Battle of the Bulge Part of World War II American soldiers of the 75th Division photographed in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Date 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 Location The Ardennes, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany Result Allied victory Belligerents United States  United Kingdom Germany Commanders Dwight D. Eisenhower Omar N. Bradley George S. Patton Bernard Montgomery Walter Model Gerd von Rundstedt Hasso von Manteuffel Sepp Dietrich Strength 830,000 men, 424 medium tanks and tank destroyers, 394 artillery guns 500,000 men, 500 medium tanks, 1,900 artillery guns and Nebelwerfers Casualties and losses American: 84,323 (19,276 killed, 41,493 wounded, 23,554 captured or missing)[1][2] British: 1600 (200 killed, 1,400 wounded or missing) 84,834 casualties (15,652 killed, 41,600 wounded, 27,582 captured or missing)

The Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive on the Western Front and was launched towards the end of World War II. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar For the political subdivision of France see Ardennes (department. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Omar Nelson Bradley KCB ( February 12, 1893 &ndash April 8, 1981) was one of the main U For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC, (məntˈgʌmərɪ əv ˈæləmeɪn Otto Moritz Walter Model ('modəl (24 January 1891 – 21 April 1945 was a German general and later field marshal during World War II. Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt ( December 12, 1875 - February 24, 1953) was a Generalfeldmarschall of the German Hasso-Eccard Freiherr von Manteuffel ( January 14, 1897 &mdash September 24, 1978) was a German soldier and liberal politician of Josef "Sepp" Dietrich ( May 28, 1892 –April 21/22 1966 was a German Waffen-SS general an SS-Oberstgruppenführer A self-propelled anti-tank gun or tank destroyer, is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle designed specifically to engage enemy armor forces and not produced for an infantry Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine The Nebelwerfer (German for "smoke launcher" was a World War II German towed Rocket artillery launcher developed in the 1930s Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Western Front of the European Theatre of World War II encompassed the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including It was also Adolf Hitler's last offensive in the war. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately This offensive was called Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein (Operation The Guard on the Rhine) by the German armed forces (Wehrmacht). For other uses of "die Wacht am Rhein" see Watch on the Rhine (disambiguation. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 It was officially named the Battle of the Ardennes by the U.S. Army, but it is known to the general public simply as the Battle of the Bulge. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The “bulge” was the initial incursion the Germans put into the Allies’ line of advance, as seen in maps presented in contemporary newspapers. Salient Salients can be formed in a number of ways An attacker can produce a salient in the defender's line by either intentionally making a Pincer movement around the ^[3][4]

The offensive was launched in the Ardennes. For the political subdivision of France see Ardennes (department. The German offensive was supported by subordinate operations known as Unternehmen Bodenplatte, Unternehmen Greif, and Unternehmen Währung. Unternehmen Bodenplatte (German "Operation Baseplate" or "Operation Ground Plate" launched on January 1 1945, was an attempt by the Operation Greif was a special False flag operation commanded by the notorious Waffen-SS Commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle During the Battle of the Bulge in WWII, Operation Währung ("Currency" in German) was a special operation conducted as part of Germany’s planned goal for these operations was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp, Belgium, and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers’ favor. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. A peace treaty is an agreement between two hostile parties usually countries or governments that formally ends an armed conflict The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries

The Germans planned the offensive with utmost secrecy, minimizing radio traffic and conducting the movement of troops and equipment under cover of darkness. Although ULTRA, the Allies’ reading of secret German radio messages, suggested a possible German offensive, and the United States Third Army predicted a major German offensive, the attack still achieved surprise. ULTra ("Urban Light Transport" is a Personal rapid transit system from Advanced Transport Systems Ltd a company based in Cardiff, Wales. United States Army Central, formerly the Third United States Army was a field army of the United States Army. The degree of surprise achieved was compounded by the Allies’ overconfidence, their preoccupation with their own offensive plans, poor aerial reconnaissance, and the relative lack of combat contact in the area by the U.S. 1st Army. Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information The First United States Army was a field army of the United States Army. Almost complete surprise against a weak section of the Allies’ line was achieved during heavy overcast weather, when the Allies’ strong air forces would be grounded. Overcast or overcast weather is the meteorological condition in which Clouds obscure 95% or more of the sky

For the U. S. Army, the battle incorporated more troops and engaged more enemy troops than any conflict before that time. The German objectives ultimately were unrealized. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment, as German survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line. The original Siegfried line ( Siegfriedstellung) was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916-1917 The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest of the battles that U. S. forces experienced in World War II; the 19,000 American dead were unsurpassed by those of any other engagement^[2]

Contents 1 Background 1.1 Drafting the offensive 1.2 Planning 2 Initial German assault 2.1 Operation Stösser 2.2 Operation Greif and Operation Währung 2.3 Malmedy massacre 2.3.1 Wereth 11 2.4 Assault of Kampfgruppe Peiper 2.5 St. Vith 2.6 Bastogne 2.7 Meuse River 3 Allied counter-offensive 4 Germans strike back 4.1 Allies prevail 5 Controversy at high command 6 Strategic situation after the Bulge 7 Aftermath 7.1 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

Background

After the breakout from Normandy at the end of August 1944, coupled with landings in southern France, the Allies advanced towards Germany faster than anticipated. Operation Cobra was the codename for the World War II operation planned by United States Army General Omar Bradley to break out from the ^[5] The rapid advance, coupled with an initial lack of deep water ports, presented the Allies with enormous supply problems. Over-the-beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas and direct landing LSTs on the beaches exceeded planning expectations, but the only deep water port in Allied hands was at Cherbourg near the original invasion beaches. Landing Ship Tank ( LST) was the military designation for naval vessels created during World War II to support Amphibious operations by carrying significant Although the port of Antwerp, Belgium was captured fully intact in the first days of September, it could not be made operational until November 28 when the Scheldt, which gives access to the port, had been cleared from German control. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events The Scheldt (Dutch Schelde, French Escaut, Latin Scaldis) is a 350 km[http //www This delay had been caused by the priority given to Operation Market Garden, which had mobilized the resources needed for expelling the German forces from the riverbanks of the Scheldt. Operation Market Garden ( September 17, 1944 – September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation fought in the Netherlands German forces remained in control of several major ports on the English Channel coast until May 1945; those ports that did fall to the Allies in 1944 were sabotaged to deny their immediate use by the Allies. The extensive destruction of the French railroad system prior to D-Day, intended to deny movement to the Germans, proved equally damaging to the Allies as it took time to repair the system of tracks and bridges. D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote A trucking system known as the “Red Ball Express” was instituted to bring supplies to front line troops; however, five times as much fuel as reached the front line near the Belgian border had to be expended delivering it. The Red Ball Express was an enormous Convoy system created by Allied forces to supply their forces moving through Europe following the breakout from the D-Day The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those By early October, the Allies had to suspend major offensives in order to build up their supplies.

Generals Omar N. Bradley, George S. Patton,and Bernard Montgomery, each pressed for priority delivery of supplies to their own respective armies, in order to continue advancing and keeping pressure on the Germans. Omar Nelson Bradley KCB ( February 12, 1893 &ndash April 8, 1981) was one of the main U For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC, (məntˈgʌmərɪ əv ˈæləmeɪn General Dwight D. Eisenhower, however, preferred a broad-front strategy—though with priority for Montgomery’s northern forces, since their short-term goal included opening the urgently-needed port of Antwerp, and their long-term goal was the capture of the Ruhr area, the industrial heart of Germany. General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the The Ruhr Area, ( German Ruhrgebiet, colloquial Ruhrpott, Kohlenpott or Revier) is an Urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia With the Allies paused, Gerd von Rundstedt was able to reorganize the disrupted German armies into a semi-coherent defense. Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt ( December 12, 1875 - February 24, 1953) was a Generalfeldmarschall of the German

Field Marshal Montgomery’s Operation Market Garden, a September offensive designed to cross the Rhine and bypass the Siegfried Line, was unsuccessful and left the Allies worse off than before. Please see " Field Marshal " for other countries which use this rank Field Marshal is the highest military rank of the United Kingdom Operation Market Garden ( September 17, 1944 – September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation fought in the Netherlands The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The original Siegfried line ( Siegfriedstellung) was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916-1917 In October, the Canadian 1st Army fought the Battle of the Scheldt, clearing the Westerschelde by taking Walcheren and opening the ports of Antwerp to shipping. The First Canadian Army was the senior Canadian operational formation in Europe during the Second World War. The Battle of the Scheldt was a series of Military operations of the First Canadian Army, led by Lieutenant General Guy Simonds. Western Scheldt (Dutch Westerschelde) in the province Zeeland in the southwestern Netherlands, is the Estuary of the Scheldt river Walcheren is a former Island in the Province of Zeeland in the Netherlands at the mouth of the Scheldt Estuary By the end of the month, the supply situation was easing. The Allied seizure of the large port of Marseille in the south greatly helped as well. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ

Despite a lull along the front after the Scheldt battles, the German situation remained dire. While operations continued in the autumn, notably the Lorraine Campaign, the Battle of Aachen, and the fighting in the Hürtgen Forest, the strategic situation in the west changed little. Lorraine Campaign is a term used by US Army historians to describe operations of the U The Battle of Aachen was a Battle in Aachen, Germany, that took place in October 1944 in World War II.

On the Eastern Front, the Soviets' Operation Bagration destroyed much of Germany's Army Group Center (Heeresgruppe Mitte) during the summer. The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign Operation Bagration (Oперация Багратион Operatsiya Bagration) was the Codename for the Soviet 1944 Belorussian Strategic Army Group Center (Heeresgruppe Mitte was the name of two distinct German strategic Army groups that fought on the Eastern Front in World War II The progress of this operation was so fast that the offensive ended only when the advancing Red Army forces outran their supply lines. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya By November, it was clear Soviet forces were preparing for a winter offensive.

Meanwhile, the Allied air offensive of early 1944 had effectively grounded the German Air Force (Luftwaffe), leaving it with little battlefield intelligence and no way to interdict Allied supplies. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The converse was equally damaging: daytime movement of German forces was almost instantly noticed, and interdiction of supplies combined with the bombing of the Romanian oil fields starved Germany of oil and gasoline. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania An oil field is a region with an abundance of Oil wells extracting Petroleum (crude oil from below ground An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is

The advantage for the German forces by November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of western Europe. The front lines in the west were considerably shorter and closer to the German heartland, dramatically improving their supply problems despite Allied control of the air. Additionally, their extensive telephone and telegraph network meant that radios no longer had to be used for communications, which deprived the Allies of one of their most powerful weapons, ULTRA intercepts. ULTra ("Urban Light Transport" is a Personal rapid transit system from Advanced Transport Systems Ltd a company based in Cardiff, Wales.

Drafting the offensive

German dictator Adolf Hitler felt that his armies still might be able to defend Germany successfully in the long term, if only they could somehow neutralize the Western Front in the short term. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Western Front of the European Theatre of World War II encompassed the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Further, Hitler believed that he could split the Allies and persuade the Americans and British to sue for a separate peace, independent of the Soviet Union. Success in the West would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons (such as jet aircraft, new U-boat designs, and super-heavy tanks) and permit the concentration of forces in the East. A jet aircraft is an Aircraft propelled by Jet engines Jet aircraft fly much faster than Propeller -powered aircraft and at higher altitudes -- as high as U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical This assessment is generally regarded as unrealistic, given Allied air superiority throughout Europe and the ability to intervene significantly in German offensive operations.

Several senior German military advisors expressed their concern that favorable weather would permit Allied air power to effectively stop any offensive action. Hitler ignored or dismissed this, though the offensive was intentionally scheduled for late autumn, when northwestern Europe is often covered by heavy fog and low-lying cloud, to minimize the Allied air advantage.

When the Allied offensive in the Netherlands (Operation Market Garden) wound down in September 1944, at about the same time as the Soviet Operation Bagration, the strategic initiative briefly swung to the Germans. Operation Market Garden ( September 17, 1944 – September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation fought in the Netherlands Operation Bagration (Oперация Багратион Operatsiya Bagration) was the Codename for the Soviet 1944 Belorussian Strategic Given the reduced manpower of German land forces at the time, it was believed that the best way to take advantage of the initiative would be to attack in the West, against the smaller Allied forces, rather than against the vast Soviet forces. Even the unrealistic encirclement and destruction of entire Soviet armies would still have left the Soviets with a large numerical superiority

In the West, supply problems were beginning to significantly impede Allied operations, even though the opening of Antwerp in November 1944 did slightly improve the situation. Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces The Allied armies were overextended—their positions ran from southern France to the Netherlands. German planning revolved around the premise that a successful strike against thinly-manned stretches of the line would halt Allied advances on the entire Western Front.

Several plans for major Western offensives were put forward, but the German High Command of the Armed Forces (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) quickly concentrated on two. For other uses of OKW see OKW (disambiguation. The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW) ( English: "High Command A first plan for an encirclement maneuver called for a two-pronged attack along the borders of the U. S. armies around Aachen, hoping to encircle the Ninth and Third Armies and leave the German forces back in control of the excellent defensive grounds where they had fought the U. ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, The Ninth United States Army was one of the main US Army combat commands used during the campaign in northwest Europe in 1944 and 1945 S. to a standstill earlier in the year. A second plan called for a classic Blitzkrieg attack through the weakly-defended Ardennes Forest, mirroring the successful German offensive there during the Battle of France in 1940, aimed at splitting the armies along the U. Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial For the political subdivision of France see Ardennes (department. In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries S. -British lines and capturing Antwerp. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the This plan was named Wacht am Rhein or "Watch on the Rhine", after a popular German patriotic song; this name also deceptively implied that the Germans would be adopting a defensive posture in the Western Front. For other uses of "die Wacht am Rhein" see Watch on the Rhine (disambiguation.

Hitler chose the second plan, believing that a successful encirclement would have little impact on the overall situation and finding the prospect of splitting the Anglo-American armies more appealing. The disputes between Montgomery and Patton were well known, and Hitler hoped he could exploit this perceived disunity. If the attack were to succeed in capturing the port of Antwerp four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines.

Both plans centered on attacks against the American forces; Hitler believed that the Americans were incapable of fighting effectively, and that the American home front was likely to crack upon hearing of a decisive American loss. There is no evidence that Hitler realized, or any of his military staff pointed out, that of all the major combatants, the United States was the least damaged and had the greatest restorative powers.

Tasked with carrying out the operation were Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) Walther Model, the commander of German Army Group B (Heeresgruppe B), and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, the overall commander of the German Army Command in the West (Oberbefehlshaber West). Field Marshal General, in German Generalfeldmarschall ( (usually translated simply as Field marshal, and sometimes written only as Feldmarschall Field Marshal General, in German Generalfeldmarschall ( (usually translated simply as Field marshal, and sometimes written only as Feldmarschall Otto Moritz Walter Model ('modəl (24 January 1891 – 21 April 1945 was a German general and later field marshal during World War II. Army Group B was the name of three different German Army Groups that saw action during World War II. Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt ( December 12, 1875 - February 24, 1953) was a Generalfeldmarschall of the German The German Army Command in the West ( Oberbefehlshaber West (German initials OB West) was the overall command of German Armed Forces ( Wehrmacht The German Army Command in the West ( Oberbefehlshaber West (German initials OB West) was the overall command of German Armed Forces ( Wehrmacht

Model and von Rundstedt both believed that aiming for Antwerp was too ambitious, given Germany’s scarce resources in late 1944. At the same time, they felt that maintaining a purely defensive posture (as had been the case since Normandy) would only delay defeat, not avert it. They thus developed alternative, less ambitious plans that did not aim to cross the Meuse River, Model’s being named Operation Autumn Mist (Unternehmen Herbstnebel) and von Rundstedt’s Case Martin (Fall Martin). The Meuse (in Dutch and in German: "Maas" in Latin: "Mosa" in Celtic:"Mus" (the rootword presumingly Unternehmen Herbstnebel ("Operation Autumn Mist" was an offensive planned by Field Marshal Walter Model and his Army Group B operational staff Unternehmen Herbstnebel ("Operation Autumn Mist" was an offensive planned by Field Marshal Walter Model and his Army Group B operational staff Fall Martin ("Case Martin" was a plan created by Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt in late 1944 during World War II. Fall Martin ("Case Martin" was a plan created by Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt in late 1944 during World War II. The two Field Marshals combined their plans to present a joint "small solution" to Hitler, who rejected it in favor of his "big solution". ^[6]

Planning

The German High Command of the Armed Forces (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) decided by the middle of September, at Hitler’s insistence, that the offensive be mounted in the Ardennes, as was done in France in 1940. For other uses of OKW see OKW (disambiguation. The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW) ( English: "High Command In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries Many German generals objected, but the offensive was planned and carried out. While German forces in that battle had passed through the Ardennes before engaging the enemy, the 1944 plan called for battle to occur within the forest. The main forces were to advance westward until reaching the Meuse River, then turn northwest for Antwerp and Brussels. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The close terrain of the Ardennes would make rapid movement difficult, though open ground beyond the Meuse offered the prospect of a successful dash to the coast.

Four armies were selected for the operation:

• The Sixth SS Panzer Army, under Sepp Dietrich. The 6th Panzer Army (6Panzer-Armee was a unit of Wehrmacht Heer, formed in the Autumn of 1944 Josef "Sepp" Dietrich ( May 28, 1892 –April 21/22 1966 was a German Waffen-SS general an SS-Oberstgruppenführer Newly created on October 26, 1944, it incorporated the senior formation of the Waffen-SS, the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler as well as the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron" The Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler ( SS-LAH) founded in September 1933 was Adolf Hitler 's personal Bodyguard Regiment. Sixth SS Panzer Army was designated the northernmost attack force, with the offensive’s primary objective of capturing Antwerp entrusted to it. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the
• The Fifth Panzer Army under Hasso von Manteuffel, was assigned to the middle attack route with the objective of capturing Brussels. The 5th Panzer Army, also known as Panzer Group West and Panzer Group Eberbach (German 5 Hasso-Eccard Freiherr von Manteuffel ( January 14, 1897 &mdash September 24, 1978) was a German soldier and liberal politician of Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is
• The Seventh Army, under Erich Brandenberger, was assigned to the southernmost attack, with the task of protecting the flank. The 7th Army (7 Armee Oberkommando was a World War II field army Erich Brandenberger ( July 15, 1892, Augsburg &ndash June 21, 1955, Bonn) was a German General This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions, with no large scale armoured formations to use as a spearhead unit. As a result, they made little progress throughout the battle.
• Also participating in a secondary role was the Fifteenth Army, under Gustav-Adolf von Zangen. Gustav-Adolf von Zangen ( 7 November 1892 &ndash 1 May 1964) was a German General and the commander of the German Recently rebuilt after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden, it was located on the far north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U. Operation Market Garden ( September 17, 1944 – September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation fought in the Netherlands S. forces in place, with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions.

For the offensive to be successful, four criteria were deemed critical by the planners:

• The attack had to be a complete surprise;
• The weather conditions had to be poor to neutralize Allied air superiority and the damage it could inflict on the German offensive and its supply lines;
• The progress had to be rapid. Model had declared that the Meuse River had to be reached by day 4, if the offensive was to have any chance of success; and
• Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured intact along the way because the Wehrmacht was short on fuel. The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one-third to one-half of the ground to Antwerp in heavy combat conditions.

The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions, including a dozen panzer and panzergrenadier divisions forming the armoured spearhead and various infantry units to form a defensive line as the battle unfolded. A panzer division is an Armored division in the German Army (Panzerdivision (abbreviated PzGren or Pzg) (Literally armored grenadeer is a German term for motorised or Mechanized infantry, as introduced during An armoured spearhead (US English armored spearhead) is a formation of Armoured fighting vehicles mostly Tanks that form the front of an offensive thrust The German army suffered from an acute manpower shortage by this time, however, and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions. Although it retained most of its armour, there were not enough infantry units because of the defensive needs in the east. These thirty newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army (Wehrmacht Heer). A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers The Heer was the land forces component of the German armed forces ( Wehrmacht) from 1935 to 1945, which also included the Navy ( Among them were Volksgrenadier units formed from a mix of battle-hardened veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young or too old to fight. Volksgrenadier was the name given to a type of German Army division formed in the Autumn of 1944 after the double loss of Army Group Center Training time, equipment, and supplies were inadequate during the preparations. German fuel supplies were precarious—those materials and supplies that could not be directly transported by rail had to be horse-drawn to conserve fuel—the mechanised and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel. The start of the offensive was delayed from November 27 to December 16 as a result. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion

Before the offensive, the Allies were virtually blind to German troop movement. During the reconquest of France, the extensive network of the French resistance had provided valuable intelligence about German dispositions. The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German Once they reached the German border, this source dried up. In France, orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages enciphered by the Enigma machine, and these could be picked up and decrypted by Allied codebreakers to give the intelligence known as ULTRA. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. The Enigma machine is any one of a family of related electro-mechanical Rotor machines used to generate Ciphers for the Encryption and decryption of ULTra ("Urban Light Transport" is a Personal rapid transit system from Advanced Transport Systems Ltd a company based in Cardiff, Wales. In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and teleprinter, and a special radio silence order was imposed on all matters concerning the upcoming offensive. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information A teleprinter ( For the status maintained in telecommunications see Radio silence. The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the July 20 Plot resulted in much tighter security and fewer leaks. The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance planes from correctly assessing the ground situation.

Thus, Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector, relying on assessments from their intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch any major offensive operations this late in the war. What little intelligence they had led the Allies to believe precisely what the Germans wanted them to believe—that preparations were being carried out only for defensive, not offensive operations. In fact, because of the Germans’ efforts, the Allies were led to believe that a new defensive army was being formed around Düsseldorf in the northern Rhine, possibly to defend against British attack. Düsseldorf (ˈdʏsəldɔɐf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. This was done by increasing the number of flak batteries in the area and the artificial multiplication of radio transmissions in the area. Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces In Military organizations an artillery battery is a unit of Guns mortars or Rockets so grouped in order to facilitate better battlefield The Allies at this point thought the information was of no importance. All of this meant that the attack, when it came, completely surprised the Allied forces. Remarkably, the U. S. Third Army intelligence chief, Colonel Oscar Koch, the U. S. First Army intelligence chief, and the SHAEF intelligence officer all correctly predicted the German offensive capability and intention to strike the U. S. VIII Corps area. These predictions were largely dismissed by the U. S. 12th Army Group.

Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector, economy-of-force considerations led it to be used as a training ground for new units and a rest area for units that had seen hard fighting. The U. S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops (such as the rookie U. For the Walt Disney Pictures film about Jim Morris, see The Rookie (2002 movie. S. 99th and 106th Divisions), and battle-hardened troops sent to that sector to recuperate (the 2nd Infantry Division). The 99th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War II. The 2nd Infantry Division is a formation of the United States Army.

Two major special operations were planned for the offensive. In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance By October it was decided that Otto Skorzeny, the German commando who had rescued the former Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, was to lead a task force of English-speaking German soldiers in Operation Greif. Otto Skorzeny ( June 12 1908 – July 6 1975) was an Obersturmbannführer in the German Waffen-SS Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest An Anglophone (or anglophone) is someone who speaks the English language. Operation Greif was a special False flag operation commanded by the notorious Waffen-SS Commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms and wear dog tags taken from corpses and POWs. A uniform is a set of standard Clothing worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity A dog tag is the informal name for the identification tags worn by military personnel because of their resemblance to actual Dog tags The tag is primarily used for the Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts, misdirect traffic, generally cause disruption and to seize bridges across the Meuse River between Liège and Namur. Liège (ljɛːʒ Older English: Luick, Walloon: Lidje, German: Lüttich; Latin: Leodium, Dutch Namur ( Namen in Dutch, Nameur in Walloon, Namurcum in Latin) is a City and municipality in By late November another ambitious special operation was added: Colonel Friedrich August von der Heydte was to lead a Fallschirmjäger (paratrooper) Kampfgruppe in Operation Stösser, a nighttime paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near Malmedy. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte ( March 30 1907 &ndash July 7 1994) was a German Luftwaffe officer who served (often rendered Fallschirmjager in English; from the German Fallschirm "parachute" and Jäger, "hunter In Military history and Military slang, the German term Kampfgruppe (pl The Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 was a major German offensive launched towards the end of World War II through the forested Ardennes Mountains Malmedy is a Municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Province of Liege.

German intelligence had set December 20 as the expected date for the start of the upcoming Soviet offensive, aimed at crushing what was left of German resistance on the Eastern Front and thereby opening the way to Berlin. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. It was hoped that Stalin would delay the start of the operation once the German assault in the Ardennes had begun and wait for the outcome before continuing. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party

In the final stage of preparations, Hitler and his staff left their Wolf's Lair headquarters in East Prussia, in which they had coordinated much of the fighting on the Eastern Front. East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part After a brief visit to Berlin, on December 11, they came to the Eagle's Nest, Hitler’s headquarters near Bad Nauheim in southern Germany, the site from which he had overseen the successful 1940 campaign against France and the Low Countries. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Bad Nauheim is a town in the Wetteraukreis district of Hesse state of Germany. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt

Initial German assault

The German assault began on 16 December 1944, at 05:30, with a massive artillery barrage on the Allied troops facing the Sixth SS Panzer Army. Josef "Sepp" Dietrich ( May 28, 1892 –April 21/22 1966 was a German Waffen-SS general an SS-Oberstgruppenführer Hasso-Eccard Freiherr von Manteuffel ( January 14, 1897 &mdash September 24, 1978) was a German soldier and liberal politician of Erich Brandenberger ( July 15, 1892, Augsburg &ndash June 21, 1955, Bonn) was a German General Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine By 08:00 all three German armies attacked through the Ardennes. In the northern sector Dietrich’s Sixth SS Panzer Army assaulted the Losheim Gap and the Elsenborn Ridge in an effort to break through to Liège. The Losheim Gap was the opening in the US defences which was the result of a strong thrust of German forces in the opening phase of the Battle of the Bulge The Elsenborn Ridge is a mountainous area in the Ardennes forest that is notable for its role in the Battle of the Bulge. Liège (ljɛːʒ Older English: Luick, Walloon: Lidje, German: Lüttich; Latin: Leodium, Dutch In the center von Manteuffel’s Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards Bastogne and St. Vith, both road junctions of great strategic importance. Bastogne ( Dutch: Bastenaken, German: Bastenach, Luxembourgish: Baaschtnech) is a Belgian municipality St Vith (Sankt Vith Saint-Vith Sankt Väit is a Municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège, and in the German speaking community in In the south, Sir Brandenberg's Seventh Army pushed towards Luxembourg in their efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by

The attacks by the Sixth SS Panzer Army’s infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U. S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions at the Elsenborn Ridge, stalling their advance; this caused Dietrich to make the decision to commit his panzer forces early. Starting on 16 December, however, snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion A blizzard is a severe Winter storm condition characterized by low Temperatures strong Winds and heavy blowing Snow Blizzards are formed when While having the desired effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded, the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their advance. Ground-attack aircraft are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as Close air support for and in proximity to their own ground forces Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units.

The Germans fared better in the center (the 20 mile (30 km) wide Schnee Eifel sector) as the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U. S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions. The 28th Infantry Division is a unit of the United States Army and is the oldest division-sized unit in the armed forces of the United States. The Germans lacked the overwhelming strength as had been deployed in the north; but they succeeded in surrounding two regiments (422nd and 423rd) of the 106th Division in a pincer movement and forced their surrender. A regiment is a Military unit, composed of a variable number of Battalions – commanded by a Colonel. The pincer movement or double envelopment is a basic element of Military strategy which has been used to some extent in many Wars and is considered That was a tribute to the way that Manteuffel’s new tactics had been applied. ^[7] The official U. S. Army history states: "At least seven thousand [men] were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand. The amount lost in arms and equipment, of course, was very substantial. The Schnee Eifel battle, therefore, represents the most serious reverse suffered by American arms during the operations of 1944–45 in the European theater. "

Further south on Manteuffel’s front the main thrust was delivered by all attacking divisions crossing the River Our, then increasing the pressure on the key road centers of St. The Our is also the name of a stream in the municipality of Paliseul which flows through the villages of Opont and Our into the Lesse Vith and Bastogne. Bastogne ( Dutch: Bastenaken, German: Bastenach, Luxembourgish: Baaschtnech) is a Belgian municipality Panzer columns took the outlying villages. The struggle for these villages, and transport confusion on the German side, slowed the attack to allow the 101st Airborne Division (reinforced by elements from the 9th and 10th Armored Divisions) to reach Bastogne by truck on the morning of 19 December. The 9th Armored Division (the "Phantom Division" was an armoured division of the United States Army in World War II. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. The fierce defense of Bastogne, in which American paratroopers particularly distinguished themselves, made it impossible for the Germans to take the town with its important road junctions. The panzer columns swung past on either side, cutting off Bastogne on 20 December but failing to secure the vital crossroads. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor.

In the extreme south, Brandenberger’s three infantry divisions were checked after an advance of four miles (6. 5 km) by divisions of the U.S. VIII Corps; that front was then firmly held. US VIII Corps was an Army corps of the United States Army that saw service during various times over a fifty-year period during the twentieth century Only the 5th Parachute Division of Brandenberger’s command was able to thrust forward 12 miles (19 km) on the inner flank to partially fulfill its assigned role.

Eisenhower and his principal commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a local counter-attack, and they ordered vast reinforcements to the area. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent. In addition, the 82nd Airborne Division was also thrown into the battle north of the bulge, near Elsenborn Ridge.

Operation Stösser

Originally planned for the early hours of 16 December, Operation Stösser was delayed for a day because of bad weather and fuel shortages. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion The new drop time was set for 03:00 on December 17; their drop zone was 7 miles (11 km) north of Malmedy and their target was the "Baraque Michel" crossroads. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Malmedy is a Municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Province of Liege. Von der Heydte and his men were to take it and hold it for approximately twenty-four hours until being relieved by the 12th SS Panzer Division, thereby hampering the Allied flow of reinforcements and supplies into the area.

Just after midnight on 17 December, 112 Ju 52 transport planes with around 1,300 Fallschirmjäger (German paratroopers) on board took off amid a powerful snowstorm, with strong winds and extensive low cloud cover. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila WikipediaWikiProject (often rendered Fallschirmjager in English; from the German Fallschirm "parachute" and Jäger, "hunter A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen crystals floating in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or another Planetary body As a result, many planes went off course, and men were dropped as far as a dozen kilometres away from the intended drop zone, with only a fraction of the force landing near it. Strong winds also took off-target those paratroopers whose planes were relatively close to the intended drop zone and made their landings far rougher.

By noon a group of around 300 managed to assemble, but this force was too small and too weak to counter the Allies. Colonel von der Heydte abandoned plans to take the crossroads and instead ordered his men to harass the Allied troops in the vicinity with guerrilla-like actions. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Because of the extensive dispersal of the jump, with Fallschirmjäger being reported all over the Ardennes, the Allies believed a major division-sized jump had taken place, resulting in much confusion and causing them to allocate men to secure their rear instead of sending them off to the front to face the main German thrust.

Operation Greif and Operation Währung

Main articles: Operation Greif and Operation Währung

For Operation Greif, Otto Skorzeny successfully infiltrated a small part of his battalion of disguised, English-speaking Germans behind the Allied lines. Operation Greif was a special False flag operation commanded by the notorious Waffen-SS Commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle During the Battle of the Bulge in WWII, Operation Währung ("Currency" in German) was a special operation conducted as part of Operation Greif was a special False flag operation commanded by the notorious Waffen-SS Commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle Otto Skorzeny ( June 12 1908 – July 6 1975) was an Obersturmbannführer in the German Waffen-SS Although they failed to take the vital bridges over the Meuse, the battalion’s presence produced confusion out of all proportion to their military activities, and rumors spread quickly. Even General Patton was alarmed and, on 17 December, described the situation to General Eisenhower as “Krauts… speaking perfect English… raising hell, cutting wires, turning road signs around, spooking whole divisions, and shoving a bulge into our defenses. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila The German word Kraut when standing alone in English is used most frequently as an ethnic slur against German people ”

Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear, greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment. Military policemen drilled servicemen on things which every American was expected to know, such as the identity of Mickey Mouse’s girlfriend, baseball scores, or the capital of Illinois. Mickey Mouse is a comic animal Cartoon character who has become an icon for The Walt Disney Company. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. This last question resulted in the brief detention of General Omar Bradley; although he gave the correct answer—Springfield—the GI who questioned him apparently believed that the capital was Chicago. Springfield is the capital of the US state of Illinois and the county seat of Sangamon County with a population of 116482 (U Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.

The tightened security nonetheless made things harder for the German infiltrators, and some of them were captured. Even during interrogation they continued their goal of spreading disinformation; when asked about their mission, some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Eisenhower. Disinformation is the deliberate dissemination of false Information. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Security around the general was greatly increased, and he was confined to his headquarters. Because these prisoners had been captured in American uniform, they were later executed by firing squad; this was the standard practice of every army at the time, although it was left ambiguous under the Geneva Convention, which merely stated that soldiers had to wear uniforms that distinguished them as combatants. Execution by firing squad is a method of Capital punishment, particularly common in times of war The Geneva Conventions consist of four Treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for International law for humanitarian In addition, Skorzeny was aware that under international law such an operation would be well within its boundaries as long as they were wearing their German uniforms when firing. ^[8] Skorzeny and his men were fully aware of their likely fate, and most wore their German uniforms underneath their Allied ones in case of capture. Skorzeny avoided capture, survived the war and may have been involved with the Nazi ODESSA escape network. ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates

For Operation Währung a small number of German agents infiltrated Allied lines in American uniforms. During the Battle of the Bulge in WWII, Operation Währung ("Currency" in German) was a special operation conducted as part of These agents were then to use an existing Nazi intelligence network to attempt to bribe rail and port workers to disrupt Allied supply operations. This operation was a failure.

Malmedy massacre

Main article: Malmedy massacre

In the north, the main armored spearhead of the Sixth SS Panzer Army was Kampfgruppe Peiper, consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles of the 1st SS Panzer Division under the command of Waffen-SS Colonel Joachim Peiper. The Malmedy massacre refers to a War crime in which about 90 unarmed American prisoners of war were executed by their German captors In Military history and Military slang, the German term Kampfgruppe (pl Joachim Peiper (joˈaχɪm ˈpaɪpər ( January 30, 1915 - July 13, 1976) more often known as Jochen Peiper from the common German The Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler ( SS-LAH) founded in September 1933 was Adolf Hitler 's personal Bodyguard Regiment. The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron" Joachim Peiper (joˈaχɪm ˈpaɪpər ( January 30, 1915 - July 13, 1976) more often known as Jochen Peiper from the common German Bypassing the Elsenborn ridge, at 07:00 on 17 December, they seized a U. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila S. fuel depot at Büllingen, where they paused to refuel before continuing westward. Büllingen (Bullange is a largely German language -speaking Municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège. At 12:30, near the hamlet of Baugnez, on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville, they encountered elements of the American 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion. Malmedy is a Municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Province of Liege. After a brief battle the Americans surrendered. They were disarmed and, with some other Americans captured earlier (approximately 150 people), sent to stand in a field near the crossroads where most were shot. It is not known what caused the shooting and there is no record of an SS officer giving an execution order; such shootings of prisoners of war (POWs); however, were more common by both sides on the Eastern Front. The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign News of the killings raced through Allied lines. Captured SS soldiers who were part of Kampfgruppe Peiper were tried following the war for this massacre and several others during the Malmedy massacre trial. The Malmedy massacre trial ( US vs Valentin Bersin et al) was held in May&ndashJuly 1946 in the Dachau concentration camp to try the German

The fighting went on and, by the evening, the spearhead had pushed north to engage the U. S. 99th Infantry Division and Kampfgruppe Peiper arrived in front of Stavelot. Stavelot is a Walloon Municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège Peiper was already behind the timetable because it took 36 hours to advance from Eifel to Stavelot; it had taken just 9 hours in the Battle of France in 1940. The Eifel is a low mountain range in western Germany. It occupies parts of southwestern North Rhine-Westphalia and northwestern Rhineland-Palatinate Stavelot is a Walloon Municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries As the Americans fell back they blew up bridges and fuel dumps, denying the Germans critically needed fuel and further slowing their progress.

Wereth 11

Main article: Wereth 11

Another, much smaller massacre was committed in Wereth, Belgium, approximately a thousand yards northeast of Saint-Vith, on 17 December 1944. St Vith (Sankt Vith Saint-Vith Sankt Väit is a Municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège, and in the German speaking community in Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Eleven African-American soldiers, after surrendering, were tortured and then shot by men of the 1st SS Panzer Division, belonging to Kampfgruppe Hansen. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The identity of the murderers remains unknown, and the perpetrators were never punished for this crime.

Assault of Kampfgruppe Peiper

Peiper entered Stavelot on 18 December but encountered fierce resistance by the American defenders. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Unable to defeat the American force in the area, he left a smaller support force in town and headed for the bridge at Trois-Ponts with the bulk of his forces, but by the time he reached it, the retreating U. Trois-Ponts is a Municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Province of Liege. S. engineers had already destroyed it. Peiper pulled off and headed for the village of La Gleize and from there on to Stoumont. Stoumont is a Municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Province of Liege. There, as Peiper approached, the American engineers blew up the bridge, and the American troops were entrenched and ready to fight a bitter battle.

His troops were cut off from the main German force and supplies when the Americans recaptured the poorly defended Stavelot on 19 December. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. As their situation in Stoumont was becoming hopeless, Peiper decided to pull back to La Gleize where he set up his defenses waiting for the German relief force. Since no relief force was able to penetrate the Allied line, on 23 December Peiper decided to break through back to the German lines. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city The men of the Kampfgruppe were forced to abandon their vehicles and heavy equipment, although most of the unit was able to escape. In Military history and Military slang, the German term Kampfgruppe (pl

St. Vith

In the centre, the town of St. Vith, a vital road junction, presented the main challenge for both von Manteuffel’s and Dietrich’s forces. St Vith (Sankt Vith Saint-Vith Sankt Väit is a Municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège, and in the German speaking community in The defenders, led by the U.S. 7th Armored Division, and also including one regiment of the U. The 7th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. S. 106th Infantry Division, and additional elements of the U. S. 9th Armored Division and U. S. 28th Infantry Division, all under the command of General Bruce C. Clarke, successfully resisted the German attacks, thereby significantly slowing the German advance. General Bruce Cooper Clarke was a commander of Continental Army Command from 1958-1960 and Commander U Under orders from Montgomery, St. Vith was given up on 21 December; U. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian S. troops fell back to entrenched positions in the area, presenting an imposing obstacle to a successful German advance. By 23 December, as the Germans shattered their flanks, the defenders’ position became untenable, and U. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the Salm River. For a river in Germany tributary to the Moselle see Salm River (Germany. As the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18:00 on 17 December, the prolonged action in and around it presented a major blow to their timetable. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila

Bastogne

Main article: Siege of Bastogne

On 19 December, the senior Allied commanders met in a bunker in Verdun. The Siege of Bastogne was a smaller battle in and around the Belgian town of Bastogne, during the larger Battle of the Bulge. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. A military bunker is a hardened shelter often buried partly or fully underground designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks Verdun (medieval Wirten official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city and commune Eisenhower, realizing that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open and on the offensive than if they were on the defensive, told the generals, "The present situation is to be regarded as one of opportunity for us and not of disaster. There will be only cheerful faces at this table. " Patton, realizing what Eisenhower implied, responded, “Hell, let’s have the guts to let the bastards go all the way to Paris. Then, we’ll really cut ’em off and chew ’em up. ” Eisenhower asked Patton how long it would take to turn his Third Army (located in northeastern France) north to counterattack. He said he could attack with two divisions within 48 hours, to the disbelief of the other generals present. Before he had gone to the meeting, however, Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three contingency plans for a northward turn in at least corps strength. By the time Eisenhower asked him how long it would take, the movement was already underway. ^[9] On 20 December, Eisenhower removed the U. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. S. First and Ninth Armies from Bradley’s 12th Army Group and placed them under Montgomery’s 21st Army Group command. The First United States Army was a field army of the United States Army. The 21st Army Group was a formation comprising British and Canadian forces stationed in the United Kingdom

By 21 December the German forces had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Bastogne ( Dutch: Bastenaken, German: Bastenach, Luxembourgish: Baaschtnech) is a Belgian municipality Conditions inside the perimeter were tough—most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured. Food was scarce, and ammunition was so low that artillery crews were forbidden to fire on advancing Germans unless there was a large concentration of them. Despite determined German attacks, however, the perimeter held. The German commander sent this request to the American commander in Bastogne:

To the U. S. A. Commander of the encircled town of Bastogne.

The fortune of war is changing. This time the U. S. A. forces in and near Bastogne have been encircled by strong German armored units. More German armored units have crossed the river Our near Ortheuville, have taken Marche and reached St. Hubert by passing through Hompre-Sibret-Tillet. Libramont is in German hands.

There is only one possibility to save the encircled U. S. A. troops from total annihilation: that is the honorable surrender of the encircled town. In order to think it over a term of two hours will be granted beginning with the presentation of this note.

If this proposal should be rejected one German Artillery Corps and six heavy A. A. Battalions are ready to annihilate the U. S. A. troops in and near Bastogne. The order for firing will be given immediately after this two hours’ term.

All the serious civilian losses caused by this artillery fire would not correspond with the well known American humanity.

The German Commander. ^[10]

When General Anthony McAuliffe, acting commander of the 101st Airborne, was told of this German invitation to surrender, he responded "Nuts!" After turning to other pressing issues, his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand; one officer (Harry W. Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. General Anthony Clement McAuliffe (July 2 1898 - August 11 1975 was the United States Army general who commanded the defending 101st Airborne troops during the O. Kinnard, then a Lieutenant Colonel; see http://www.thedropzone.org/europe/Bulge/kinnard.html) recommended that the initial reply would be "tough to beat". Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper delivered to the Germans: “NUTS!” That reply had to be explained, both to the Germans and to non-American Allies. ^[11]

Rather than launching one simultaneous attack all around the perimeter, the German forces concentrated their assaults on several individual locations attacked in sequence. Although this compelled the defenders to constantly shift reinforcements in order to repel each attack, it tended to dissipate the Germans’ numerical advantage.

Meuse River

To protect the river crossings on the Meuse at Givet, Dinant and Namur, on 19 December Montgomery ordered those few units available to hold the bridges. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. This led to a hastily assembled force including rear echelon troops, military police and Army Air Forces personnel. The British 29th Armoured Brigade, which had turned in its tanks for re-equipping, was told to take back their tanks and head to the area. The 29th Armoured Brigade was a Second World War British Army brigade XXX Corps in Holland began their move to the area. XXX Corps (30 Corps was a Corps within the British Army during World War II.

The furthest westward penetration made by the German attack was by the 2nd Panzer Division of the Fifth Panzer Army, coming to less than ten miles (16 km) of the Meuse by 24 December. The 2nd Panzer Division ( 2 Panzer-Division) was created in 1935 and stationed in Austria after the Anschluss. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes

Allied counter-offensive

On 23 December the weather conditions started improving, allowing the Allied air forces to attack. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear, and P-47 Thunderbolts started attacking the German troops on the roads. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne, dropping much-needed supplies—medicine, food, blankets and ammunition. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an A blanket is a type of Bedding, generally speaking a large piece of cloth intended to keep the user warm especially while Sleeping Blankets are distinguished from Ammunition, often referred to as ammo, is a generic term derived from the French language la munition which A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by glider and began operating in a tool room. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Terminology A "glider" is an unpowered Aircraft. The most common types of glider are today used for sporting purposes

By 24 December the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse River. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant, Givet, and Namur and U. XXX Corps (30 Corps was a Corps within the British Army during World War II. S. units were about to take over. The Germans had outrun their supply lines, and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming critical. Up to this point the German losses had been light, notably in armor, which was almost untouched with the exception of Peiper’s losses. On the evening of 24 December, General Hasso von Manteuffel recommended to Hitler’s Military Adjutant a halt to all offensive operations and a withdrawal back to the West Wall. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Hasso-Eccard Freiherr von Manteuffel ( January 14, 1897 &mdash September 24, 1978) was a German soldier and liberal politician of Hitler rejected this.

Patton’s Third Army was battling to relieve Bastogne. At 16:50 on 26 December, the lead element of the 37th Tank Battalion of the 4th Armored Division reached Bastogne, ending the siege. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. The 37th Armor is an armor (tank regiment of the United States Army. The 4th Armored Division of the United States Army was an armored division that compiled a distinguished career in the European theater of World War II

Germans strike back

Main articles: Operation Bodenplatte and Operation Nordwind

On 1 January, in an attempt to keep the offensive going, the Germans launched two new operations. Unternehmen Bodenplatte (German "Operation Baseplate" or "Operation Ground Plate" launched on January 1 1945, was an attempt by the "Operation North Wind" was also a joint German-Finnish naval operation in the Baltic Sea in 1941 see Operation Nordwind (1941. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC At 09:15, the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) launched Operation Baseplate (Unternehmen Bodenplatte), a major campaign against Allied airfields in the Low Countries. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. Unternehmen Bodenplatte (German "Operation Baseplate" or "Operation Ground Plate" launched on January 1 1945, was an attempt by the Unternehmen Bodenplatte (German "Operation Baseplate" or "Operation Ground Plate" launched on January 1 1945, was an attempt by the The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields, destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft. However, the Luftwaffe lost 277 planes, 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns, set up to protect against German V-1 flying bomb attacks, but also by friendly fire from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large-scale German air operation. Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces The Fieseler Fi 103, better known as V-1 (German Vergeltungswaffe 1 was an early Cruise missile used during World War Two A flying bomb is an Unmanned aerial vehicle or small aircraft carrying a large explosive Warhead, a precursor to contemporary Cruise missiles In contrast Friendly fire or non-hostile fire, a term originally adopted by the United States military, refers to fire from one's own side or allied forces as While the Allies recovered from their losses in just days, the operation left the Luftwaffe weak and ineffective. ^[12]

On the same day, German Army Group G (Heeresgruppe G) and Army Group Upper Rhine (Heeresgruppe Oberrhein) launched a major offensive against the thinly stretched, 70 mile (110 km) line of the U.S. 7th Army. The German Army Group G ( Heeresgruppe G) fought on the Western Front of World War II and was a component of OB West. The German Army Group Upper Rhine (German Heeresgruppe Oberrhein) was a short-lived command of the German Armed Forces ( Wehrmacht) during late 1944 and The Seventh United States Army, formerly the United States Army Europe, is the land component of United States European Command. This offensive, known as Operation North Wind (Unternehmen Nordwind), was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. "Operation North Wind" was also a joint German-Finnish naval operation in the Baltic Sea in 1941 see Operation Nordwind (1941. "Operation North Wind" was also a joint German-Finnish naval operation in the Baltic Sea in 1941 see Operation Nordwind (1941. The Western Front of the European Theatre of World War II encompassed the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, The offensive of the German Army (Wehrmacht Heer) soon had the weakened U. The Heer was the land forces component of the German armed forces ( Wehrmacht) from 1935 to 1945, which also included the Navy ( The Heer was the land forces component of the German armed forces ( Wehrmacht) from 1935 to 1945, which also included the Navy ( S. 7th Army in dire straits. The 7th Army had, at Eisenhower’s orders, sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes.

By 15 January, the 7th Army’s VI Corps was fighting on three sides in Alsace. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign The VI Corps took part in some of the most high profile operations in World War II. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern With casualties mounting, and running short on replacements, tanks, ammunition, and supplies, 7th Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate In the bitter, desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind, VI Corps, which had borne the brunt of the fighting, suffered a total of 14,716 casualties. The total for the 7th Army is unclear, but the total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded and 17,000 sick and injured. ^[13]

Allies prevail

While the German offensive had ground to a halt, they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line. Patton’s Third Army in the south, centred around Bastogne, would attack north, Montgomery’s forces in the north would strike south, and the two forces planned to meet at Houffalize. Houffalize is a Municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Luxembourg Province.

The temperature during January 1945 was unseasonably low. Trucks had to be run every half hour or the oil in them would freeze, and weapons would freeze. The offensive went forward regardless.

Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the offensive on 1 January, with the aim of meeting up with Patton’s advancing Third Army and cutting off most of the attacking Germans, trapping them in a pocket. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC However, refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a strategically unimportant area, Montgomery did not launch the attack until 3 January, by which time substantial numbers of German troops had already managed to successfully disengage, albeit with the loss of their heavy equipment. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.

At the start of the offensive, the two armies were separated by about 25 miles (40 km). American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer a day. The majority of the German force executed a successful fighting withdrawal and escaped the battle area, although the fuel situation had become so dire that most of the German armor had to be abandoned. On 7 January 1945, Hitler agreed to withdraw forces from the Ardennes, including the SS panzer divisions, thus ending all offensive operations. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar

Controversy at high command

As the Ardennes crisis developed, Montgomery assumed command of the American First and Ninth Armies (which, until then, were under Bradley's command). This controversial move was approved by Eisenhower, and was intended to prevent communication and control problems between Bradley and the North flank command. ^[14]

On the same day as Hitler’s withdrawal order, 7 January, Montgomery held a press conference at Zonhoven in which he said that he had “headed off . Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental . . seen off . . . and . . . written off” the Germans. “The battle has been the most interesting, I think possible one of the most tricky . . . I have ever handled. ” Montgomery said that he had “employed the whole available power of the British group of armies . . . you thus have the picture of British troops fighting on both sides of the Americans who have suffered a hard blow. ”^[15]

Montgomery also gave credit to the “courage and good fighting quality” of the American troops, characterizing a typical American as a “very brave fighting man who has that tenacity in battle which makes a great soldier,” and went on to talk about the necessity of Allied teamwork, and praised Eisenhower, stating that “Teamwork wins battles and battle victories win wars. On our team, the captain is General Ike. ” Despite these remarks, the overall impression given by Montgomery, at least in the ears of the American military leadership, was that he had taken the lion’s share of credit for the success of the campaign, and had been responsible for rescuing the besieged Americans.

His comments were interpreted as self-promoting, particularly his claiming that when the situation “began to deteriorate,” Eisenhower had placed him in command in the north. Patton and Eisenhower both felt this was a misrepresentation of the relative share of the fighting played by the British and Americans in the Ardennes (for every three British soldiers there were thirty to forty Americans in the fight), and that it belittled the part played by Bradley, Patton and other American commanders. In the context of Patton and Montgomery’s well-known antipathy, Montgomery’s failure to mention the contribution of any American general beside Eisenhower was seen as insulting. Focusing exclusively on his own generalship, Montgomery continued to say that he thought the counter-offensive had gone very well but did not explain the reason for his delayed attack on 3 January. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. He later attributed this to needing more time for preparation on the northern front. According to Winston Churchill, the attack from the south under Patton was steady but slow and involved heavy losses, and Montgomery claimed to be trying to avoid this situation. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874

Montgomery subsequently recognized his error and later wrote: “I think now that I should never have held that press conference. So great were the feelings against me on the part of the American generals that whatever I said was bound to be wrong. I should therefore have said nothing. ” Eisenhower commented in his own memoirs: “I doubt if Montgomery ever came to realize how resentful some American commanders were. They believed he had belittled them—and they were not slow to voice reciprocal scorn and contempt. ”

Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery’s command was changed. Subsequently Bradley started to court the press, and it was stated that he would rarely leave headquarters “without at least fifteen newspapermen”; it has been suggested that he and Patton began to leak information detrimental to Montgomery. Eisenhower, encouraged by his British deputy Arthur Tedder, had decided to sack Montgomery. Marshal of the Royal Air Force Arthur William Tedder 1st Baron Tedder of Glenguin, GCB (11 July 1890–3 June 1967 was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force However, intervention by Montgomery’s and Eisenhower’s Chiefs of Staff, Major-General Freddie de Guingand, and Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith allowed Eisenhower to reconsider and Montgomery to apologize. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Major General Sir Francis Wilfred de Guingand KBE, CB, DSO (1900 - 1979 better known as Freddie de Guingand, was a British This article is about a United States military rank For other countries that use a similar rank see Lieutenant General. General Walter Bedell "Beetle" Smith GBE KCB ( October 5, 1895 – August 9, 1961) was Dwight

Strategic situation after the Bulge

Although the German advance was halted, the overall situation remained dangerous. On 6 January Churchill once again asked Stalin for support. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King On 12 January, the Red Army launched the Vistula-Oder Offensive in Poland and East Prussia. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part Soviet sources claim this was done ahead of schedule, while most Western sources doubt it, and instead claim the Soviet offensive was delayed because of the situation in the West, with Stalin waiting until both sides had militarily exhausted themselves.

The Battle of the Bulge officially ended when the two American forces met on 25 January 1945. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar

Aftermath

Casualty estimates from the battle vary widely. The Mardasson Memorial is located near Bastogne, a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg. Bastogne ( Dutch: Bastenaken, German: Bastenach, Luxembourgish: Baaschtnech) is a Belgian municipality A casualty is a person who is the victim of an accident injury or trauma. The official U. S. account lists 80,987 American casualties, while other estimates range from 70,000 to 104,000. Most of the American casualties occurred within the first three days of battle, when two of the U.S. 106th Infantry Division’s three regiments were forced to surrender. The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest of the battles that U. S. forces experienced in World War II; the 19,000 American dead were unsurpassed by those of any other engagement^[2]. British losses totaled 1,400. The German High Command’s official figure for the campaign was 84,834 casualties, and other estimates range between 60,000 and 100,000.

The Allies pressed their advantage following the battle. By the beginning of February 1945, the lines were roughly where they had been in December 1944. In early February, the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front: in the north under Montgomery toward Aachen; in the center, under Courtney Hodges; and in the south, under Patton. General Courtney Hicks Hodges ( January 5, 1887 &ndash January 16, 1966) was an American military officer, most Montgomery’s behavior during the months of December and January, including the press conference on 7 January where he downplayed the contribution of the American generals, further soured his relationship with his American counterparts through the end of the war. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental

The German losses in the battle were critical in several respects: the last of the German reserves were now gone; the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) had been broken; and the German Army (Wehrmacht Heer) in the West was being pushed back. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The Heer was the land forces component of the German armed forces ( Wehrmacht) from 1935 to 1945, which also included the Navy (

See also

• Operation Spring Awakening

Notes

References

• "NUTS!" Revisited: An Interview with Lt. General Harry W. O. Kinnard
• Bastogne: The First Eight Days CMH Pub 22-2: U.S. Army in Action Series: United States Army Center of Military History
• United States Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations: The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge. The US Army Center of Military History; 1964. See bibliographical note below
• David Eggenberger (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of over 1560 Battles from 1479 B. C. to the Present. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24913-1.  
• Charles MacDonald (1994). Charles MacDonald may refer to Charles B Macdonald, US golfer Charles B The Last Offensive. Alpine Fine Arts Collection. ISBN 1-56852-001-8.  
• Charles MacDonald (1999). Company Commander. Burford Books. ISBN 1-58080-038-6.  
• Stephen Ambrose (1998). Stephen Edward Ambrose ( January 10, 1936 – October 13, 2002) was an American Historian and Biographer of U Citizen Soldiers. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84801-5.  
• Alex Kershaw (2004). The Longest Winter. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81304-1.  
• Danny S. Parker (1991). Battle of the Bulge. Combined Books. ISBN 0-938289-04-7.  
• Trevor N. Dupuy, David L. Bongard and Richard C. Anderson Jr. (1994). Hitler’s Last Gamble: The Battle of the Bulge, December 1944–January 1945. Harpercollins. ISBN 0-06-016627-4.  
• Charles MacDonald (1984). A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-34226-6.  
• B. H. Liddell Hart (1970) History of the Second World War. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
• Publications of Saint Vincent College Center for Northern Appalachian Studies, Richard David Wissolik, General Editor.
• The Long Road: From Oran to Pilsen (ISBN 1-885851-13-8)
• They Say There Was a War (ISBN 1-885851-51-0).
• Oral Histories: 101st Airborne, 4th Armored Division, 28th Infantry Division, 25th Cavalry Recon, 704th Tank Destroyer Battalion, 691st Tank Destroyer Battalion, other units involved in the Battle of the Bulge, the relief of Bastogne, and the Battle of the Hurtgen Forest.
• http://www.stvincent.edu/napp11
• American Experience - The Battle of the Bulge - PBS Documentary, Produced by Thomas F. Lennon.
• Ambrose, Stephen (1992). Stephen Edward Ambrose ( January 10, 1936 – October 13, 2002) was an American Historian and Biographer of U Band of Brothers. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671769227.  
• Mitcham, Samuel W. (2006). Panzers in Winter: Hitler’s Army and the Battle of the Bulge. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0275971155.  
• Newton, Steven H. (2006). Hitler’s Commander: Field Marshal Walter Model - Hitler’s Favorite General. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo. ISBN 0306813998.  
• Parker, Danny S. (1999). The Battle of the Bulge, The German View: Perspectives from Hitler’s High Command. London: Greenhill. ISBN 1853673544.  

External links

• Battle of the Bulge - Official webpage of the United States Army.

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