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The Bay of Fundy, shown on the east coast of North America
The Bay of Fundy, shown on the east coast of North America

The Bay of Fundy (French: Baie de Fundy) is a bay on the Atlantic coast of North America, on the northeast end of the Gulf of Maine between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, with a small portion touching the U.S. state of Maine. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Headlands and bays are two related features of the coastal environment The Gulf of Maine is a large gulf of the Atlantic Ocean on the northeastern coast of North America. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The Bay of Fundy is known for its high tidal range and the bay is contested as having the highest vertical tidal range in the world with Ungava Bay in northern Quebec and The Severn Estuary in the UK. Characteristics A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages Over several hours the water rises or advances up a beach in the flood Ungava Bay (French baie d'Ungava, Inuktitut (syllabics/Roman ᐅᖓᕙ ᑲᖏᖅᓗᒃ/ ungava kangiqluk) is a large bay in northeastern Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk For other rivers named "Severn" see Severn River. The River Severn ( Welsh: Afon Hafren, Latin The name "Fundy" is thought to date back to the 16th century when the Portuguese referred to the bay as "Rio Fundo" or "deep river". Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.

The bay was also named Baie François by explorer/cartographer Samuel de Champlain during a 1604 expedition led by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts which resulted in a failed settlement attempt on St. Croix Island. Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer Pierre du Gua de Monts, (c 1558 - 1628 was a French merchant explorer and colonizer Saint Croix is also an island in the United States Virgin Islands Saint Croix

Portions of the Bay of Fundy, Shepody Bay and Minas Basin, form one of six Canadian sites in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, and is classified as a Hemespheric site. Shepody Bay is a 122 km² coastal Wetland in New Brunswick, Canada. The Minas Basin is an inlet of the Bay of Fundy and a sub-basin of the Fundy Basin located in Nova Scotia, Canada. The Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network is a conservation strategy targeting Shorebirds in the Americas launched in 1985 [1] It is owned by the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and the Canadian Wildlife Service, and is managed in conjunction with Ducks Unlimited Canada and the Nature Conservancy of Canada. The Canadian Wildlife Service or CWS (French Service canadien de la faune, SCF) is an agency of the Government of Canada, administered by the Ducks Unlimited is an international Non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation of Wetlands and associated upland habitats for waterfowl The Nature Conservancy of Canada is a registered charity in Canada, and was founded in 1962.

Contents

Tides

The Bay of Fundy at high tide
The Bay of Fundy at high tide
The same location at low tide
The same location at low tide

Folklore in the Mi'kmaq First Nation claims that the tides in the Bay of Fundy are caused by a giant whale splashing in the water. The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Oceanographers attribute it to tidal resonance resulting from a coincidence of timing: the time it takes a large wave to go from the mouth of the bay to the opposite end and back is the same as the time from one high tide to the next. Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or In Oceanography, a tidal Resonance occurs when the Tide excites one of the resonant modes of the ocean During the 12. 4 hour period, 115 billion tonnes of water traverses in and out of the bay. [2]

The quest for world tidal dominance has also led to a rivalry between the Minas Basin in the Bay of Fundy and the Leaf Basin in Ungava Bay, over which body of water lays claim to the highest tides in the world, with supporters in each region claiming the record. The Minas Basin is an inlet of the Bay of Fundy and a sub-basin of the Fundy Basin located in Nova Scotia, Canada. Ungava Bay (French baie d'Ungava, Inuktitut (syllabics/Roman ᐅᖓᕙ ᑲᖏᖅᓗᒃ/ ungava kangiqluk) is a large bay in northeastern

The Canadian Hydrographic Service finally declared it a statistical tie, with measurements of a 16. Canadian Hydrographic Service logo or crest The Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS 8 metre tidal range in Leaf Basin for Ungava Bay and 17 metres at Burntcoat Head, Nova Scotia for the Bay of Fundy. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Burntcoat Head is an unincorporated Canadian community in Hants County, Nova Scotia. [3] The highest water level ever recorded in the Bay of Fundy system occurred at the head of the Minas Basin on the night of October 4–5, 1869 during a tropical cyclone named the “Saxby Gale”. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding The Saxby Gale was the name given to a Tropical cyclone which struck eastern Canada 's Bay of Fundy region on the night of October 4-October 5 1869 The water level of 21. 6 metres resulted from the combination of high winds, abnormally low atmospheric pressure, and a spring tide. Characteristics A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages Over several hours the water rises or advances up a beach in the flood

Leaf Basin has only been measured in recent years, whereas the Fundy system has been measured for many decades. Tidal experts note that Leaf Basin is consistently higher on average tides than Minas Basin; however, the highest recorded tidal ranges ever measured are at Burntcoat Head and result from spring tides measured at the peak of the tidal cycle every 18 years.

Tidal electrical power generation

Several proposals to build tidal harnesses for electrical power generation have been put forward in recent decades. Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of Hydropower that converts the energy of Tides into electricity or other useful forms of power Electricity generation is the process of converting non-electrical Energy to Electricity. Such proposals have mainly involved building barrages which effectively dam off a smaller arm of the bay and extract power from water flowing through them. WEIR (1430 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format

One such facility, (the only one of its kind currently operating) the Annapolis Royal Generating Station consists of a dam and 18-MW power house on the Annapolis River at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, but larger proposals have been held back by a number of factors, including environmental concerns. The Annapolis Royal Generating Station is an 18-MW Tidal power plant located on the Annapolis River immediately upstream from the town of Annapolis Royal The Annapolis River is a Canadian river located in Nova Scotia 's Annapolis Valley. Annapolis Royal ( 2006 Population 444 is a Canadian town located in the western part of Annapolis County The Annapolis Royal Generating Station has been studied for its various effects, including an accelerated shoreline erosion problem on the historic waterfront of the town of Annapolis Royal, as well as increased siltation and heavy metal and pesticide contamination upstream due to lack of regular river/tidal flushing. There have also been instances where large marine mammals such as whales have become trapped in the head pond after transiting the sluice gates during slack tide. Whales are marine mammals which are neither Dolphins (ie members of the families Delphinidae or Platanistoidae) nor Porpoises Orcas

Damming a large arm of the Bay of Fundy would have significant effects, as yet inadequately understood, both within the dammed bay itself and in the surrounding regions. Intertidal habitats would be drastically affected and a facility would bring the bay closer to resonance, increasing tidal range over a very large area. One effect could be an increase in tidal range of 0. 2 m (from approximately 1 m) for certain coastal sites in Maine, possibly leading to flooding. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

There have been proposals in recent years for installing aquanators, the underwater equivalent to wind turbines, which would not require any damming or blockading of parts of the bay but would instead generate electricity solely by being placed in areas of high water flow, such as at choke points or merely along the floor of any part of the bay which sees significant water movement. The aquanator is a proposed device using aquafoils (an underwater version of Airfoils to generate Electricity from water currents. A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the Kinetic energy in Wind into Mechanical energy.

Geography

Basal contact of a lava flow section of Fundy basin
Basal contact of a lava flow section of Fundy basin

The Bay of Fundy is a rift valley that formed as the supercontinent Pangaea began to break up about 190 million years ago. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures A rift valley is a linear-shaped lowland between highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic Rift or fault. In Geology, a supercontinent is a Landmass comprising more than one Continental core or Craton. Pangaea, Pangæa or Pangea (pænˈdʒiːə from παν pan, meaning entire, and Γαῖα Gaea, meaning Earth in As the rift began to separate from mainland North America, volcanic activity occurred, forming volcanoes and flood basalts. In Geology, a rift is a place where the Earth 's crust and Lithosphere are being pulled apart and is an example of Extensional tectonics Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the A flood basalt or trap basalt is the result of a giant Volcanic eruption or series of Eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the Ocean floor These flood basalts poured out over the landscape, covering much of southern Nova Scotia. Sections of the flood basalts have been eroded away, but still form a basaltic mountain range known as North Mountain. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys North Mountain is a narrow north-south trending volcanic Mountain range on the mainland portion of southwestern Nova Scotia, stretching from Brier As a result, much of the basin floor is made of tholeiitic basalts giving its brown colour. Tholeiitic basalt is an Igneous rock, a type of Basalt. Like all basalt the rock type is dominated by Clinopyroxene plus Plagioclase, with minor The rift valley eventually failed (see aulacogen) as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge continued to separate North America, Europe, and Africa. In Geology, an aulacogen is a failed arm of a Triple junction of a Plate tectonics rift system The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR is a Mid-ocean ridge, a Divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.

Sub-basins

The upper part of the bay bifurcates, splitting into Chignecto Bay in the northeast and the Minas Basin in the east. Chignecto Bay is an Inlet of the Bay of Fundy located between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and separated The Minas Basin is an inlet of the Bay of Fundy and a sub-basin of the Fundy Basin located in Nova Scotia, Canada. Chignecto Bay is further subdivided into Cumberland Basin and Shepody Bay and the extreme eastern portion of Minas Basin is called Cobequid Bay. Cumberland Basin is an inlet and northeasternmost part of the Bay of Fundy, located on the border between the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Shepody Bay is a 122 km² coastal Wetland in New Brunswick, Canada. The Minas Basin is an inlet of the Bay of Fundy and a sub-basin of the Fundy Basin located in Nova Scotia, Canada. Cobequid Bay is an inlet of the Bay of Fundy and the easternmost part of the Minas Basin, located in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Some of these upper reaches exhibit exposed red bay muds, for which the Bay of Fundy is noted (for their appearance and biological productivity). Bay mud consists of thick deposits of soft unconsolidated Silty Clay, which is saturated with Water; these soil layers are situated at the bottom of

Cape Chignecto Nova Scotia defines Chignecto Bay whereas Cape Split, Nova Scotia defines the Minas Channel, leading to the Minas Basin. Cape Chignecto is a headland located on the Bay of Fundy coast of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Chignecto Bay is an Inlet of the Bay of Fundy located between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and separated Cape Split is a headland located on the Bay of Fundy coast of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The Minas Basin is an inlet of the Bay of Fundy and a sub-basin of the Fundy Basin located in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Overlooking the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia.
Overlooking the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia.

The lower part of the bay is also home to four important sub-basins: Passamaquoddy Bay and Back Bay on the New Brunswick shore, Cobscook Bay on the Maine shore, and the Annapolis Basin on the Nova Scotia shore. Passamaquoddy Bay is an Inlet of the Bay of Fundy, between the U Cobscook Bay is located in Washington County in the state of Maine. The Annapolis Basin is a sub-basin of the Bay of Fundy, located on the southwestern shores of the bay along the northwestern shore of Nova Scotia and at the western

The bay is home to several islands, the largest of which is Grand Manan Island at the boundary with the Gulf of Maine. Grand Manan Island (also simply Grand Manan) is a Canadian island and the largest in the Bay of Fundy. The Gulf of Maine is a large gulf of the Atlantic Ocean on the northeastern coast of North America. Other important islands on the north side of the bay include Campobello Island, Moose Island, and Deer Island in the Passamaquoddy Bay area. Campobello Island is a Canadian Island located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay, adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the Deer Island is a Canadian Island located in the Bay of Fundy at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay. Passamaquoddy Bay is an Inlet of the Bay of Fundy, between the U Brier Island and Long Island can be found on the south side of the bay while Isle Haute is in the upper bay off Cape Chignecto. Brier Island is an island in the Bay of Fundy in Digby County Nova Scotia. Long Island is a Canadian island in Digby County, Nova Scotia. Cape Chignecto is a headland located on the Bay of Fundy coast of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Smaller islands and islets also exist in Passamaquoddy Bay, Back Bay, and Annapolis Basin. The Annapolis Basin is a sub-basin of the Bay of Fundy, located on the southwestern shores of the bay along the northwestern shore of Nova Scotia and at the western The Five Islands, in the Minas Basin, are particularly scenic. Five Islands is a rural community in Colchester County Nova Scotia with a population of 300 located on the north shore of the Minas Basin, home of

Rivers

The bay receives the waters of several rivers, including:

The Bay of Fundy in early May.
The Bay of Fundy in early May.

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia

The bay's extreme tidal range causes several interesting phenomena in the various rivers which empty into it. " Magaguadavic " (pronounced "mack-uh-day-vick" or "mack-uh-day-vee" is a Maliseet (Maliseet-Passamaquoddy Native word meaning " River Petitcodiac River is a Canadian river located in southeastern New Brunswick. The Saint John River (French Fleuve Saint-Jean) is a river approximately 418 mi (673 km long located in the Canadian province of New Brunswick and the The St Croix River is a river in northeastern North America, 62 miles (102 km in length that forms part of the Canada–United States border between Maine The Annapolis River is a Canadian river located in Nova Scotia 's Annapolis Valley. This is about a river in Nova Scotia For other rivers of the same name see River Avon The Avon River is a small Canadian River The Cornwallis River is a river in Nova Scotia, Canada. It has a meander length of approximately 48 km from its source in Caribou Bog near Berwick Farrell River is a small river that flows from MacAloney's Lake into Parrsboro Harbour on the Minas Basin near the town of Parrsboro, Nova Scotia. The Salmon River is a Canadian river in central Nova Scotia 's Colchester County. The Shubenacadie River is a river in Nova Scotia, Canada. It has a meander length of approximately 52 km from its source at Shubenacadie Grand

The Saint John River sees its flow reversed at high tide, causing a series of rapids at the famous Reversing Falls where the river empties into the bay, in a gorge in the middle of the city of Saint John. The Reversing Falls are a series of rapids on the Saint John River located in Saint John New Brunswick where the river runs through a narrow gorge before emptying Saint John is the largest city in the Province of New Brunswick, and the oldest incorporated city in Canada.

Rivers in the upper Bay of Fundy have a smaller flow-rate than the Saint John, and a shallower slope. As a result, extensive mud flats are deposited throughout the tidal range of the rivers.

Tidal bore
Tidal bore

Another phenomenon which occurs in these rivers of the upper bay is a "tidal bore", whereby the river flow is completely reversed by the rising tide. A tidal bore (or just bore, or eagre) is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves of water that travel A tidal bore (or just bore, or eagre) is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves of water that travel One of the better examples of a tidal bore can be seen on the Shubenacadie River near the town of Truro and the village of Maitland, where local ecotourism operators offer the chance to experience rafting the bore upriver. Truro (2006 population 11765; Urban area population 22777, conglomeration area population 45777 is a Town in Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of Tourism that appeals to ecologically and socially conscious individuals Another good example of a tidal bore may be viewed on the Salmon River in the town of Truro. Truro (2006 population 11765; Urban area population 22777, conglomeration area population 45777 is a Town in The once-famous tidal bores on the Petitcodiac and Avon rivers have been severely disrupted as a result of causeway construction in the 1960s-1970s which have caused excessive siltation. In modern usage a causeway is a road or railway elevated by a bank usually across a broad Body of water or Wetland. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970.

Communities

The largest population centre on the bay is the New Brunswick city of Saint John. Saint John is the largest city in the Province of New Brunswick, and the oldest incorporated city in Canada.

Though up-river on the Petitcodiac, the city of Moncton is also frequently associated with the Bay of Fundy. Moncton ( is a Canadian city located in Westmorland County, New Brunswick.

The New Brunswick towns of St. Andrews, Blacks Harbour, and Sackville as well as the Nova Scotia towns of Amherst, Parrsboro, Truro, Windsor, Wolfville, Annapolis Royal, and Digby are also on the bay. For the parish in New Brunswick with the same name see St Andrews New Brunswick (parish. Blacks Harbour (2006 population 952 is a Canadian village in Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Sackville (2006 population 5411 is a Canadian town in Westmorland County, New Brunswick. Amherst ( 2006 population 9505 UA population 9547) is a Canadian town in northwestern Cumberland County Parrsboro (2006 population 1401 is a Canadian town located in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. Truro (2006 population 11765; Urban area population 22777, conglomeration area population 45777 is a Town in Windsor is a small town located in central Nova Scotia at the junction of the Avon and St Annapolis Royal ( 2006 Population 444 is a Canadian town located in the western part of Annapolis County Public library Isaiah W Wilson Memorial Library Digby

Ports and shipping

The port of Saint John gives access to the pulp and paper industry and the Irving oil refinery. The global pulp and paper industry is dominated by North American ( United States, Canada) Northern European ( Finland, Sweden An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline Hantsport, Nova Scotia, on the Avon River is also home to a pulp and paper mill and is the shipment point for raw gypsum exports to the United States. Hantsport is a rural Canadian town and seaport located in the western part of Hants County, Nova Scotia Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 The ports of Bayside, New Brunswick, (near St. Bayside is a community in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Andrews) and Eastport, Maine, are important local ports. Eastport is a small city—-consisting entirely of islands—-in Washington County, Maine, United States.

A result of shipping traffic has been the potential for increased collisions between ships and the North Atlantic Right Whale. In 2003, the Canadian Coast Guard adjusted shipping lanes crossing prime whale feeding areas at the entrance to the Bay of Fundy to lessen the risk of collision. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Canadian Coast Guard ( CCG) ( Garde côtière canadienne ( GCC) is the Coast guard of Canada.

The bay is also traversed by several passenger and automobile ferry services:

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Description. Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. The Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network is a conservation strategy targeting Shorebirds in the Americas launched in 1985 Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  2. ^ World's Highest Tides - Town of Parrsboro, Nova Scotia. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
  3. ^ Teaching & Learning about Canada. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a

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