolais Nouveau
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Beaujolais is a French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) wine generally made of the Gamay grape which has a thin skin and few tannins. Appellation d’origine contrôlée ( AOC) which translates as "controlled term of origin" is the French certification granted to certain French This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Burgundy wine ( is wine made in the Burgundy region in eastern France. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. The schists form a group of medium-grade Metamorphic rocks chiefly notable for the preponderance of lamellar Minerals such as Micas chlorite Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Gamay is a purple-colored Grape variety used to make Red wines most notably grown in Beaujolais and in the Loire Valley around Tours Pinot noir ('pino nwar is a red Wine Grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. Chardonnay is a green-skinned Grape variety used to make white Wine. Aligoté is a white Grape used to make dry white Wines in the Burgundy region of France, and which also has significant plantings in much Pinot blanc is a white Wine Grape. It is a Genetic mutation of Pinot gris, which is itself a mutation of Pinot noir. Melon de Bourgogne is a variety of white Grape grown in the Loire Valley region of France and best known through its use in the Wine This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Appellation d’origine contrôlée ( AOC) which translates as "controlled term of origin" is the French certification granted to certain French Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Gamay is a purple-colored Grape variety used to make Red wines most notably grown in Beaujolais and in the Loire Valley around Tours For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what Like most AOC wines they are not labeled varietally. Wine labels are important sources of information for consumers since they tell the type and origin of the wine Varietal describes Wines made primarily from a single named Grape variety. Whites from the region, which make up only 1% of its production, are made mostly with Chardonnay grapes though Aligoté is also permitted. Chardonnay is a green-skinned Grape variety used to make white Wine. Aligoté is a white Grape used to make dry white Wines in the Burgundy region of France, and which also has significant plantings in much Beaujolais tends to be a very light-bodied red wine, with relatively high amounts of acidity. The use of Wine tasting descriptors allow the taster an opportunity to put into words the Aromas and Flavors that they experience and can be used in assessing In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. Vintage, in Wine -making is the process of picking Grapes and creating the finished product The Chablis region is the northernmost Wine district of Burgundy, France. The Côte d'Or (English Golden hillside is a limestone Escarpment in Burgundy, France that lends its name to the department which Côte Chalonnaise is a subregion of the Burgundy wine region of France. The Mâconnais district lies in the south of the Burgundy wine region in France, west of the River Saône. ^[1]

The wine takes its name from the historical Beaujolais province and wine producing region. The Kingdom of France was organised into Provinces until March 4, 1790, when the establishment of the département French wine is produced in several regions throughout France, on over 800000 Hectares (over 2 million Acres of Vineyards and in a typical It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône département (Rhône-Alpes) and parts of the south of the Saône-et-Loire département (Burgundy). ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Rhône ( Franco-Provençal: Rôno) is a French department located in the central Eastern region of Rhône-Alpes. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Rhône-Alpes ( Franco-Provençal: Rôno-Arpes; Occitan: Ròse Aups) is one of the 26 regions of France, located on the Saône-et-Loire ( Sona-et-Lêre in Arpitan language is a French department, named after the Saône and the Loire Bourgogne ( English: Burgundy is one of the 26 regions of France. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to the Rhône and the wine is unique enough to be considered separately from Burgundy and Rhône. Burgundy wine ( is wine made in the Burgundy region in eastern France. The Rhône wine region in Southern France is situated in the Rhône river valley and produces numerous wines under various Appellation d'origine contrôlée The region is known internationally for its long tradition of winemaking, uniquely emphasized the use of carbonic maceration, and more recently for the popular Beaujolais nouveau. Winemaking, or vinification, is the production of Wine, starting with selection of the Grapes and ending with bottling the finished wine Carbonic maceration is a Winemaking technique often associated with the French wine region of Beaujolais, in which whole Grapes are fermented Beaujolais nouveau is a red Wine made from Gamay grapes produced in the Beaujolais region of France.

History

The region of Beaujolais was first cultivated by the Romans who planted the areas along its trading route up the Saône valley. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Saône (son ( Sona in Arpitan) is a River of eastern France. The most notable Roman vineyard was Brulliacus located on the hillside of Mont Brouilly. Ancient Rome played a pivotal role in the history of Wine. The earliest influences of Viticulture on the Italian peninsula The Romans also planted vineyards in the area Morgon. From the 7th century through the Middle Ages, most of the viticulture and winemaking was done by the Benedictine monks. Viticulture (from the Latin word for Vine) is the Science, production and study of Grapes which deals with the series of Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in In the 10th century, the region got its name from the town of Beaujeu, Rhône and was ruled by the Lords of Beaujeu till the 15th century when it was ceded to the Duchy of Burgundy. Beaujeu ( Bôjor / Biôjœr in Arpitan) is a small town between Mâcon and Lyon. Most broadly cession (to cede) is the assignment of Property to another entity The Duchy of Burgundy was a feudal territory once existing within the Kingdom of France. The wines from Beaujolais were mostly confined to the markets along the Saône and Rhône rivers, particularly in the town of Lyon. The Rhone, or the Rhône is one of the major Rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. The expansion of the French railroad system in the 19th century opened up the lucrative Paris market. The history of rail transport in France dates from the first French railway in 1832 to present-day enterprises such as the TGV. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The first mention of Beaujolais wines in English followed soon after when Cyrus Redding described the wines of Moulin-à-Vent and Saint-Amour as being low priced and best consumed young. Cyrus Redding (1785 Cornwall - 1870 was a British journalist and Wine writer Beaujolais is a French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC Wine generally made of the Gamay Grape which has a thin ^[1]

In the 1980s, Beaujolais hit a peak of popularity in the world's wine market with its Beaujolais nouveau wine. Spurred on by the creative marketing from négociants like Georges Duboeuf, demand outpaced supply for the easy drinking, fruity wines. A négociant is the French term for a Wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells the result under its own name Georges Duboeuf (born 1933 in Crèches, France) is the founder of Les Vins Georges Duboeuf one of the largest and best-known wine merchants in France As more Beaujolais producers tried to capitalize on the "Nouveau craze", production of regular Beaujolais dropped and an eventual backlash occurred in the late the 1990s and early 21st century. By this point, the whole of Beaujolais wine had developed a negative reputation among consumers who associated Gamay based wines with the slightly sweet, simple light bodied wines that characterized Beaujolais Nouveau. Producers were left with a wine lake surplus that French authorities compelled them to reduce through mandatory distillation. The wine lake refers to the continuing surplus of Wine over demand (glut produced in the European Union. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture In response, there has been renewed emphasis on the production of more complex wines that are aged longer in oak barrels prior to release. The use of Oak in Wine plays a significant role in Winemaking and can have a profound effect on the resulting wine impacting the color flavor Recent years have seen a rise in the number of terroir driven estate-bottled wines made from single vineyards or in one of the Cru Beaujolais communes, where the name of the commune is allowed to be displayed on the label. Terroir (/t̪εʁwaʁ/ in French (terruño pago was originally a French term in Wine, Coffee and Tea used to denote the special characteristics Cru is a French Wine term which means "growth place" More specifically cru is often used to indicate a specifically named growth ^[1]

The Gamay grape

When Philippe the Bold outlawed the cultivation of Gamay in Burgundy, it pushed the grape south to the Beaujolais region.

The Gamay grape is thought to be a mutant of the Pinot Noir, which first appeared in the village of Gamay, south of Beaune, in the 1360s. Beaune is a commune in eastern France, a Sub-prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne region The grape brought relief to the village growers following the decline of the Black Death. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia In contrast to the Pinot Noir variety, Gamay ripened two weeks earlier and was less difficult to cultivate. Pinot noir ('pino nwar is a red Wine Grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. It also produced a strong, fruitier wine in a much larger abundance. In July 1395, the Duke of Burgundy Philippe the Bold outlawed the cultivation of Gamay as being "a very bad and disloyal plant", due in part to the variety occupying land that could be used for the more "elegant" Pinot Noir. Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which Philip the Bold (Philippe le Hardi also Philip II Duke of Burgundy ( January 15, 1342, Pontoise &ndash April 27, 1404 60 years later, Philippe the Good, issued another edict against Gamay in which he stated the reasoning for the ban is that "The Dukes of Burgundy are known as the lords of the best wines in Christendom. Philip the Good (Philippe le Bon also Philip III Duke of Burgundy ( July 31, 1396 &ndash June 15, 1467) was Duke of Burgundy We will maintain our reputation". ^[2] The edicts had the effect of pushing Gamay plantings southward, out of the main region of Burgundy and into the granite based soils of Beaujolais where the grape thrived. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. ^[1]

Scandals

Following the 2001 vintage, over 1. 1 million cases of Beaujolais wine (most of it Beaujolais Nouveau) had to be destroyed or distilled due to lackluster sale as part of a consumer backlash against the popularity of Beaujolais Nouveau. French wine critic François Mauss claimed, in an interview given to a local newspaper Lyon Mag, that the reason for the backlash was the poor quality of Beaujolais Nouveau that had flooded the market in recent decades. The Grand Jury Européen ( GJE) is an Association sans but lucratif ( Association without lucrative purpose under Luxembourg law with an aim to He claimed that Beaujolais producers had long ignored the warning signs that such a backlash was coming and continued to produce what Mauss termed as vin de merde (shit wine). Shit is one of the most functionally diverse words in the English language, and is also one of the most frequently used nouns ^[3] This triggered an outcry among Beaujolais producers followed by an association of 56 cooperative producers filing a lawsuit against the Lyon Mag for publishing Mauss comments. Rather than sue for libel, the producers sued under an obscured French law that prevented the denigration of French products. In January 2003 the court in Villefranche-sur-Saône found in the Beaujolais producers favor and awarded USD$350,000 which would put the small, employee owned publication out of business. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[4] The bad publicity garnered from the "Shit wine case" was extensive, with several publications such as Le Monde, The Times, The New York Times and the Herald Tribune running critical or satirical articles on the court's decision. Le Monde (The World is a The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper ^[3] In 2005 the highest court of appeal found that there was no case for defamation and Representatives of the Beaujolais winemakers were ordered to pay €2,000 (USD$2,442) in court costs to Lyon Mag. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e ^[3]

The Vins Georges Duboeuf company was charged in 2005 with mixing low-grade wine with better vintages after a patchy 2004 harvest. ^[5] Georges Duboeuf denied wrongdoing, blaming human error and pointing out that none of the affected wine was released to consumers. ^[5] The production manager directly responsible admitted his actions and resigned, and a court found that both "fraud and attempted fraud concerning the origin and quality of wines" had been committed. ^[5] Fewer than 200,000 liters of the company's annual 270 million liter production were implicated, but L'Affaire Duboeuf, as it was called, was considered a serious scandal. ^[6] In December 2007, five people were arrested after reportedly selling nearly 600 tonnes of sugar to growers in Beaujolais. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Up to 100 growers were accused of using the sugar for illegal chaptalization and also of exceeding volume quotas between 2004 and 2006. ^[7]

Climate and geography

Beaujolais is a large wine producing region, about twice the size of the US state of Rhode Island and larger than any single district of Burgundy. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States There is over 50,000 acres (20,234 hectares) of vines planted in a 34 mile (55 kilometer) stretch of land that between 7 to 9 miles wide (11 to 14 km). The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand ^[8] The historical capital of the province is Beaujeu (Bôjor /Biôjœr in Arpitan) and the economic capital of the area is Villefranche-sur-Saône (Velafranche). Franco-Provençal ( Francoprovençal) or Arpitan ( Vernacular: frp francoprovençâl arpitan patouès; francoprovenzale arpitano dialetto Villefranche-sur-Saône ( Velafranche in the Arpitan language is a town and commune in the Rhône département Many of Beaujolais vineyards are found in the hillside on the outskirt of Lyons in the eastern portion of the region along the Saône valley. The Massif Central is located to the west and has a tempering influence on Beaujolais' climate. The Massif Central ( Occitan: Massís Central / Massís Centrau) is an elevated region in south-central France, consisting of Mountains and The region is located south of the Burgundy wine region Mâconnais with nearly 100 communes in the northern region of Beaujolais overlapping between the AOC boundaries Beaujolais and the Maconnais region of Saint-Véran. The Mâconnais district lies in the south of the Burgundy wine region in France, west of the River Saône. The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. ^[1]

The climate of Beaujolais is semi-continental with some temperate influences. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year The close proximately of the Mediterranean Sea does impart some Mediterranean influence on the climate. The region is overall, warmer than Burgundy with vintages more consistently ripening the grapes fully. By the time that the Beaujolais Nouveau is released in late November, the foothills in the western regions will have normally seen snow. A common viticultural hazard is spring time frost. Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air ^[1]

The soils of Beaujolais divide the region into a northern and southern half, with the town of Villefranche serving as a near dividing point. The soil composition of vineyards is one of the most important viticultural consideration when planting grape vines The northern half of Beaujolais, where most of the Cru Beaujolais communes are located, includes rolling hills of schist and granite based soils with some limestone. The schists form a group of medium-grade Metamorphic rocks chiefly notable for the preponderance of lamellar Minerals such as Micas chlorite Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 On hillsides, most of the granite and schist is found in the upper slopes with the lower slopes having more stone and clay composition. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and The southern half of the region, also known as the Bas Beaujolais, has more flatter terrain with richer, sandstone and clay based soils with some limestone patches. Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. The Gamay grape fares differently in both regions-producing more structured, complex wines in the north and more lighter, fruity wines in the south. The angle of the hillside vineyards in the north exposes the grapes to more sunshine which leads to harvest at an early time than the vineyards in the south. The Harvesting of Wine Grapes is one of the most crucial steps in the process of Winemaking. ^[1]

Appellations

A bottle of Beaujolais-Villages blanc made from Chardonnay & Aligote.

There are twelve main appellations of Beaujolais wines covering the production of more than 96 villages in the Beaujolais region. ^[9] They were originally established in 1936, with additional crus being promoted in 1938 and 1946, plus Régnié in 1988. About half of all Beaujolais wine is sold under the basic Beaujolais AOC designation. The majority of this wine is produced in the southern Bas Beaujolais region located around the town of Belleville. Belleville is a town and commune in the Rhône département of the Rhône-Alpes région in The minimum alcohol level for these wines is 10%. Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as abv or ABV) is a standard measure of how much alcohol ( Ethanol) is contained in an Alcoholic beverage If the grapes are harvested a little later, or the wine is subjected to chaptalization, to get the alcohol up to 10. Chaptalization is the process of adding Sugar to unfermented Grape Must in order to increase the alcohol content after fermentation 5% the wine maybe labeled as Beaujolais Supérieur. The only difference between basic Beaujolais and Beaujolais Supérieur is this slight increase in alcohol. ^[1]

• Beaujolais AOC is the most extended appellation covering 60 villages, and refers to all basic Beaujolais wines. It implies a minimum alcohol of just 9%; Beaujolais Supérieur implies wine with more than 10% alcohol. A large portion of the wine produced under this appellation is sold as Beaujolais Nouveau. The maximum yield for this AOC is 55 hl/ha (3. In Agriculture, crop yield (also known as "agricultural output" is not only a measure of the Yield of cereal per unit area of land under cultivation The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, 1 tons/acre). Units of mass There are three similar units of Mass called the ton: Long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U ^[1] Annually, this appellation averages around 75 millions bottles a year in production. ^[8]

• Beaujolais-Villages AOC, the intermediate category in terms of classification, covers 39 communes/villages in the Haut Beaujolais, the northern part of the region accounting for a quarter of production. Some is sold as Beaujolais-Villages Nouveau, but it is not common. Most of the wines are released in the following March after the harvest. The terrain of this region is hillier with more schist and granite soil composition than what is found in the regions of the Beaujolais AOC and the wine has the potential to be of higher quality. If the grapes come from the area of a single vineyard or commune, producers can affix the name of their particular village to the Beaujolais-Villages designation. Since most of the villages of Beaujolais, outside of those classified as Cru Beaujolais, villages have little international name recognitions most producers choose to maintain the Beaujolais-Villages designation. The maximum permitted yields for this AOC is 50 hl/ha. ^[1] These wines are meant to be consumed young, within two years of their harvest. ^[8] Several of the communes in the Beaujolais-Villages AOC also qualify to produce their wines under the Mâconnais and Saint-Véran AOCs. The Beaujolais producers that producer a red wine under the Beaujolais-Villages appellation will often producer their white wine under the more internationally recognized names of Mâcon-Villages or Saint-Véran. ^[4]

Cru Beaujolais region of Régnié

• Cru Beaujolais, the highest category of classification in Beaujolais, account for the production within ten villages/areas in the foothills of the Beaujolais mountains. Unlike Burgundy and Alsace, the phrase cru in Beaujolais refers to entire wine producing area rather than an individual vineyard. Alsace wine or Alsatian wine (in French: Vin d'Alsace) is produced in the Alsace region in France and is primarily white ^[9] Seven of the Crus relate to actual villages while Brouilly and Côte de Brouilly refer to the vineyards areas around Mont Brouilly and Moulin-à-Vent is named for a local windmill. A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind ^[8] These wines do not usually show the word "Beaujolais" on the label, in an attempt to separate themselves from mass-produced Nouveau; in fact vineyards in the cru villages are not allowed to produce Nouveau. The maximum yields for Cru Beaujolais wine is 48 hl/ha. Their wines can be more full-bodied, darker in color, and significantly longer-lived. From north to south the Beaujolais crus are- Saint-Amour, Juliénas, Chénas, Moulin-à-Vent, Fleurie, Chiroubles, Morgon, Régnié, Brouilly and Côte de Brouilly. Beaujolais is a French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC Wine generally made of the Gamay Grape which has a thin Beaujolais is a French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC Wine generally made of the Gamay Grape which has a thin Beaujolais is a French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC Wine generally made of the Gamay Grape which has a thin Beaujolais is a French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC Wine generally made of the Gamay Grape which has a thin ^[1]

• Beaujolais Blanc & Beaujolais Rosé - A small amount of white wine made from Chardonnay or Aligote is grown in the region and used to produce Beaujolais Blanc or Beaujolais-Villages Blanc. The vineyards to produces these wines are normally found in the limestone soils of the far northern extremities of the region. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Part of the reason for the small production of these wines is that many of the vineyards overlap into the Mâconnais regions and producers will usually choose to label their wines under the more marketable and well known Mâcon Blanc designation. There is also regulations in several Beaujolais communes restricting growers to dedicating no more than 10% of their vineyard space to white wine grape varieties. This is a list of varieties of cultivated Grapes whether used for Wine, or eating as a Table grape, fresh or dried ( Raisin, currant, sultana Beaujolais Rosé made from Gamay is permitted in the Beaujolais AOC but is rarely produced. ^[1]

Beaujolais Crus

Bottle of Côte de Brouilly wine.

The ten Beaujolais Crus differ in character. The following three crus produce the lightest bodied Cru Beaujolais and are typically meant to be consumed within three years of the vintage. ^[8]

• Brouilly - The largest Cru in Beaujolais, situated around Mont Brouilly and contains within its boundaries the sub-district of Côte de Brouilly. The wines are noted for their aromas of blueberries, cherries, raspberries and currants. Blueberries are Flowering plants in the genus Vaccinium, sect This article is about the Cherry berry also classified as fruit for the ornamental tree See Cherry Blossom. The raspberry (plural raspberries) is the edible Fruit of a multitude of plant species in the subgenus Idaeobatus of the genus Rubus ^[9] Along with Côte de Brouilly, this is the only Cru Beaujolais region that permits grapes other than Gamay to be produced in the area with vineyards growing Chardonnay, Aligote and Melon de Bourgogne as well. Melon de Bourgogne is a variety of white Grape grown in the Loire Valley region of France and best known through its use in the Wine The Brouilly cru also contains the famous Pisse Vieille vineyard (roughly translated as "piss old woman!") which received it name from a local legend of a devout Catholic woman who misheard the local priest's absolution to "Allez! Et ne péchez plus. Urination, also known as micturition, voiding, and more rarely emiction, is the process of disposing Urine from the Urinary bladder Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Absolution is a traditional theological term for the forgiveness experienced in the traditional Churches in the Sacrament of Reconciliation. " (Go! And sin no more. ) as "Allez! Et ne pissez plus. " (Go! And piss no more). The vineyard name is the admonishment that her husband gave to her upon learning of the priest's words. ^[4]
• Régnié - The most recently recognized Cru, graduating from a Beaujolais-Villages area to Cru Beaujolais in 1988. One of the more fuller bodied crus in this categories. It is noted for its red currant and raspberry flavors. ^[9] Local lore in the region states that this Cru was the site of the first vineyards planted in Beaujolais by the Romans. ^[4]
• Chiroubles - This cru has vineyards at some of the highest altitudes among the Cru Beaujolais. Chiroubles cru are noted for their delicate perfume that often includes aromas of violets. Viola, commonly called Violets, is a Genus of Flowering plants in the family Violaceae, with around 400-500 species distributed ^[9]

The next three crus produce more medium bodied Cru Beaujolais that Master of Wine Mary Ewing-Mulligan recommend needs at least a year aging in the bottle and to be consumed within fours years of the vintage. Master of Wine ( MW) is a qualification (not an Academic degree) which has existed since 1953 and is conferred by The Institute of Masters of Wine ^[8]

• Côte de Brouilly - Located on the higher slopes of the extinct volcano Mont Brouilly within the Brouilly Cru Beaujolais. The wines from this region are more deeply concentrated with less earthiness than Brouilly wine. ^[9]
• Fleurie - One of the most widely exported Cru Beaujolais into the United States. These wines often have a velvet texture with fruity and floral bouquet. ^[9] In ideal vintages, a vin de garde (wine for aging) is produced that is meant to age at least four years before consuming and can last up to 16 years. ^[4]
• Saint-Amour - Local lore suggest that this region was named after a Roman soldier (St. This is a list of both unit types and ranks of the Roman army from the Roman Republic to the fall of Amateur) who converted to Christianity after escaping death and established a mission near the area. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings See also Evangelism, Christianization A Christian mission has been widely defined since the Lausanne Congress of 1974 as that which The wines from Saint-Amour are noted for their spicy flavors with aromas of peaches. The peach ( Prunus persica) is a species of Prunus native to China that bears an edible juicy fruit also called a peach ^[9] The vin de garde wines require at least four year aging and can last up to twelve years. ^[4]

The last four crus produce the fullest bodied examples of Cru Beaujolais that need the most time aging in the bottle and are usually meant to be consumed between four to ten years after harvest. ^[8]

• Chénas - Once contained many of the vineyards that are now sold under the Moulin-à-Vent designation. It is now the smallest Cru Beaujolais with wines that are noted for their aroma of wild roses. A rose is a perennial flowering Shrub or vine of the Genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, that contains over 100 species ^[9] In ideal vintages, a vin de garde is produced that is meant to age at least five years before consuming and last up to 15. The area named is derived from the forest of French oak trees (chêne) that use to dot the hillside. The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin ^[4]
• Juliénas-This cru is based around the village named after Julius Caesar. The wines made from this area are noted for their richness and spicy with aromas reminiscent of peonies. For the ancient Balkan region and tribe see Paionia. The peony or paeony ( Paeonia) is the only genus in the ^[9] In contrast to the claims of Régnié, Juliénas growers believe that this area was the site of the first vineyards planted in Beaujolais by the Romans during this conquest of Gaul. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western ^[4]
• Morgon - Produces earthy wines that can take on a Burgundian character of silky texture after five years aging. These wines are generally the deepest color and most rich Cru Beaujolais with aromas of apricots and peaches. The Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca, "Armenian plum" in Latin syn ^[9] Within this Cru there is a particular hillside, known as Mont du Py, in the center of Morgon that produces the most powerful examples of Morgon wines. ^[4]
• Moulin-à-Vent - Wines are very similar to the nearby Chénas Cru Beaujolais. This region produces some of the longest lasting examples of Beaujolais wine, with some wines lasting up to ten years. Some producers will age their Moulin-à-Vent in oak which gives these wines more tannin and structure than other Beaujolais wines. The use of Oak in Wine plays a significant role in Winemaking and can have a profound effect on the resulting wine impacting the color flavor The phrase fûts de chêne (oak casks) will sometimes appear on the wine label of these oak aged wines. Wine labels are important sources of information for consumers since they tell the type and origin of the wine ^[8] The region is noted for the high level of manganese that is in the soil, which can be toxic to grape vines in high levels. Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. The level of toxicity in Moulin-à-Vent does not kill the vine but is enough to cause chlorosis and alter the vine's metabolism to severely reduce yields. In Botany, chlorosis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient Chlorophyll. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. The resulting wine from Moulin-à-Vent are the most full bodied and powerful examples in Beaujolais. The vin de garde styles require at least 6 years aging and can last up to 20 years. ^[4]

Beaujolais Nouveau

Main article: Beaujolais Nouveau

Beaujolais Nouveau is often packaged in colorful bottles that play into the festival marketing of the wine. Beaujolais nouveau is a red Wine made from Gamay grapes produced in the Beaujolais region of France.

The early history of Beaujolais Nouveau can trace its roots to 19th century when the first wines of the vintage were sent down the Saône to the early bistros of Lyon. Upon their arrival signs would be put out proclaiming "Le Beaujolais Est Arrivé!" and its consumption was seen as a celebration of another successful harvest. In the 1960s, this style of simple Beaujolais became increasingly popular worldwide with more than half a million cases of being sold. In 1985 the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO) established the 3rd Thursday of November to allow for a uniform released date for the wine. The Institut National des Appellations d'Origine is the French organization charged with regulating controlled place names Wines are typically a shipped a few days earlier to locations around the world where they must be held in a bonded warehouse till 12:01 AM when they wines can be first opened and consumed. A surety bond is a Contract among at least three parties The principal - the primary party who will be performing a contractual obligation The obligee ^[9]

Today, about a third of the region's production is sold as Beaujolais Nouveau, a marketing name created by George Duboeuf for the local vin de l'année. It is the lightest, fruitiest style of Beaujolais and meant for simple quaffing. Drinking is the act of consuming a liquid through the mouth Water, for example is required for many of life's physiological processes and excess or decreased water intake Any Beaujolais or Beaujolais-Villages AOC vineyard can produce Beaujolais Nouveau. The grapes are harvested between late August and early September. It is fermented for just a few days and released to the public on the 3rd Thursday of November - "Beaujolais Nouveau Day". It is the first French wine to be released for each vintage year. At its peak in 1992, more than half the wine of all Beaujolais wine was sold as "Beaujolais Nouveau". ^[1] The wines are meant to be drunk as young as possible, when they are at their freshest and fruitiest. They can last up to one or two years but will have lost its most of their characteristic flavors by that point. ^[8]

Viticulture and grape varieties

The Beaujolais region has one of the highest vine density ratio of any major, worldwide wine region with anywhere from 9000 to 13,000 vines per hectare. Most vines are trained in the traditional goblet style where the spurs of the vines are pushed upwards and arranged in a circle, resembling a chalice. A spur in botany is a spike usually part of a flower In certain plants part of a Sepal or Petal develops into an elongated hollow spike extending behind the A chalice (from Latin calix, cup borrowed from Greek kalyx, shell husk is a goblet intended to hold drink This method has its roots in the Roman style of vine training and has only recently begun to fall out of favor for the guyot method which involves taking a single or double spur and training it out horizontally. Jules Guyot ( 1807 - March 31 1872) was a French physician and Agronomist who was born in the commune of Gyé-sur-Seine in the department Harvest usual occurs in late September and is almost universally done by hand rather than with the use of mechanical harvesters. This is because the Beaujolais wine making style of carbonic maceration utilizes whole bunches of grapes clusters that normally get broken and separated by a mechanical harvester. ^[1]

The Gamay grape, more accurately known as Gamay Noir à Jus Blanc to distinguish it from the Gamay teinturier grapes with red juice and different from the Napa Gamay and the Gamay Beaujolais grapes of California, is the most widely planted grape in Beaujolais accounting for nearly 98% of all plantings. Teinturier, a French language term meaning to Dye or Stain, is a Wine term applied to Grapes whose flesh and juice is red Valdiguié is a red Wine Grape grown primarily in the Languedoc-Roussillon region of southern France, where it is generally known by the alias Gamay Beaujolais is a varietal designation for a Californian Grape variety that is an early ripening clone of Pinot noir. California wine is Wine made in the US state of California. Nearly three-quarters the size of France, California accounts for nearly 90 ^[8] The remaining plantings are mostly Chardonnay. Aligote vines that were planted prior to 2004 are permitted in wine production but the entire grape variety is being phased out of the region by 2024. According to AOC regulation, up to 15% of white wine grape varieties can be included in all Beaujolais red wines from the basic Beaujolais AOC to the Cru Beaujolais wines but in practice the wines are almost always 100% Gamay. Pinot noir, which has very small plantings, is also permitted but that grape is being phased out by 2015 as Beaujolais winemakers continued to focus their winemaking identity on the Gamay grape. ^[1] The characteristics that the Gamay grapes adds to Beaujolais is bluish-red deep color with low acidity, moderate tannins and light to medium body. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what The use of Wine tasting descriptors allow the taster an opportunity to put into words the Aromas and Flavors that they experience and can be used in assessing The aromas associated with the grape itself is typically red berries. ^[8]

Since the 1960s, more focus has been placed on the choice of rootstocks and clonal selection with six approved clones of Gamay for the wine region. A rootstock is a Plant, and sometimes just the Stump, which already has an established healthy root system, used for Grafting a cutting or Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects In recent years the rootstock Vialla has gained popularity due to its propensity to produce well in granite soils. The SO4 and 3309 rootstocks also account for significant plantings. Clonal selections of the Gamay grape has shifted towards an emphasis on smaller, thicker skinned berries. ^[1]

Winemaking and style

See also: Carbonic maceration

Beaujolais nouveau

Beaujolais wines are produced by the winemaking technique of semi-carbonic maceration. Carbonic maceration is a Winemaking technique often associated with the French wine region of Beaujolais, in which whole Grapes are fermented Beaujolais nouveau is a red Wine made from Gamay grapes produced in the Beaujolais region of France. Whole grape clusters are put in cement or stainless steel tanks with capacities between 40-300 hectoliters (1,056 to 7,920 gallons). A gallon is a measure of Volume. It is in current use in the United States and still has limited use in many other English-speaking countries The bottom third of the grapes gets crushed under the weight of gravity and resulting must begins normal yeast fermentation with ambient yeasts found naturally on the skins of the grapes. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described The process of fermentation in Wine is the Catalyst function that turns Grape juice into an Alcoholic beverage. Carbon dioxide is released as a by product of this fermentation and begins the saturate the individual, intact grape berries that remain in the barrel. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single The carbon dioxide seeps into the skin of the grape and begin to stimulate fermentation at an intracellular level. Not to be confused with Intercellular, meaning "between cells" This is caused, in part, because of the absence of oxygen in the winemaking environment. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the ^[8] This results in a fruity wine without much tannin. In the case of Beaujolais nouveau, this process is completed in as little as four days with the other AOCs being allowed longer time to ferment. As the grapes ferment longer, they develop more tannins and a fuller body. ^[1]

After fermentation, the must is normally high in malic acid and producers will put the wine through malolactic fermentation to soften the wine. Malic acid is an Organic compound with the formula HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H Malolactic fermentation (or sometimes malolactic conversion) is a process of a change used in Winemaking where tart-tasting Malic acid, naturally present The process of chaptalization, adding sugar to the grape must to boost alcohol levels, has been a controversial issue for Beaujolais winemakers. Historically, Beaujolais producers would pick grapes at ripeness that were at minimum potential alcohol levels of 10-10. 5% and then add sugar in order to artificially boost the alcohol levels to the near the maximum of 13-13. 5%. This created wines that lack structure and balance to go with the high alcohol body and mouthfeel. Mouthfeel is a product’s physical and Chemical interaction in the mouth The recent trend towards higher quality wine production has limited the use of chaptalization in the premium levels of Beaujolais wine. ^[1] Filtering the wine, in order to stabilize it, is practiced to varying degrees by Beaujolais winemakers. Some producers who make Beaujolais on a large commercial scale will filter the wine aggressively, to avoid any impurity or future chemical reactions. This can have the negative side effect of diminishing some of the wines unique fruit character and leave a flavor that critics have described as Jell-O-like. Jell-O is a Brand name belonging to USA -based Kraft Foods for a number of Gelatin desserts including fruit gels Puddings and no-bake ^[9]

Basic Beaujolais is the classic bistro wine of Paris; a fruity, easy-drinking red traditionally served in 1 pint glass bottles known as pot. A bistro, sometimes spelled bistrot, is a small Restaurant serving moderately priced simple meals in a modest setting The pint is an English unit of Volume or capacity in the imperial system and United States customary units. A wine bottle is a Bottle used for holding wine generally made of Glass. This is epitomized in Beaujolais Nouveau, which is fermented for just a few days and can be dominated by estery flavors such as bananas and pear drops. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation. A pear drop is a boiled sweet made from Sugar and Flavourings. Basic Beaujolais and Beaujolais nouveau are meant to be drunk within a year of their harvest. Beaujolais village are generally consumed within 2-3 years and Cru Beaujolais has the potential to age longer, some not even fully developing till at least 3 years after harvest. Premium examples from Chénas, Juliénas, Morgon and Moulin-à-Vent can spend up to 10 years continuing to develop in the bottle and in very good vintages can take on Burgundian qualities of structure and complexity. Burgundy wine ( is wine made in the Burgundy region in eastern France. ^[1]

Wine industry

The Beaujolais wine industry is dominated by the more than 30 négociants who produce nearly 90% of the wine sold outside the Beaujolais region. Many of these négociants are based in Burgundy-such as Louis Jadot and Bouchard Père et Fils. Maison Louis Jadot is a Wine company that specialises in producing wine from Burgundy. One of the most well known Beaujolais producers is the négociants Georges Duboeuf. There are more than 4000 vineyard owners in Beaujolais and the fractional amount that is not sold to négociants are bottled by the nearly 20 village co-operatives with a growing amount being estated bottled. Very little of the estate bottled Beaujolais wines are exported into the United States or United Kingdom though a few exporters specialize in this small niche-the most notable being Kermit Lynch and Alain Jugenet. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Kermit Lynch is an American Wine Importer and Winemaker based out of Berkeley California. ^[9]

Serving and food pairing

Light bodied Beaujolais wine, such as Beaujolais Village pair well with lighter fare like salads.

Wine expert Karen MacNeil has described Beaujolais as "the only white wine that happens to be red". ^[9] Similarly, Beaujolais is often treated like a white wine and served slightly chilled with the lighter the style, the lower temperature it is served at. Wine tasting (often in wine circles simply tasting) is the sensory examination and evaluation of Wine. Beaujolais Nouveau, being the lightest style, is served at about 52°F (11°C. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Beaujolais AOC and Beaujolais-Villages are generally served between 56-57°F (13°C). Cru Beaujolais, especially the fuller bodied examples, can be treated like red Burgundy wine and served at 60-62°F (15-16°C). The wines rarely need to be decanted. A decanter is a vessel supplied with a stopper that is used to hold the Decantation of a liquid (such as Wine) which may contain Sediment. ^[8] In Beaujolais, it is traditional to soak the bottles in buckets of ice water and bring them out to the center villages for picnics and games of boules. Boules (French bul is a collective name for games played with metal balls ^[9]

Beaujolais wine can be paired with a variety of food according to the lightness and body of the wine. Wine and food matching is the process of pairing a food with complementary flavors aromas and textures found in Wine. Beaujolais Nouveau is typically used as an apéritif with basic Beaujolais and Beaujolais-Villages doing well with light fare, like picnics and salads. An apéritif (also spelled aperitif) is an alcoholic drink that is usually served to stimulate the appetite before a meal The lighter Cru Beaujolais pair well with poultry and the heavier Crus pairing better with red meats and hearty dishes like stews. ^[8] According to Lyon chef Paul Bocuse, Beaujolais wine is used to make a traditional regional dessert involving a glass of sliced peaches, topped with black currants and drenched in chilled Beaujolais wine. Paul Bocuse (born on February 11, 1926 in Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or near Lyon) is a French Chef, considered ^[9]

References

External links

• Beaujolais Wines Homepage
• French wine vintage chart-Including Beaujolais
• Beaujolais-Intro
• Beaujolais Food and Wine pairing
• Wine Region map