Battle of Karbala
Date October 10, 680 Location Karbala Result Yazid ibn Mu'awiah victorious
Belligerents
Umayyads	Supporters of Ali
Commanders
Yazid ibn Mu'awiah Umar ibn Sa'ad	Husayn ibn Ali Abbas ibn Ali
Strength
4000+	72
Casualties and losses
Unknown	123 (72 Men and 51 children)

Part of a series on Shi'a Islam
Ahl al-Kisa
Ahl al-Kisa Muhammad Ali · Fatimah Hasan · Husayn
The Four Companions
The Four Companions Salman al-Farsi Miqdad ibn Aswad Abu Dharr al-Ghifari Ammar ibn Yasir
Beliefs & Practices
Succession of Ali Imamate of the Family Mourning of Muharram Light of Aql · Ismah Tawassul
Views
The Qur'an · Sahaba Mu'awiya I Abu Bakr · Umar
History
History of Shia Islam Ghadir Khumm First Fitna · Second Fitna The Battle of Karbala
Holy Days
Eid ul-Fitr · Eid al-Adha Eid al-Ghadeer Ashura · Arba'een Mawlid · Al-Mubahila
Branches
Twelver · Ismaili · Zaidi
v • d • e

The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10, 61 AH (October 9 or 10, 680 CE)^[1][2] in Karbala, in present day Iraq. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان ( July 23[[ 45]] - 683 was the second Caliph of the Umayyad ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان ( July 23[[ 45]] - 683 was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Umar ibn Sa'ad or Amir ibn Sad ( عمر بن سعد) ( fl 620-680 was the son of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Ali ( العباس بن علي) (born 4 Shaban 26 AH at Medina, died 10 Muharrum 61 AH at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph Ahl al-Kisa ( Arabic: ar اهل الكساء meaning People of the Cloak, refers to the last Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, his daughter Fatimah IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics This is a sub-article to Shi'a and Ali (This article is an encyclopedia entry on Ali ibn Abi Talib that is to be compiled with the objective This is a sub-article of Fatima Zahra and Shi'a Islam. According to Shi'a and non-Muslim scholars Fatima Zahra was Muhammad 's only daughter See also Hasan ibn Ali Hassan ibn Ali is Shi’ahs’ second Imam, and is also known as Al-Mujtaba and Sibtil Akbar (the elder and Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina The Four Companions, also called the Four Pillars of the Sahaba is a Shi'a term that refers to the four Sahaba Shi'a believe stayed most loyal to Ali TemplateInfobox Salaf --> Salman the Persian or Salman al Farisi ( سلمان فارسی Salman e Farsi Miqdad ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi (Arabic مقداد بن الأسود الكندي) was a Sahaba of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Jundub ibn Junadah ibn Sakan (Arabic جُندب بن جَنادة better known as Abu Dharr, Abu Dharr al-Ghafari or Abu Tharr Al-Ghefari (Arabic أبو ذر الغفاري ˤAmmār ibn Yāsir (Arabic عمار بن ياسر is one of the most famous Sahaba and was among the Slaves freed by Abu Bakr. For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram See also The Fourteen Infallibles Ismah (also esmat in Arabic: عِصْمَة) is the concept of Infallibility Tawassul (توسل is an Islamic religious practice in which a Muslim seeks nearness to Allah. This is a sub-article to Shī‘a Islam and the Qur'an The Shī‘a view of the Qur'an has some differences from the Sunni view but it must For other views of Sahaba and a short description see Sahaba. The Shi'a vilify Muāwiyya His supposed conversion to Islam before the conquest of Mecca is dismissed as a fable or mere hypocrisy See also Abu Bakr This article is about the Shi'a view of Abu Bakr, the first Sunni Caliph. This article is about the Shi'a view of Umar, the second Sunni Caliph. See also Muslim history Shī‘a Islam, also Shi‘ite Islam or Shi‘ism is the largest minority denomination based on the Islamic faith This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad The Hadith of the pond of Khumm ( غدير خم) refers to the saying (i The First Islamic Civil War (656–661 also called the First Fitna (a=فتنة مقتل عثمان|t=Fitnah Maqtal Uthmān was the first major Civil The Second Fitna, or Second Islamic Civil War, was a period of general political and military disorder that afflicted the Islamic world during the early Umayyad Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of Eid al-Adha ( Arabic: عيد الأضحى ‘Īd ul-’Aḍḥā, Urdu: بقرعید or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated Eid al-Ghadeer is the anniversary commemorating Muhammad 's last sermon at Ghadir Khumm, which occurred on 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah of 10 AH in the Islamic The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax Arba'een ( اربعين, means "forty" or Chehlum, as it is known by Urdu -speaking Muslims is a Shi'a religious observation Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet” AL Mubahalah or Mubahila Sixty chiefs and `Ulama of Najran headed by Sayyid Aqib and Usquf (religious personalities ofthe region in the 10th year A See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون Zaidiyya, Zaidism or Zaydism (Arabic الزيدية az-zaydiyya, adjective form Zaidi or Zaydi) is a Shī'a Madhhab Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. On one side were supporters and relatives of Muhammad's grandson Husayn ibn Ali; on the other side was a military detachment from the forces of Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان ( July 23[[ 45]] - 683 was the second Caliph of the Umayyad The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah

Husayn ibn Ali's group consisted of notable members of Muhammad's close relatives, around 72 men and women, of which some were either very old or very young. Husayn and some members of his group were accompanied by some of the women and children from their families. On the opposite side, the armed forces of Yazid I were led by Umar ibn Sa'ad and contained at least 4000 men. Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان ( July 23[[ 45]] - 683 was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Umar ibn Sa'ad or Amir ibn Sad ( عمر بن سعد) ( fl 620-680 was the son of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas.

The battle field was a desert region located beside one of the branches of the Euphrates River. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The battle resulted in the military defeat of Husayn ibn Ali's group, the death of almost all of his men, and the captivity of all women and children.

The Battle of Karbala is one of the most significant battles in the history of Muslims.

This battle also had significant effects on formation of subsequent revolts against the Umayyad dynasty. ^[3]

The battle of Husayn ibn Ali is commemorated during an annual 10-day period held every Muharram, culminating on its tenth day, Ashura. Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax ^[4][5]

Contents 1 Battle based on Islamic traditions 1.1 Political background 1.1.1 Umayyad dynasty appears[7] 1.1.2 Caliphate turns into monarchy? 1.1.3 Kufa's opposition to Damascus 1.2 Particulars of the event 1.2.1 Medina 1.2.2 Mecca 1.2.3 Toward Kufa 1.2.3.1 Clash with vanguards 1.2.3.2 Water blockade 1.2.3.3 Reconciliation negotiations 1.2.3.4 Choice between life and death 1.2.4 Day of battle 1.2.4.1 Lectures prior to engagement 1.2.4.2 The battle starts 1.2.4.3 Death of the men from Banu Hashim 1.2.4.4 Death of Abbas ibn Ali 1.2.4.5 Death of the infant son of Hussain 2 After the death of Ali Asghar 2.1 Death of Husayn ibn Ali 2.2 Aftermath 3 Account of the battle accepted by western academics 4 Casualties of Husayn ibn Ali army 5 Historiography of the battle of Karbala 5.1 Primary sources 5.2 Secondary sources 5.3 Shia writings 5.4 Distortion of the history 6 Impact on the Literature 6.1 Persian Literature 6.2 Azari and Turkish Literature 6.3 Indo-Muslim Literature 7 Shia observances 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links 12.1 Sunni links 12.2 Shia links

Battle based on Islamic traditions

Political background

See also: Succession to Muhammad

The rule of the third Caliph Uthman concluded with a violent uprising especially of radical elements in disapproval of the enrichment of the Muslim society, thanks to spoils of war and tax levied on local non Muslim populations, in addition to personal hates . For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Uthman was killed and for many days rebels seized and occupied the city of Medina. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Under the overwhelming pressure of the rebels and Medinah population willing to get rid of them, the fastest possible, Ali ibn Abi Talib seized the caliphate. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH ^[6] His immediate steps was to insure complete control of the Ummah by the removal of regional governors, of whom were close relatives or friends of Uthman and their replacement by his relatives Abdalalh ibn Abbas in Yemen or people close to him like Muhammed Ibn Bakr In Egypt. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Muawiya upon receiving the bloody shirt of Uthman, sent by his wife Naela Ibn Alfarafesa asking for revenge (whom three fingers of her cut by rebels accompanied the shirt of Uthman), refused the allegiance to Ali before the rebels were chastised. 70 000 Syrian Muslim Men gathered in Damascus Mosque and mourned to tears the assassination of Uthman and swore vengeance. Muawiya's rebellion marked the first major strife in the Muslim community. This split resulted in three battles: the Camel, the Seffin, and the Nahrawan. "Battle of Basra" redirects here For other battles of Basra see Battle of Basra (1914, Battle of Basra (2003 and Battle of Basra (2008 The Battle of Siffin (May-July 657 CE occurred during the First Fitna, or First Muslim civil war with the main engagement taking place from July 26 to July 28 Battle of Nahrawan was a battle between Ali ibn Abi Talib (the fourth Sunni Caliph and the 1st Shi'a Imam and the Kharijites. The Kharijites agreed among themselves that the whole issue can be solved if they managed to eliminate the three big movers among the fighting parties, namely : Muawiya , Amr Ibn Al-As (Egypt's ruler at that time), and Ali ibn Abi Talib. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the ˤAmr ibn al-ˤĀs (عمرو بن العاص (born c583 - d January 6, 664 CE was an Arab Military commander who is most noted for leading As it happened, Muawiya and Amr escaped their assassination attempts, while Ali did not.

Umayyad dynasty appears^[7]

Hasan ibn Ali succeeded his father and started a military campaign against Muawiya I. Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar It must be said that both Hasan and Muawiya hated war, the first having tried at many times to convince his father to negotiate but the stubbornness of Ali couldn't be temprered by Hasan's wisdom. While Muawiya never refused Ali caliphate but rather delayed his allegiance to Ali after he will chastise Usman murderers. Muawiya sent two messengers to Hasan carrying to him this message: "If we fight, who will be in charge of the women, the children and the weak of the nation, who will protect us against the Romans preparing to wage war against the Muslims"(in Syria) and called him to peace. Weakened and divided, Hasan's army wasn't up to fight against Muawiya's army boosted by the murder of Ali and the miraculously failed murders attempts on both Muawiya and Amru Ibn Al-As. Hasan ibn Ali eventually signed a conditional peace treaty with Muawiya I after receiving a promise that when Muawiya died, a Shura (a council of nobles to appoint the next caliph) would be held to find his successor. Shura is an ( Arabic شورَى | شورا word for "consultation" Based on the peace treaty, Hasan ibn Ali ceded power to Muawiya. This promise of succession is unconfirmed by certain sources.

After the death of Hasan Ibn Ali in 50AH/699 AD so before Muawiya death, this promise if it ever existed, was null and void for Ummayads. But Hussein who was pressured by radical Shiaa considered that he was the heir of such promise. Anyway, Muawiya considered himself free of any promise and managed to prepare the Bayaah(allegiance oath) for his son Yazid. And therefore he consulted the four most influential political opponents, AbdelAllah ibn Uamr, AbdelArrahmane ibn Bakr, AbdelAllah ibn Al Zubayr and Hussein ibn Ali. The first two disapproved by saying:"Don't make it Byzantine, Heracles dies another Heracles comes after him. " Ibn Zubayr who was politically shrewd made a disagreeing speech but kept it within the limits. Al-Hussein always hot blooded, made a censorious speech from whom Muawiya saw a disguised threat against his family. Muawiya was aware or afraid of that any successor after him except Yazid, will kill Banu Umayyah. Which nearly happened in Medina revolt and utterly occurred after Banu Umayyah fall where all this tribe was massacred safe AbdelRaahman Al Dakhel and their tombs profaned. Then Muawiya quits saying: "My son and not their sons. " Thereafter, the caliphate of Yazid is definitively closed and done, for Muawiya.

Caliphate turns into monarchy?

Muawiya tried to ensure that his son, Yazid I, would be appointed as the next Capliphate. Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان ( July 23[[ 45]] - 683 was the second Caliph of the Umayyad This was technically a deviation from the general Islamic norms. Muawiya required all of his supporters to swear allegiance to Yazid before his death. By doing so, he is said to that he disregarded the principle of Shura. Shura is an ( Arabic شورَى | شورا word for "consultation" However, he did nothing more that what Abu Bakr did when he appointed Umar Ibn Al Khattab despite the protest of Sahabas. Sure, Umar was not the son of Abi Bakr, but then how to view the appointment of Al Hassan by his father Ali? Moreover, this was a matter of state and not of religion, piety had nothing to do with it. However the mainstream of islam disagrees with this and holds that there is no separation of religion and state.

Kufa's opposition to Damascus

Kufa, a garrison town in what is now Iraq, had been Ali's capital, and there were still many people in Kufa claiming they are still supporters of Ali. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Husayn ibn Ali received many letters from the Kufans expressing their offer of support if he claimed the caliphate. They were also trying to restore Kufa's power against Damascus, the Umayyad capital. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria.

Particulars of the event

Part of a series on Ahl al-Kisa Husayn Grandson of Muhammad Third Twelver Imam Second or third Ismaili Imam

The Twelve Imams The Fourteen Infallibles Battle of Karbala Maqtal Al-Husayn Mourning of Muharram Day of Ashura Arba'een Imam Husayn Shrine

Muhammad · Fatimah Ali · Hasan · Husayn This box: view • talk • edit

The route of Husayn ibn Ali from Medina to Karbala is mentioned in various history books. Ahl al-Kisa ( Arabic: ar اهل الكساء meaning People of the Cloak, refers to the last Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, his daughter Fatimah Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics This is a sub-article to Imamah (Shi'a doctrine and is specifically about the Shi'a Twelver conception of the term See also Ismaili The Nizārī s (النزاريون an-Nizāriyyūn) are the largest branch of the Ismā‘īlī (اسماعیلیه and comprise See also Imamah (Shi'a Ismaili doctrine The Musta‘lī (مستعلي Ismā'īlī Muslims are so named because they accept al-Musta‘lī This is a sub-article to Imamah (Shi'a doctrine. The Ismaili view on the Imamah differs from the Twelver Shi'a as well as Sunni views The Fourteen Infallibles (Ma'asumin - معصومين are Twelver Shia Islam religious figures from between the 6th and 9th century AD who Twelver Shia Maqtal Al-Husayn ( ar مقتل الحسين) is a book which narrates the story of Battle of Karbala and death of Hussain ibn Ali. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax Arba'een ( اربعين, means "forty" or Chehlum, as it is known by Urdu -speaking Muslims is a Shi'a religious observation The Shrine of Husayn ibn Ali ( مقام الامام الحسين) is a holy site of Shī'a Islam in the city of Karbala, Iraq. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina ^[8][9]

Medina

Yazid, the new ruler, feared that Husayn would revolt. Therefore he sent a letter to Walid ibn Utbah, governor of Medina, and ordered him to take allegiance from Husayn or to kill him if he refrains. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Walid consulted Marwan ibn al-Hakam and he advised Walid to kill Husayn since he will never accept Bay'ah with Yazid, but Walid did not accept this advice since he did not want to kill Husayn. Marwan ibn al-Hakam (623 - 685 (مروان بن الحكم was the fourth Umayyad Caliph, who took over the dynasty after Muawiya II abdicated in Bay'ah ( Arabic: بَيْعَة) literally means to sell, in Islamic terminology it is an Oath of allegiance to a leader

Walid held a meeting with Husayn to convince him of Bay'ah with Yazid I but was refused. Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان ( July 23[[ 45]] - 683 was the second Caliph of the Umayyad The day after, Marwan asked Husayn for Bay'ah. Husayn replied:

". . . Say farewell to Islam while the Ummah is afflicted by a ruler such as Yazid. Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the Since I have heard of my grandfather, prophet of God, who was saying: The Caliphate is forbidden from Abu Sufyan's descendants". A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history For the son of Harith see Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith. Sakhr ibn Harb (صخر بن حرب more commonly known as Abu Sufyan (560-650 ^[10]

Husayn departed Medina on Sha'ban 3, 60 AH (May 9, 680 CE) to perform the Hajj ritual. Sha'aban ( Arabic: ar شعبان is the eighth month of the Islamic calendar. ^[11] More authentic reports tell us that Husayn bin Ali actually left Medina on the 28th day of Rajab in the 60th year of Hijra.

Mecca

Husayn ibn Ali stayed in Mecca from the beginnings of the Sha'ban and all of the Ramadan, Shawwal, as well as Dhu al-Qi'dah. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Sha'aban ( Arabic: ar شعبان is the eighth month of the Islamic calendar. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic Shawwal (ar شوّال is the tenth month of the lunar Islamic calendar. Dhu al-Qi'dah (ar ذو القعدة is the eleventh month in the Islamic calendar.

When many letters came from Kufa assuring Husayn ibn Ali of Kufan support, he answered their calls and sent Muslim ibn Aqeel, his cousin, to Kufa as his representative in an attempt to consider their last situation and opinions. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Muslim ibn Aqeel was the cousin of the third Shi’a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and was the son of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib.

Abd-Allah ibn Abbas and Abdullah ibn Zubayr held a meeting with Husayn ibn Ali in Mecca to advise him to refuse to travel to Iraq. Abd-Allah ibn Abbas (عبد الله ابن عباس) was a cousin of Muhammad. Abd Allah al-Zubayr or Ibn Zubayr or Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr' (624 - 692 (عبد الله بن الزبير was a Sahabi whose father was Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina

In another meeting, Abdullah ibn Umar asked him to reconcile with the strayed people and to prevent war. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abdullah ibn Umar (عبدالله بن عمر بن الخطاب (ca But he warned Abdullah ibn Umar not to stop supporting him. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abdullah ibn Umar (عبدالله بن عمر بن الخطاب (ca

Meanwhile Husayn ibn Ali corresponded with nobles of Basrah and asked them to support him. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Major tribes of Basrah gathered and got ready for fight against Yazid I and informed Husayn ibn Ali. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان ( July 23[[ 45]] - 683 was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina At the same time Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, governor of Basrah, executed one of the messengers of Husayn ibn Ali and then addressed people and warned them to avoid insurgency. Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (عبيد الله بن زياد was a son of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Ibn Ziyad, governor of Basra and Kufa, left Basra toward Kufa next day, leaving his brother as deputy governor of Basra. Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (عبيد الله بن زياد was a son of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan. Basrah rebels’ army never reached Husayn ibn Ali and they became aware of his martyrdom midway of Kufa. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina

Considerable military units under Umar ibn Sa'ad entered Mecca to confront or attack Husayn ibn Ali on Tarwiyah day. Umar ibn Sa'ad or Amir ibn Sad ( عمر بن سعد) ( fl 620-680 was the son of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world ^[12]

Husayn ibn Ali gave a speech to people the day before his departure and said:

". Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina . . The death is a certainty for mankind, just like the trace of necklace on the neck of young girls. And I am enamoured of my ancestors like eagerness of Jacob to Joseph . Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; Joseph or Yosef (יוֹסֵ Standard Yosef Tiberian Yôsēp̄, يوسف Yusuf; "He . . Everyone, who is going to devote his blood for ours sake and is prepared to meet Allah, must depart with us. . . "^[13]

He also willed before his journey his half-brother Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Islamic Caliph. Muhammad ibn Hanafiyyah was preventing him from going to Kufa knowing hypocrisy and insincerity of its people even with Ali. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. But Husayn departed toward Kufa to avoid the battle inside the holy city of Mecca. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored

Husayn ibn Ali left Mecca toward Kufa with his family members plus some supporters on Dhu al-Hijjah 3 or 8, 60AH (September 4 or 9 September 680 CE). Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Dhu al-Hijja (ar ذو الحجة is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic Calendar.

Husayn's representative to Kufa, Muslim ibn Aqeel were welcomed by the people of Kufa, and most of them swore allegiance to him. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Muslim ibn Aqeel was the cousin of the third Shi’a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and was the son of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. But he and his host, Hani ibn Urwa were executed by the new governor of the Kufa, Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad on Dhu al-Hijjah 9, 60AH (September 10, 680 CE) without any considerable resistance of the people. Ibn Ziyad summoned a retainer Ma'qil who he tasked to act a spy and pretend he was a Shi'a in order to locate the whereabouts of Muslim ibn Aqeel. Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (عبيد الله بن زياد was a son of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan. Dhu al-Hijja (ar ذو الحجة is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic Calendar. And almost all the Kufan supporters of Husayn turned into his enemies.

Toward Kufa

Husayn ibn Ali came across with a convoy in the Tan'im station carrying some gifts from the governor of Yemen for Yazid I. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان ( July 23[[ 45]] - 683 was the second Caliph of the Umayyad He confiscated all of their consignments and made the cameleers free to select between making a new contract with him and being paid for the amount of the way they had traveled so far. Some cameleers accompanied him. ^[14]

He met with Boshr ibn Ghalib in the Zat-Erq station who was coming from Iraq and asked about his opinions about Iraq political situation. Boshr replied: "I left the hearts which are adherents of yours and the swords which are adherents of the Umayyad!” And Husayn confirmed his analysis and news.

Zuhair ibn Qayn left Mecca toward his town at the same time but was trying to be away from convoy of Husayn ibn Ali due to the political disputes he had with Ali ibn Abi Talib before. See also Battle of Karbala The Battle of Karbala took place in the year 680 between 108 and 136 men of Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH After a while and passing away some stations, Zuhayr forced to camp near Husayn's camp caused by some limitations. At this time Husayn sent a messenger toward Zuhayr and called him for a meeting. Zuhayr's wife encouraged him to visit offspring of the Prophet. Zuhayr visited Husayn. After the meeting Zuhayr ordered to move his tent to Husayn's camp and asked his wife to leave him and told her: "I have decided to accompany Husayn in order to sacrifice myself for him and to shield him by my soul. "

The word came about the death of Muslim ibn Aqeel in Zobalah station. Muslim ibn Aqeel was the cousin of the third Shi’a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and was the son of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. This news caused a great sorrow in the convoy. A group of fellow travelers left Husayn alone after that and only his family members and loyal followers remained with him. Husayn continued to advance toward Kufa even after receiving news of the loss of Kufan support. Now, nowhere is safe for him and for his family.

Husayn sent Qais ibn Musahhar al-Saydavi as messenger toward nobles of Kufa, such as Solayman ibn Sorad al-khozaei. He was captured in the vicinity of Kufa but managed to tear the letter to pieces to hide names of its recipients. Ibn Ziyad forced him to reveal the names or publicly curse Husayn and his father and brother upon pain of death. Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (عبيد الله بن زياد was a son of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan. He accepted the latter but cursed ibn Ziyad instead and encouraged people to join Husayn ibn Ali. Ibn Ziyad ordered his execution by dropping him from the top of the palace afterward.

Clash with vanguards

Husayn was two days' journey away from Kufa when he was intercepted by the vanguard of Yazid's army; about 1000 men led by Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Riyahi. Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Riyahi was the commander of Yazid I ’s regiment who had obstructed Hussain ibn Ali ’s way near Kufa, was also present in the enemy’s Husayn asked: "With us or against us?" Hurr replied: "Of course against you, oh Aba Abd Allah!" Husayn said: ". . . So if you are different from what I received from your letters and from your messengers then I will return to where I came from. " Hurr refused Husayn's request of his return to Medina and told him: "No, but select a way neither toward Kufa nor Madina enabling me to find a pretense before ibn Ziyad that you would have disagreed with me on the way. Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Riyahi was the commander of Yazid I ’s regiment who had obstructed Hussain ibn Ali ’s way near Kufa, was also present in the enemy’s Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as "

After receiving a threatening letter from ibn Ziyad to halt them, Hurr prevented Husayn from moving to any direction and let them know the new order from ibn Ziyad. Then Husayn ibn Ali gave a speech to his companions and said:

". Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina . . It has happened from the events what you have seen. And the world has been changed and become abominable and its goodness turns . . . Don't you see that the truth is not put into action and the false is not prohibited? The believer has got to be fond of meeting his God justly. So I do not consider the death but blessedness and living with the oppressors other than abjectness. "^[15]

Some of his followers asserted their loyalty and he started moving. Hurr was continuously preventing them to move further or was making them deviate from their way.

Husayn ibn Ali, his family and his supporters arrived at Karbala on Muharram 2, 61AH (October 2, 680 CE). Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. He was forced to pitch a camp on dry, bare land and Hurr stationed his army nearby.

Ibn Ziyad appointed Umar ibn Sa'ad to command the battle against Husayn ibn Ali. Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (عبيد الله بن زياد was a son of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan. Umar ibn Sa'ad or Amir ibn Sad ( عمر بن سعد) ( fl 620-680 was the son of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas. Umar ibn Sa'ad was not a military man but he was famous for being a clergyman. Umar ibn Sa'ad or Amir ibn Sad ( عمر بن سعد) ( fl 620-680 was the son of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas. At first he rejected the leadership of the army but he accepted after Ibn Ziyad threatened to depose him from the governorship of Ray city. See Rayshahr for the Sassanid center of learning in Fars province Umar ibn Sa'ad moved towards the battlefield with a 4000 men army and arrived at Karbala on Muharram 3, 61AH (October 3, 680 CE). Umar ibn Sa'ad or Amir ibn Sad ( عمر بن سعد) ( fl 620-680 was the son of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas. Ibn Ziyad was continuously sending reinforcements to his army such that they became a 20,000 army on Muharram 6, 61AH^[16]. It finally reached around 30,000 horsemen and infantrymen. ^[17]

Ibn Ziyad asked Shabath ibn Reb'ei, also another clergyman of Kufa, to join Umar ibn Sa'ad. At first he feigned illness but finally accepted. He together with 1000 horseman was dispatched toward Karbala.

Water blockade

Ibn Ziyad sent a brief letter to Umar ibn Sa'd that commanded: "Prevent Husayn and his disciples from accessing water and do not allow them to drink a drop of water; the same as Uthman was treated. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" " In this letter he falsely accused Husayn and his father of being responsible for what rebels did with Uthman before. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" On Muharram 7 (October 7, 680 CE), ibn Sa'ad ordered 500 horsemen to cut Husayn's camp off from the Euphrates to stop them from accessing water. Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The camp now had no supply of water and the enemy hoped to force Husayn to surrender on account of thirst.

One of the disciples of Husayn ibn Ali asked Husayn's permission to negotiate with Umar ibn Sa'ad about obtaining access to water and Husayn accepted. He met Umar ibn Sa'ad but ibn Sa'ad refused to allow Husayn access to any water.

Husayn ibn Ali ordered his half brother Abbas ibn Ali to conduct a night mission to the Euphrates to get water. Al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Ali ( العباس بن علي) (born 4 Shaban 26 AH at Medina, died 10 Muharrum 61 AH at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Abbas ibn Ali with 30 horsemen and 20 infantrymen carrying 20 water skins advanced toward the front lines of the enemy Euphrates by night. Al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Ali ( العباس بن علي) (born 4 Shaban 26 AH at Medina, died 10 Muharrum 61 AH at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The infantrymen quickly destroyed the formation of 500 enemy horsemen and succeeded in filling their water skins but they were counter attacked by a massive brigade on their way back. Abbas ibn Ali and his horsemen managed to stop their enemies and his infantrymen rejoined Husayn's army. Miraculously there were no casualties in Husayn's army even though the entire battlion of 500 horsemen had been decimated. This prompted Ibn-e-Saad to increase the guard on Euphrates from 500 to 3000. ^[18]

The water blockade continued up to the end of the battle on Muharram 10 night (October 10, 680 CE).

Reconciliation negotiations

Overnight negotiations between Husayn ibn Ali and Umar ibn Sa'ad has been reported. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Umar ibn Sa'ad or Amir ibn Sad ( عمر بن سعد) ( fl 620-680 was the son of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas. Husayn was trying to cause ibn Sa'ad to change his mind. Finally Umar ibn Sa'ad agreed to Husayn's proposal that the siege be lifted so that Husayn, his family, and his companions could leave Iraq. Umar ibn Sa'ad or Amir ibn Sad ( عمر بن سعد) ( fl 620-680 was the son of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas. He sent word to ibn Ziyad, asking him to ratify the offer.

Ibn Ziyad liked the proposal, but another Umayyad grandee, Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan, vetoed it and advised ibn Sa'ad to offer surrender to Husayn. Ibn Ziyad sent letter to Umar ibn Sa'ad and ordered him to destroy Husayn if he do not surrender or be dismissed from all services and Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan will lead the army. Shimr delivered the letter to ibn Sa'ad in Karbala. Ibn Sa'ad showed his protest against Shimr's idea since he was sure that Husayn will never surrender. But accepted orders of ibn Ziyad and appointed Shimr as commander of infantrymen.

Choice between life and death

On the 9th of Muharram (October 9, 680 CE) which is called Tasua'a, the Husayn camp was completely besieged and had exhausted its water. Their only choice was between surrender or death.

Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan approached the camp of Husayn ibn Ali and yelled: "Where are my nephews Abd-Allah, Ja'far, Abbas and Uthman?" He described the sons of Ali ibn Abi Talib from Fatima binte Hizam, nicknamed Umm-al-Banin, as his nephews since Umm-al-Banin was from his tribe. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Fatima bint Hizam al-Kilabiyya, commonly known as Ummul Banin ("mother of several sons" married Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib the first Shia They replied and Shimr said: "You nephews of mine; you are in protection and do not be murdered for the sake of Husayn and obey the chief of the believers, Yazid. Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان ( July 23[[ 45]] - 683 was the second Caliph of the Umayyad " But all of them refused to leave Husayn ibn Ali and Shimr went away angrily. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina

Umar ibn Sa'ad received an order from ibn Ziyad to start the battle immediately and not to postpone it further. The army started stealthily advancing toward Husayn's camp on the afternoon of Tasua'a. At this time Husayn sent Abbas ibn Ali to ask ibn Sa'ad for another delay, until the next morning, so that he and his men could spend the night praying. Ibn Sa'ad agreed the respite.

Husayn then told his men that he did not intend to surrender, but to fight. Since they were so heavily outnumbered by the enemy, all of them were sure to die. On the night before the battle, Husayn gathered his men and told them that they were all free to leave the camp in the middle of the night, under cover of darkness, rather than face certain death if they stayed with him. None of Husayn's men wished to defect. Instead they stated their wish to be killed repeatedly in the name of Husayn if they were brought back to life by Allah.

Husayn and his followers held a vigil to pray all night. Some guards from ibn Sa'ad's army who were patrolling that night joined Husayn's army. They were said to be as many as 32 men.

Husayn ibn Ali ordered his fighters to dig a trench around their tents by night and to fill it with firewood and dried shrubs to prevent the enemy from flanking them or infiltrating the camp. Only one passage was left open. Ibn Sa'ad's army did not notice this activity till next morning.

Day of battle

On Muharram 10 called Ashura, Husayn ibn Ali prayed Morning Prayer with his companions. Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax He appointed Zuhayr ibn Qayn to command the right flank, Habib ibn Muzahir to command the left flank and his half-brother Abbas ibn Ali as standard bearer of his army. Also he ordered to set the trench around their tents on fire.

The companions of Husayn ibn Ali were 32 horsemen and 40 infantrymen. According to another tradition from Muhammad ibn Ali, they were 45 horsemen and 100 infantrymen. Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī al-Baqir (محمد ابن علي الباقر) (676-743 AD or 1 Rajab 57 AH – 7 Dhu al-Hijjah 114 AH was the Fifth Imām ^[19] Husayn rode on his horse Zuljenah. Dhuljanah ( was the horse of Husayn ibn Ali. The original name of Zuljanah was Murtajiz and he was purchased by Muhammad from an Arab named Haris

On the other side, Umar ibn Sa'ad reorganized his army and nominated various commanders among them were Hurr ibn Yazid as commander of men from Tamim and Hamdan tribes, Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan as commander of left flank and Shabath ibn Reb'ei as commander of infantrymen. Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Riyahi was the commander of Yazid I ’s regiment who had obstructed Hussain ibn Ali ’s way near Kufa, was also present in the enemy’s This is not the Sub-clan of Quraish, for that see Banu Taim Banī Tamīm or Banu Tamim or Banu Tameem The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding

Lectures prior to engagement

Burayr ibn Khudhayr, Zuhayr ibn Qayn and Husayn ibn Ali made speeches to the Kufan army immediately before the military engagement. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina They were trying to exhort the Kufans not to fight Husayn and remind them of their invitations letters as well as Husayn's family tie with Muhammad.

Husayn ibn Ali addressed:

". . . Lo and behold; an ignoble (i. e ibn Ziyad), son of other ignoble (i. Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (عبيد الله بن زياد was a son of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan. e. Ziyad ibn Abihi), has entangled me in a bifurcation, between either unsheathing the swords or accepting abjectness. Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan (زياد بن أبي سفيان (d 673 AD was a Muslim general and administrator and a member of the clan of the Umayyads And far be it that we accept abjectness. Allah abominates that for us, plus his proph­et, believers, the chaste pure gentlewomen, those who do not accept oppression as well as the souls who do not submit to meanness abominate it. They disapprove that we prefer obedience of scrooges to the best sites of murder. Beware; I assault you together with this family while they are few and when the helpers deserted. . . . "^[20]

The battle starts

Ibn Sa'ad advanced and fired an arrow at Husayn's army, saying: "Give evidence before emir that I was the first thrower. " Then his army started showering Husayn's army with weapons.

Both sides began fighting. Successive assaults resulted in the death of a group of Husayn's companions.

Then Husayn ibn Ali called the people around him to join him for the sake of Allah and to defend Muhammed’s family. His speech affected Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Riyahi, the commander of the Tamim and Hamdan tribes who had stopped Husayn from his journey. Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Riyahi was the commander of Yazid I ’s regiment who had obstructed Hussain ibn Ali ’s way near Kufa, was also present in the enemy’s This is not the Sub-clan of Quraish, for that see Banu Taim Banī Tamīm or Banu Tamim or Banu Tameem The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding He abandoned ibn Sa'ad and galloped his horse to Husayn's small force and told him: "May I be sacrificed in your place! I am the one who prevented you from returning and severely treated you. I swear by Allah, I did not know they were going to do in this way. And now I am returning to Allah. So, do you think if any return can be imagined for me?" Husayn replied: "Yes. Allah will return to you. So, dismount. " Then Hurr asked Husayn to let him to fight to the death. Afterwards Husayn cleaned dust from his face when he found his corpse and said: "You are noble in this world and the next, as your mother named you. "

The first skirmish was between the right flank of Husayn ibn Ali's army with the left of the Syrian army. Astonishingly 32 men under the command of Zuhayr ibn Qain inflicted a major defeat on at least 4000 men. They quickly retreated and broke the pre-war pact of not using arrows & lances. This pact was made in view of the small number (72) of Husayn's companions. Thereafter almost all of Husayn ibn Ali's companions were killed (including Husayn's infant boy Ali Asghar) by the onslaught of arrows or lances.

In order to prevent random and indiscriminate showering of arrows on Husayn's camp which had women and children in it, Husayn's followers went out to single combats. Men like Burayr ibn Khudhayr, Muslim ibn Ausaja and Habib ibn Muzahir were slain in the fighting. They were attempting to save Husayn's life by shielding him. Every casualty had a considerable effect on their military strength since they were vastly outnumbered to begin with.

Husayn ibn Ali ordered Zuhayr ibn Qayn and Said ibn Abd-Allah to stand in front of him enabling him to say a Zohr prayer on the battlefield. The dhuhr (ظهر prayer ("dh" representing Ẓāʼ, an Emphatic voiced dental fricative" it is often simplified to "z" is They shielded him with their bodies until Said ibn Abd-Allah was killed by multiple arrows.

Historians say that Husayn's companions were coming, one by one, to say goodbye to him, even in the midst of battle. They reassured him that: ". . . We are following you" and adding: "And among them (believers) is one who fulfilled his vow, and among them is one who waits (to fulfill their vows). And they did not change (their vows), any change"^[21]

Death of the men from Banu Hashim

After almost all of Husayn's companions were killed, his relatives asked his permission to fight. The men of Banu Hashim, the clan of Muhammad and Ali, went out one by one. Banū Hāshim (Arabic بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraish tribe IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Ali Akbar ibn Husayn, the youngest son of Husayn, was the first one who received permission from his father. ^[22]

Casualties from Banu Hashim were sons of Ali ibn Abi Talib, sons of Hasan ibn Ali, Son of Husayn ibn Ali, Son of Abd-Allah ibn Ja'far ibn Abi-Talib and Zainab bint Ali, sons of Aqeel ibn Abi Talib, as well as a son of Muslim ibn Aqeel. Banū Hāshim (Arabic بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraish tribe ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH

Death of Abbas ibn Ali

Husayn ibn Ali advanced toward Euphrates branch along a dyke and his brother Abbas ibn Ali was moving ahead of him. Al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Ali ( العباس بن علي) (born 4 Shaban 26 AH at Medina, died 10 Muharrum 61 AH at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph They had planned to bring some water to tents. But ibn Sa'ad army prevents them and one of them hit Husayn on his chin with an arrow. Husayn pulled out the arrow and stopped further advance enabling him to cover Abbas and protect the tents at the same time. Abbas ibn Ali continued his advance into the heart of ibn Sa'ad's army. ^[23] He was under heavy shower of arrows but was able to penetrate them and get to the branch leaving heavy casualties from the enemy. He immediately started filling the water skin. In a remarkable and immortal gesture of loyalty to his brother and Muhammad's grandson he didn't drink any water despite being severely thirsty. He put the water skin on his right shoulder and started riding back toward their tents. Amr Saad ordered an outright assault on Abbas ibn Ali saying that if Abbas succeeds in taking water back to his camp, we won't be able to defeat them till the end of time. A massive enemy army blocked his way and surrounded him. He was ambushed from behind a bush and his right hand was cut off. Abbas put the water skin on his left shoulder and continued his way but his left hand also cut off from wrist. Abbas now held the water skin with his teeth. The army of ibn Sa'ad started shooting arrows at him. One arrow hit the water skin and water poured out of it. Abbas ibn Ali turned his horse back in to ibn Sa'ads forces because he does not want to go back without water and arrow's started hitting his chest and Abbas fell off his horse and called his brother just before his death. ^[24]

Death of the infant son of Hussain

When nobody was left in Imam Hussain's camp, Imam Hussain cried for help by saying, "Is there anyone who can help me?" Hearing this call, Imam Hussain's six-month-old baby dropped himself from the cot, saying "LABAIK", meaning I am at your service. Imam Hussain only realized and came to know about this when he heard the women crying and wailing. He went to the tent and asked his sister Zainab what was the reason for them to cry and she said that after hearing his call for help Ali Asghar had dropped himself from his cot. He then asked Abdullah Alradea's mother to dress Ali Asghar up in new clothes because he wanted to take him to the battlefield so that he could ask some water for his child, and he was about to meet with Allah so he needed to look his best. Abdullah Alradea's mother handed him over to Imam Hussain. Imam Hussain then took Ali Asghar towards the enemy camp. After getting near the enemy camp he cried out, "Is there anyone who can give some water to my thirsty child?" When no one came forward he again pleaded and said, "OK, if you think that I will drink the water then fine, I will put my son down on the burning sand anyone who wants to give him water can come forward and do so. " Imam Hussain put his son down on the burning sand and waited . . . but no one came forward. He then picked him up and Imam Hussain told him to open his mouth and show his tongue; even if you just had some nice cold water and if you stuck out your tongue then you would need water right away. Ali Asghar started to roll over his tongue over his lips to convey to Yazeed's army that he really was thirsty. Seeing this, many in Yazeed's army started crying, but the commander of the army, Omar Ibn Saad, was unfazed by it. He sent for his best archer, Hurmula, and ordered him to take aim and shoot an arrow in Ali Asghar's direction. He took aim and launched an arrow, but it missed; he shot again, and it also missed; and then he shot a third time, and that missed as well. Then Omar said, "You are my best archer; why can't you kill the child who is lying still?" Hurmala answered, "His mother is watching from the tent and I can see that if I kill this child then I will go to hell. " But with the money in mind, Hurmala shot his 3-pronged arrow, the kind used to kill horses. When Hurmala shot the arrow then Ali Asghar saw that it would hit Imam Hussain, so Ali Asghar jumped and the arrow pierced his throat, killing him instantly. The arrow end came out and attached itself, along with Ali Asghar, to Imam Hussain's arm.

After the death of Ali Asghar

When Ali Asghar was killed then the Imam had to face the dilemma of getting Ali Asghar to the tent, Imam Hussain throw the blood in the sky and not even a drop of blood came back to the ground. Imam Hussain A. S. thought when the sky consumed the blood than the child shouldn't be laid down on the dry and hot land. Imam Hussain A. S. took out his ZULFIQUAR and digged up a small KABR and buried ALI ASGAR. and proceeded to the tents, when imam Hussain was going to the tents, he remembered that Ali Asghar's mother was present in the tent, so imam took a few steps back, then he moved a few steps up and then a few steps back, and he continued this for a while, this is why on ziarrat-e-ashura on 10th muharram shias move a few steps forward and than a few steps back, and a few steps forward and a few back, then when Imam hussain had reached the tents then Rubab (Ali Asghar's mother) sees Imam Hussain's face and she knows that Ali Asghar has been killed.

After he returned to the tents, Imam Hussain had made a small grave for Ali Asghar behind the tents with his sword, Imam hussain had no water to make the grave wet, but there was enough tears shed by Imam Hussain that the grave became very wet.

After the battle, when Yazeed's army was looting the tents, they where placing the heads on spears, but then they couldn't find the body of Ali Asghar so he thought that he would probably be buried then so they started jabbing their spears into the ground and eventually the spear went into the stomach of Ali Asghar and then the body came out of the ground, then they severed Ali Asghar's head and placed it onto a spear, then they threw the body.

Death of Husayn ibn Ali

Husayn ibn Ali offered single battle to the enemy. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina He killed everybody that fought him in single battles. ^[25] He demonstrated extreme courage and bravery, forced the enemy into retreat frequently and killed a great number of opponents. Husayn and earlier his son Ali Akbar were the two warriors who penetrated and dispersed the core of Ibn-Saad's army (Qalb-e-Lashkar), a sign of extreme chaos in traditional warfare.

Husayn advanced very deep in the back ranks of the Syrian army. When the enemies stood between him and the tents he shouted:

"Woe betide you oh followers of Abu Sufyan's dynasty! If no religion has ever been accepted by you and you have not been fearing the resurrection day then be noble in your world . For the son of Harith see Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith. Sakhr ibn Harb (صخر بن حرب more commonly known as Abu Sufyan (560-650 . . "^[26]

Then his enemies invaded back toward him.

He was continuously invading them and they were continuously invading him and . ^[27] Until his numerous injuries caused him to stay a moment. At this time he was hit on his forehead with a stone. He was cleaning blood from his face while he was hit on the heart with arrow and he said: "In the name of Allah, and by Allah, and on the religion of the messenger of Allah. " Then he raised his head up and said: "Oh my God! You know that they are killing a man that there is no son of daughter of a prophet (Husayn is son of Fatimah bint Muhammad) on the earth except him" Then he grasped the arrow and pulled it out of his chest from behind which caused heavy bleeding. Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. ^[28]

He became very weak to fight and halted and the soldiers approaching him were giving up confronting him, until a soldier approached him while cursing and hit him on his head with his sword.

The enemies halted for a while and then returned and surrounded him. At this time Abd-Allah ibn Hasan, who was an underage boy, escaped from the tents and ran until arrived beside Husayn. When a soldier intended to hit Husayn with his sword, Abd-Allah ibn Hasan defended his uncle with his arm which caused it to be cut and hanged. Husayn hugged him but the boy was hit on his neck with an arrow. ^[29]

Husayn became very weak due to his heavy injuries and hits by arrows. Then the voice of god comes from skies "we are satisfied with your deeds and sacrifies"after words imam husayn saved his sword in to its holder and then,Imam Hussain A. S. wanted to get down from the horse but was tremendously injured and so he don't fall off the ground his horse DUL DUL bend on his front knees so that his AQUA don't fall off the ground and hurt himself. Imam Hussain A. S. than went and sat under a tree. ^[30]

Umar ibn Sa'ad ordered a man to dismount and to finish the job. But Khowali ibn Yazid al-Asbahiy preceded the man but feared and did not do it. Then Shimr ibn Dhiljawshan dismounted his horse and cut Husayn's throat with sword. Shimr ibn Dhiljawshan was saying: "I swear by God that I am raising your head while I know that you are grandson of the messenger of Allah and the best of the people by father and mother" when he raised head of Husayn ibn Ali on a spear. ^[31] The inb Sa'ad's men looted all the valuables from Husayn's body, leaving it semi-naked.

The army of Ibn Sa'ad rushed to loot the tents. The daughters of Mohammad's family were expelled from the tents unveiled and barefooted, while weeping and crying for their slain relatives. The army set all the tents on fire. The women were asking: "By God if you pass us from beside the site of the murder of Husayn. " And when they saw the martyrs and wailed and hit their face. ^[32] Then Sakina bint Husayn (Death, 117 AH) embraced her father's body until some people dragged her off his body. Sakinah bint Husayn ( Arabic: سكينة) (Twentieth of Rajab, 56 AH – 117 AH was the youngest daughter of Husayn ibn Ali and Umm ^[33]

Umar ibn Sa'ad called volunteer horsemen to trample Husayn's body. Ten horsemen trampled his body such that his chest and back were ground.

As a matter of fact, the essence in all this story is that, Imam Hussain body was martyred but his NOOR and Imamat was passed on to his son Ali who became Imam Ali Zainul Abideen.

Aftermath

Umar ibn Sa'ad sent Husayn's head to ibn Ziyad on Ashura afternoon and ordered to sever heads of his comrades to send them to Kufa. The heads were distributed to various tribes enabling them to gain favor of ibn Ziyad. Ibn Sa'ad remained in Karbala until the next noon. ^[34]

After ibn Sa'ad's army went out of Karbala, some people from Banu Asad tribe came there and buried the dead bodies in the place where they are now located. Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at ^[35]

On Muharram 11 (October 11, 680 CE), all captives including all women and children were then loaded onto camels without neither saddle nor sunshade and were moved toward Kufa. Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. And when they approached Kufa, its people gathered to see them. Some women of Kufa gathered veils for them upon knowing that they are relatives of Muhammad. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Among the captives were Ali ibn Husayn, who was gravely ill, as well as Hasan ibn Hasan al-Muthanna, who was seriously injured in the battle of Karbala. ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn (Arabic علي بن حسين) (approximately 6 January 659 - 20 October 712 is a great-grandson of Muhammad as well as the fourth ^[36]

Zainab bint Ali pointed at the people to be quiet. Zaynab bint Ali ( زينب بنت علي) was the daughter of the last caliph of Islam Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib and granddaughter of Islamic prophet Everybody halted and kept silent. Then she addressed the people of Kufa:

"The praise is exclusively attributed to Allah. And greetings to my father (grand father), Muhammad, and to his pure and benevolent family. And then, Oh people of Kufa! Oh deceitful and reneger people! Do you weep? So let tears not be dried and let groans not be finished. . . . Beware, such a bad preparation you have made for yourself that Allah became furious of you and you will be at punishment forever. Do you weep and cry? Yeah, by Allah, do weep numerously and do laugh less! Since you brought its shame and fault on yourself and you will not be able to cleanse it forever. . . . "^[37]

And also Fatima al-Kubra, Sakina, Umm-Kulthoum bint Ali and Ali ibn Husayn delivered speeches to Kufans. ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn (Arabic علي بن حسين) (approximately 6 January 659 - 20 October 712 is a great-grandson of Muhammad as well as the fourth ^[38] All lectures caused a deep sorrow of the people.

During the journey from Karbala to Kufa, and from Kufa to Damascus, Husayn's sister Zaynab bint Ali and Umm-Kulthoom bint Ali, and son Ali Abid ibn Husayn gave various speeches that exposed the truth about Yazid and told the Muslim world of the various atrocities committed in Karbala. After being brought to Yazid's court, Zaynab courageously gave a famous speech in which she denounced Yazid's claim to the caliphate and eulogized Husayn's uprising.

The prisoners were held in Damascus for a year. The people of Damascus began to frequent the prison, and Zaynab and Ali ibn Husayn used that as an opportunity to further propagate the message of Husayn and explain to the people the reason for Husayn's uprising. As public opinion against Yazid began to foment in Syria and parts of Iraq, Yazid ordered their release and return to Medina, where they continued to tell the world of Husayn's cause and Yazid's atrocities.

Account of the battle accepted by western academics

Encyclopædia Britannica narrates the story in the following way: A police force, consisting of a several thousand men, plus 500 archers, surrounded the family and supporters of Husayn ibn Ali. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina The battle ended with the deaths of Husayn and his entire military force. ^[39]

John Esposito states that the "brave and charismatic" grandson of Muhammad was trying to regain power and reinstate the true values of Islam. John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940 Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University ^[40]

Many of the details attributed to the event are disputed. For example, the Encyclopædia Britannica states that "the facts gradually acquired a romantic and spiritual coloring. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc "

Casualties of Husayn ibn Ali army

See also List of casualties at the Battle of Karbala

There were seventy-two dead in all (including Imam Hussain) (see [2], [3]). See also Battle of Karbala The Battle of Karbala took place in the year 680 between 108 and 136 men of Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad Here are the names of casualties from Banu Hashim tribe. Banū Hāshim (Arabic بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraish tribe ^[41]

Name	Age	Descriptions
Husayn ibn Ali	54 years	Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima Zahra
Ali Akbar ibn Husayn	19 to 25 years[42]	Son of Husayn ibn Ali
Ali Asghar ibn Husayn	6 Months	Son of Husayn ibn Ali
Qasim ibn Hassan	13 years	Son of Hassan ibn Ali
Abd-Allah ibn Hassan	11 years	Son of Hassan ibn Ali
Abu-Bakr ibn Hassan		Son of Hassan ibn Ali
Abbas ibn Ali	34 years	Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima binte Hizam
Abd-Allah bin Ali	25 years	Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima binte Hizam
Uthman ibn Ali	21 years	Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima binte Hizam
Ja'far ibn Ali	19 years	Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima binte Hizam
Muhammad al-Asghar ibn Ali		Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib
Abu-Bakr ibn Ali		Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib
Aun bin Abd-Allah		Son of Abd-Allah ibn Ja'far ibn Abi-Talib and Zainab bint Ali
Mohammed ibn Abd-Allah		Son of Abdullah ibn Ja'far ibn Abi-Talib and Zainab bint Ali
Ja'far ibn Aqeel		Brother of Muslim ibn Aqeel
Abd-al-Rahman ibn Aqeel		Brother of Muslim ibn Aqeel
Muhammad bin Aqeel		Brother of Muslim ibn Aqeel
Abd-Aallah ibn Aqeel		Brother of Muslim ibn Aqeel
Moosa ibn Aqeel		Brother of Muslim ibn Aqeel
Abd-Allah ibn Muslim		Son of Muslim ibn Aqeel

Historiography of the battle of Karbala

See also: Maqtal Al-Husayn

Primary sources

The first historian to systematically collect the reports of eyewithnesses of this event was Abi Mikhnaf(died in 157 AH, 774 CE) in a work titled "Ketab Maqtal Al-Husayn". Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn ( علي الاكبر بن حسين) (Fifth of Sha'aban, 44 AH - Tenth of Muharram, 61 AH was the Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Abdullah (Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn (Tenth of Rajab, 60 AH - Tenth of Muharram, 61 AH was the youngest child of Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of the Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Al Qasim ibn Hasan ( قاسم بن حسن) (Seventh of Sha'aban, 47th A Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Ali ( العباس بن علي) (born 4 Shaban 26 AH at Medina, died 10 Muharrum 61 AH at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Fatima bint Hizam al-Kilabiyya, commonly known as Ummul Banin ("mother of several sons" married Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib the first Shia ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Fatima bint Hizam al-Kilabiyya, commonly known as Ummul Banin ("mother of several sons" married Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib the first Shia ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Fatima bint Hizam al-Kilabiyya, commonly known as Ummul Banin ("mother of several sons" married Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib the first Shia ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Fatima bint Hizam al-Kilabiyya, commonly known as Ummul Banin ("mother of several sons" married Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib the first Shia ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Aun and Muhammad were the sons of Abdullah ibn Ja'far and Zaynab binte Ali. Zaynab bint Ali ( زينب بنت علي) was the daughter of the last caliph of Islam Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib and granddaughter of Islamic prophet Aun and Muhammad were the sons of Abdullah ibn Ja'far and Zaynab binte Ali. Zaynab bint Ali ( زينب بنت علي) was the daughter of the last caliph of Islam Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib and granddaughter of Islamic prophet Muslim ibn Aqeel was the cousin of the third Shi’a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and was the son of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. Muslim ibn Aqeel was the cousin of the third Shi’a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and was the son of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. Muslim ibn Aqeel was the cousin of the third Shi’a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and was the son of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. Muslim ibn Aqeel was the cousin of the third Shi’a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and was the son of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. Muslim ibn Aqeel was the cousin of the third Shi’a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and was the son of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. Muslim ibn Aqeel was the cousin of the third Shi’a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and was the son of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. Maqtal Al-Husayn ( ar مقتل الحسين) is a book which narrates the story of Battle of Karbala and death of Hussain ibn Ali. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abi Mekhnaf (Yahya ibn Sa'id ibn Mikhnaf Al-Kufi ( ar أبو مخنَف) was a ^[43] Abi Mikhnaf's original seems to have been lost and that which has reached today has been transmitted through his student Hisham Al-Kalbi (died in 204 AH. ) There are four manuscripts of the Maqtal, located at Gotha (No. 1836), Berlin (Sprenger, Nos. 159-160), Leiden (No. 792), and St. Petersburg (Am No. 78) libraries. ^[44]

Rasul Jafarian has counted 5 Primary sources which are now availlable. Among the original works on maqàtil (pl. of maqtal or place of death / martyrdom and hence used for books narrating the incident of Karbalà) the ones that could be relied upon for reviewing the Karbala happenings are five in number. All these five maqtals belong to the period between the 2nd century AH (8th CE) and the early 4th century AH (10th CE). These five sources are the "Maqtal al-Husayn" of Abu Mikhnaf, the "Maqtal al-Husayn" of Ibn Sa'd-Sunni Historian-, the "Maqtal al-Husayn" of Baladhuri -Sunni Historian-, the "Maqtal al-Husayn" of Dinawari, and the "Maqtal al-Husayn" of Ibn A'tham. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Mani' al- Baghdadi or Ibn Sa'd ( ابن TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri Arabic (أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Muhammad Ahmad ibn A'zham al-Kufi ( أبو محمد أحمد بن أعظم الكوفي ^[45] How ever some other historians have recognized some of these as secondary sources. For example Veccia Vaglieri has found that Baladhuri (died 279AH/892-893CE) like Tabari has used Abi Mikhnaf but hasn't mentioned his name. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri Arabic (أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري ^[46] On the basis of the article of "Abi Mikhnaf" in "Great Islamic Encyclopedia" Ibn A'tham has mentioned Abi Mikhnaf in "Al-Futuh" thus he should be recognized as secondary source. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Muhammad Ahmad ibn A'zham al-Kufi ( أبو محمد أحمد بن أعظم الكوفي ^[47]

Secondary sources

Then latter Muslim historians have written their histories on the basis of the former ones especially Maqtal Al-Husayn of Abi Mikhnaf. Maqtal Al-Husayn ( ar مقتل الحسين) is a book which narrates the story of Battle of Karbala and death of Hussain ibn Ali. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abi Mekhnaf (Yahya ibn Sa'id ibn Mikhnaf Al-Kufi ( ar أبو مخنَف) was a However they have added some narrations through their own sources which weren't reported by former historians.

Tabari narrated this story on the basis of Abi Mikhnaf's report through Hisham Al-Kalbi in his history, History of the Prophets and Kings. Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians The History of the Prophets and Kings (Persian تاریخ طبری, Arabic تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, popularly known Tarikh al-Tabari ^[48] Also there is fabricated version of Abi Mekhnaf's book in Iran and Iraq. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. ^[49] Then other Sunni Muslim historians including Balazari and Ibn Kathir narrated the events of Karbala from Abi Mikhnaf. Ismail ibn Kathir (ابن كثير (1301&ndash1373 was an Islamic scholar and renowned commentator on the Qur'an. Also among Shi'a Shaykh al-Mufid used it in Irshad. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi known ^[50] However, followers of Ali -- later to be known as Shia Muslims -- attached a much greater importance to the battle and have compiled many accounts known as Maqtal Al-Husayn. Maqtal Al-Husayn ( ar مقتل الحسين) is a book which narrates the story of Battle of Karbala and death of Hussain ibn Ali.

Shia writings

Salwa Al-Amd has classified Shia writings in three groups:^[51]

• Religious texts: The legendary character of this category associates the chronological history of Al-Husayn with notions relating to the origin of life and the Universe, that have preoccupied the human mind since the beginning of creation, and in which Al-Husayn is eternally present. This category of writing holds that a person’s stance toward Al-Husayn and Ahl al- Bayt is a criterion for reward and punishment in the afterlife. It also transforms the historical boundaries of Al-Husayn’s birth in 4 Hr. and his death in 61 Hr. to an eternal presence embracing the boundaries of history and legend.

• Historic texts:This category is the nearest to Sunni writings because it fully cherishes the historical personality of Al-Husayn and regards the Karbala ’ incident as a revolt against oppression; dismissing the legendary treatment, while using the language of revolt against tyranny and despotic sovereignty. These oral traditions were later collected and recorded by Shia historians such as Abi Mekhnaf and Ibn A'tham. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abi Mekhnaf (Yahya ibn Sa'id ibn Mikhnaf Al-Kufi ( ar أبو مخنَف) was a TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Muhammad Ahmad ibn A'zham al-Kufi ( أبو محمد أحمد بن أعظم الكوفي

• Tragedic poems, plays, and other narratives intended for popular consumption, which may contain material not strictly supported by the Hadiths or the histories. This category comprises the literary works common in rituals and lamentations (poetic and prose) and is characterized by its melodramatic style, which aims to arouse pity and passion for Ahl al-Bayt’s misfortunes, and charge feelings during tempestuous political circumstances on the memory of Ashura. See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family

Distortion of the history

As Jafarian says "The holding of mourning ceremonies for Imam Husayn was very much in vogue in the eastern parts of Iran before the Safawids came to power. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Kashefi wrote the "Rawzah al-Shuhada" for the predominantly Sunnis region of Herat and Khurasan at a time when the Safawid state was being established in western Iran and had no sway in the east. area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. "^[52] After the adoption of the Shi'a faith in Iran, many Iranian authors composed poems and plays commemorating the battle. ^[53] Most of these compositions are only loosely based upon the known history of the event. They are dramatizations designed in order to make the people cry more. ^[54]

Some 20th century Shia scholars have protested the conversion of history into mythology. Prominent critics include:

• Murtaza Motahhari^[55][56][57]
• Abbas Qomi, author of Nafas al-Mahmoum^[58]
• Sayyid Abd-al-Razzaq Al-Muqarram, author of Maqtalul-Husayn^[59]

Also several books have been written in Persian language about political backgrounds and aspects of the battle of Karbala. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari (مرتضی مطهری February 3, 1920 Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions ^[60]

Impact on the Literature

Mourning of Muharram
Events
Battle of Karbala
Figures
Imam Husayn Ali Akbar ibn Husayn Ali Asghar ibn Husayn al-Abbas ibn Ali Zaynab bint Ali Sukayna bint Husayn Muslim ibn Aqeel
Places
Imam Husayn Shrine Hussainia
Times
Day of Ashura Arba'een
Customs
Majlis-e-Aza Marsia Noha Soaz Ta'zieh Tabuik Hosay

The theme of suffering and martyrdom occupies a central role in the history of religion from the earliest time. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn ( علي الاكبر بن حسين) (Fifth of Sha'aban, 44 AH - Tenth of Muharram, 61 AH was the Abdullah (Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn (Tenth of Rajab, 60 AH - Tenth of Muharram, 61 AH was the youngest child of Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of the Al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Ali ( العباس بن علي) (born 4 Shaban 26 AH at Medina, died 10 Muharrum 61 AH at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph Zaynab bint Ali ( زينب بنت علي) was the daughter of the last caliph of Islam Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib and granddaughter of Islamic prophet Sakinah bint Husayn ( Arabic: سكينة) (Twentieth of Rajab, 56 AH – 117 AH was the youngest daughter of Husayn ibn Ali and Umm Muslim ibn Aqeel was the cousin of the third Shi’a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and was the son of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. The Shrine of Husayn ibn Ali ( مقام الامام الحسين) is a holy site of Shī'a Islam in the city of Karbala, Iraq. A Hussainia ( Arabic: حسينية Persian: Hosseiniyeh Urdu: Imambargah) is a congregation hall for Shia ritual ceremonies The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax Arba'een ( اربعين, means "forty" or Chehlum, as it is known by Urdu -speaking Muslims is a Shi'a religious observation Majlis-e-Aza is same as Majalis-e-Aza and Aza-e-Husayn(p. The word Azadari and Majalis-e-Aza has been exclusively used in connection with the remembrance Marsiya ( Marsia) (مرثیہ is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his comrades of the Karbala Noha (نوحہ is a genre of Arabic, Persian, or Urdu prose depicting the martyrdom of Imam Hussein. Soaz or soz ( Persian / Urdu: سوز is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his comrades Ta'zieh ( Persian: تعزیه means Condolence Theater and Naqqali are traditional Persian Theatrical genres in which the Drama Tabuik is the local manifestation of the Shi'a Muslim Remembrance of Muharram among the Minangkabau people in the coastal regions of West Sumatra Hosay or Tadjah is a West Indian Street festival, in which multi-colored model mausoleums are paraded then ritually offered up to the sea or any Sacrifices are a means for reaching higher and loftier stages of life; to give away parts of one's fortune or to sacrifice members of one's family enhances one's religious standing. The Biblical and Quranic story of Abraham who so deeply trusted in God that he, without questioning, was willing to sacrifice his only son, points to the importance of such sacrifice.

Taking into account the importance of sacrifice and suffering for the development of man, Islamic literature has given a central place to the death on the battlefield of Muhammed's grandson Husayn. The development of the whole genre of marsiya and taziya poetry in the Persian and Indo-Persian world, or in the popular Turkish tradition is in this way. Marsiya ( Marsia) (مرثیہ is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his comrades of the Karbala

Persian Literature

The name of Husayn appears several times in the work of the first great Sufi poet of Iran, Sanai. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Hakim Abul-Majd Majdūd ibn Ādam Sanā'ī Ghaznavi ( was a Persian Sufi ( Tajik) Poet who lived in Ghazna, in what is now Here, the name of the martyred hero can be found now and then in connection with bravery and selflessness, and Sanai sees him as the prototype of the Shahid (martyr), higher and more important than all the other martyrs who are and have been in the world. Istishhad|Christian martyrs for disambiguation Shahid (شَهيد, plural ar شُهَداء) is an Arabic word meaning "witness" ^[61]

The tendency to see Husayn as the model of martyrdom and bravery continues in the poetry written in the Divan of Attar. Abū Hamīd bin Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm (born 1145-46 in Nishapur &ndash died c

When Shiism became the official religion of Iran in the fifteenth century, Safavid rulers such as Shah Tahmasp, patronized poets who wrote about the tragedy of Karbala, and the genre of marsiya, according to Persian scholar Wheeler Thackston, "was particularly cultivated by the Safavids. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz "^[62]

The most well-known fifteenth-century Persian marsiya writer was Muhtasham Kashani,^[63] whose works consequently became a source of elegy emulation for Iranians.

Azari and Turkish Literature

Turkish tradition, especially in the later Bektashi order, is deeply indebted to Shi'i Islam. Bektashism (Bektaşilik is an Islamic Sufi order ( Tariqat) considered to be a distinct branch of Shi'a Islam But it seems that already in some of the earliest popular Sufi songs in Turkey, those composed by Yunus Emre in the late 13th or early 14th century, Muhammed's grandsons played a special role. Yunus Emre (1238?–1320? was a Turkish poet and Sufi mystic. ^[64]

Indo-Muslim Literature

As in many other fields of Sindhi poetry, Shah 'Abdu'l-Latif of Bhit (1689-1752) is the first to express ideas which were later taken up by other poets. Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia He devoted “Sur Kedaro” in his Hindi Risalo to the martyrdom of the grandson of Muhammed, and saw the event of Karbala as embedded in the whole mystical tradition of Islam. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is

A number of poets among the Shia of Sindh composed elegies on Karbala. Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. The most famous of them is Thabit 'Ali Shah (1740-1810), whose specialty was the genre of “suwari”. This genre, as well as the more common forms, persists in Sindhi throughout the whole of the 18th and 19th centuries, and even into our own times (Sachal Sarmast, Bedil Rohriwaro, Mir Hasan, Shah Naser, Mirza Baddhal Beg, Mirza Qalich Beg, to mention only a few, some of whom were Sunni Sufis). Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia ^[65]

The most famous corpus of Urdu poetry on Karbalas was produced by two poets of Lucknow named Mir Babar Ali Anees a and Mirza Salamat Ali Dabeer. Both these poets lived in the 19th century and they were the contemporaries of the Delhi based poet Mirza Ghalib. The genre of poetry that thos etwo poets produced is known as MARSIYA. Recently, professor David Matthews of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Londn, has translated a full length (197 stanzas of six lines each) MArsiya of Anis into English verse. This was published in book form by Rupa and Co. m, New Delhi, India.

The legacy of Urdu Marsiya has lasted to this day and many poets are still writing that kind of poetry. Both Josh MAlihabadi and Iqbal followed the genere of six-line stanza and have produced great poetry.

But there was also another way to understand the role of Husayn in the history of the Islamic people, and importantly, the way was shown by Muhammad Iqbal, who was certainly a Sunni poet and philosopher.

The Adil Shahi and Qutb Shahi dynasties of South India (Deccan), predominantly Twelver Shi'is in religious persuasion, patronized Dakhni (an early South Indian dialect of Urdu) marasi. The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 The Qutb Shahi dynasty ( Urdu: سلطنت قطب شاهی) (whose members were also called the Qutub Shahis) was the ruling family of the kingdom Although Persian marasi of Muhtasham Kashani were still recited, the Adil Shahi and Qutb Shahi rulers felt the need to render the Karbala tragedy in the language of common Muslims. In the Adil Shahi and Qutb Shahi kingdom of Deccan, marasi flourished, especially under the patronage of Ali Adil Shah and Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, marsiya writers themselves, and poets such as Ashraf Biyabani. Marsiya ( Marsia) (مرثیہ is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his comrades of the Karbala Urdu marasi written during this period are still popular in South Indian villages. ^[66]

Mirza Ghalib described the "King of Martyrs", Imam Husayn, by using metaphors, similar to the ones he used in his odes. Dabeer-ul-Mulk Najm-ud-daulah Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan ( Urdu / Persian: مرزا اسد اللہ بیگ خان) Pen-name Ghalib used regal imagery to underscore the virtues of Imam Husayn. The marasi of Mir Taqi Mir and Mirza Rafi Sauda are similar to those of Ghalib in that they perform their panegyric function for the martyrs of Karbala; but these poets also wrote marasi in which the narration of the Karbala tragedy was saturated with cultural and ceremonial imagery of North India. Khuda-e-Sukhan Mir Taqi Mir ( Urdu: میر تقی میر) (b 1723 - d Mirza Muhammad Rafi 'Sauda' (1713-1781 Delhi, India) was one of the best known Poets of Urdu language ^[67]

Josh Malihabadi renowned as "Shair-i inqilab", or the Poet of revolution, used the medium of marsiya as a means to propagate the view that Karbala is not a pathos-laden event of a bygone era, but a prototype for contemporary revolutionary struggles. Josh Malihabadi ( Urdu: جوش ملیح آبادی) (born as Shabbir Hasan Khan; Urdu شبیر حسن خان) ( December 5, Josh's writings during the late 1930s and the early 1940s, when nationalist feelings were running high in South Asia, had a momentous impact upon his generation. Josh attempted to galvanize the youth of his day by intertwining their contemporary struggle of liberation from colonization with Husayn's battle: “O Josh, call out to the Prince of Karbala [Hussain], cast a glance at this twentieth century, look at this tumult, chaos, and the earthquake. At this moment there are numerous Yazids, and yesterday there was only one. From village to village might has assumed the role of truth, Once again, Human feet are in chains”^[68]

Vahid Akhtar, formerly Professor and Chairman, Dept. of Philosophy at Aligarh Muslim University,^[69] has been crucial in keeping the tradition of marsiya dynamic in present-day South Asia. His marasi rely on the images, metaphors, and nuances inherited from nineteenth century masters, and on the values invested in this genre by socio-religious reformers like Josh. On the back cover of his recently-published marsiya anthology, for example, is the famous Arabic saying: "Every place is Karbala; every day is Ashura. " By positing a similarity between Husayn's historic battle and the present day struggle of human kind against renewed forms of Yazidian oppression, Akhtar deflects the interpretation of the martyrs of Karbala as mere insignia of Islamic history; they are instead posed as the sinews for the revival of an ideal Islamic state of being. ^[70]

Nauhas are very popular poems in the shia community and some are starting in the sunni community, which have matham (beating their own chests, Zainab ibn Ali did this after the battle), In meny muslim countries Nadeem Sarwar, Shabab-ul-Momineen (Nasir Asghar Party, Nazim Party, Rizwan Zaidi Party, Lahore Party), Irfan Haider, Dar-e-Batool, Ali Safdar, Azadar-e-Husaini are popular. But there are MENY more, You can find these nohas on Hussainiat. com, Azadar. com, Azadar. net, Nawhas. com, Imambargah. com, and MENY MENY MORE! The Biggest Legend in nohas, that has recorded nohas is Sachay Bhi.

Shia observances

The Battle is commemorated each year by Shia Muslims in the Remembrance of Muharram. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram The mourning reaches its climax on the 10th of Muharram, the day of the battle, known as Ashurah. Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax It is a day of speeches, public processions, and great grief. Men and women chant and weep, mourning Husayn, his family, and his followers. Speeches emphasize the importance of the values for which Husayn sacrificed himself, his family, and his followers.

In South Asia, the Battle of Karbala has inspired a number of literary and non musical genres, such as the marsiya, noha, and soaz. Marsiya ( Marsia) (مرثیہ is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his comrades of the Karbala Noha (نوحہ is a genre of Arabic, Persian, or Urdu prose depicting the martyrdom of Imam Hussein. Soaz or soz ( Persian / Urdu: سوز is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his comrades

See also

• Husayn ibn Ali
• Day of Ashura
• Persecution of Shia Muslims
• Arba'een
• Sahaba
• Ahl ul-Bayt
• Shi'a Imam
• Azadari
• Zuljenah

Footnotes

References

• Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1990). Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians History of the Prophets and Kings , translation and commentary issued iby I. The History of the Prophets and Kings (Persian تاریخ طبری, Arabic تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, popularly known Tarikh al-Tabari K. A. Howard. SUNY Press. 0395652375.   (volume XIX. )

Bibliography

• al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir -- History of the Prophets and Kings; Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid b. Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians The History of the Prophets and Kings (Persian تاریخ طبری, Arabic تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, popularly known Tarikh al-Tabari Muawiyah, translated by I. K. A Howard, SUNY Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7914-0040-9
• Kennedy, Hugh -- The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, Routledge, 2001

External links

• Battle of Karbala An article by Encyclopedia Britanica Online
• Online book: The Tragedy of Karbala and the Martyrdom of Hazrat Imam Hussain (RA) - By Hazrat Sheykh Abu Anees Muhammad Barkat Ali QSA

Sunni links

• Karbala – A Lesson For Mankind
• UnMasking the other Villains of Karbala
• Who Were Responsible in Killing of the Karbalâ?
• The Tragedy of Karbala and Martyrdom of Imam Hussain

Shia links

• The Story Of Imam Husayn's Martyrdom.
• The history of Abi Mekhnaf, reconstructed and translated into English
• Ayati's discussion of the history of Ashura
• Islam and Karbala
• Ashura.com
• KARBALA: When Skies Wept Blood docufilm hompage
• Mourning for Imam Hussain
• Who Killed Imam Hussain
• Karbala & Imam Hussain
• poetry on Kerbala by Mahmood Abu Shahbaaz Londoni

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