Battle of Iwo Jima Part of World War II, Pacific War US Marines land on Iwo Jima. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between Date February 19, 1945–March 26, 1945 Location Iwo Jima, Japan Result American victory Belligerents  United States  Empire of Japan Commanders Holland Smith Tadamichi Kuribayashi † Strength 110,000 21,000 Casualties and losses 6,821 dead 19,189 wounded[1] 494 missing[1] Total: 26,504 20,703 dead[1] 216 captured[1] Total: 20,919

The Battle of Iwo Jima was the American capture of island of Iwo Jima from the Japanese during the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku General Holland McTyeire "Howlin' Mad" Smith ( April 20, 1882 &ndash January 12, 1967) was a General in the United General was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, best known for his role as overall commander of the Japanese garrison during most of the Battle of Iwo Jima Killed in action ( KIA or K I A) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own forces by other The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Ground fighting on the island lasted from the landings of February 19 to a final Japanese charge the morning of March 26, 1945. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The U. S. invasion, known as Operation Detachment, was charged with the mission of capturing the airfields on Iwo Jima. An airbase, sometimes referred to as an Air Force Station, a military Airport or airfield, provides basing and support of Military Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese ^[1]

The battle was marked by some of the fiercest fighting of the campaign. The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified, with vast bunkers, hidden artillery, and 18 kilometers (11 mi) of tunnels. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for A military bunker is a hardened shelter often buried partly or fully underground designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine ^[2][3] The battle was the first American attack on the Japanese Home Islands and the Imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously. The, which forms the Country of Japan, extends roughly from northeast to southwest along the northeastern coast of the Eurasia mainland washing upon the northwestern Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle, over 20,000 were killed and only 216 taken prisoner. ^[1]

The battle was immortalized by Joe Rosenthal's photograph of the raising of the U.S. flag atop the 166 meter (546 ft) Mount Suribachi by five Marines (Ira Hayes, Mike Strank, Franklin Sousley, Rene Gagnon, Harlon Block) and a U.S. Navy corpsman, John Bradley. Joseph John Rosenthal ( October 9 1911 &ndash August 20 2006) was an American Photographer who received the Pulitzer Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is a Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese Biography The son of Joe E and Nancy W Hayes Ira Hayes was born on the Gila River Indian Reservation in Sacaton Arizona Michael Strank ( Mykhal Strenk; Michal Strenk (November 10 1919 &ndash March 1 1945 was a Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps during World War II Franklin Runyon Sousley ( September 19, 1925 – March 21, 1945) was one of the six men in the famous Photograph of United States Marines Rene Arthur Gagnon (March 07 1925 – October 12 1979 was one of the U Harlon Henry Block ( November 6, 1924 – March 1, 1945) was a United States Marine during World War II. Hospital Corpsman (HM is a rating in the United States Navy and a member of the Navy's Hospital Corps The photograph records the second flag-raising on the mountain, which took place on the fifth day of the 35-day battle. The picture became the iconic image of the battle and has been heavily reproduced. ^[4]

Contents 1 Geography 2 Background 3 Planning and preparation 4 Invasion and battle 5 Raising the flag on Iwo Jima 5.1 First trip to the summit 5.2 First flag 5.3 Second flag 5.4 After Mount Suribachi 6 Counterattack 7 The Medal of Honor 8 Aftermath 9 Strategic importance 10 Legacy 11 Movies and documentaries 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Notes 13.2 Books 14 Further reading 15 External links

Geography

Main article: Iwo Jima

Iwo Jima is a volcanic island about 1,200 km (650 nautical miles) south of Tokyo, 1,300 km (702 nautical miles) north of Guam and approximately halfway between Tokyo and Saipan (24. Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Saipan (saɪˈpæn /saɪˈpɑn/ or /ˈsaɪpæn/ in English is the largest Island and Capital of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern 756°N, 141. 290°E). It is approximately 21 square kilometers (5,200 ac), with Mount Suribachi at its southern tip being its most prominent feature. As described by Ted Allenby, a Marine who fought on the island:

". . . It was ghastly. Iwo was a volcanic island with very little concealment. Cover is something you hide behind-a tree, a bush, a rock. Few trees. No grass. It was almost like a piece of the moon that had dropped down to earth. "

In June 2007 the island was officially renamed Iwo To, a name that had been used by local residents before the war. The name was changed on protest from former residents and after two popular Clint Eastwood films (Flags of Our Fathers and Letters From Iwo Jima) referenced the island as Iwo Jima. Clinton "Clint" Eastwood Jr (born May 31 1930 is a four-time Academy Award winning American Actor and Filmmaker. Flags of Our Fathers is a 2006 American War film directed by Clint Eastwood and written by William Broyles Jr is a 2006 War film directed by Clint Eastwood whose cast includes Ken Watanabe and Kazunari Ninomiya. The Japanese characters for Iwo Jima and Iwo To are the same, but the pronunciation changed when Japanese soldiers arrived and pronounced it differently than the residents.

Background

After the American seizure of the Marshall Islands and devastating air attacks against Truk in the Caroline Islands in February 1944 the Japanese military leadership reappraised the military situation. In the Pacific Theater of World War II, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaigns, from November 1943 through February 1944 were the first offensive Operation Hailstone (トラック島空襲 Torakku-tō Kūshū, lit Chuuk &mdash formerly Truk, Ruk, Hogoleu, Torres, Ugulat, and Lugulus &mdash is an island group in the south western The Caroline Islands form a large Archipelago of widely scattered islands in the western Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Guinea. All indications pointed to an American drive towards the Marianas and Carolines. The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning The Caroline Islands form a large Archipelago of widely scattered islands in the western Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Guinea. To counter such a move they established an inner line of defense extending generally northward from the Carolines to the Marianas, and thence to the Ogasawara Islands. In March 1944 the Thirty-First Army, commanded by General Hideyoshi Obata, was activated for the purpose of garrisoning this inner line. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. Biography Obata was a native of Osaka prefecture. The commander of the Chichi Jima garrison was placed nominally in command of Army and Navy units in the Ogasawara Islands. ChichijimaportJPG|right|250px|thumb|Futami Harbor the port at Chichi-jima]] formerly known as Peel Island, is the largest Island in the Ogasawara archipelago Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops ^[1]

Following the American seizure of bases in the Marshalls in the battles of Kwajalein and Eniwetok in February 1944 both Army and Navy reinforcements were sent to Iwo Jima. The Battle of Kwajalein was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought from January 31, 1944, to February 3, The Battle of Eniwetok was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought between 17 February 1944 and 23 February Five hundred men from the naval base at Yokosuka and an additional 500 from Chichi Jima reached Iwo Jima during March and April 1944. is a city located in Kanagawa, Japan. It is located at the mouth of Tokyo Bay in the Miura Peninsula, and the city stretches across At the same time, with the arrival of reinforcements from Chichi Jima and the home islands, the Army garrison on Iwo Jima had reached a strength of over 5,000 men, equipped with 13 artillery pieces, 200 light and heavy machine guns, and 4,552 rifles. In addition there were numerous 120 mm coastal artillery guns, twelve heavy anti-aircraft guns, and thirty 25 mm dual-mount anti-aircraft guns. Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces ^[1]

The loss of the Marianas during the northern summer of 1944 greatly increased the importance of the Ogasawaras for the Japanese, who were well aware that the loss of these islands would facilitate American air raids against the home islands, disrupting war manufacturing and severely damaging civilian morale. ^[1]

Final Japanese plans for the defense of the Ogasawaras were overshadowed by the fact that the Imperial Japanese Navy had already lost most of its strength and could no longer prevent American landings. For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article Moreover, aircraft losses throughout 1944 had been so heavy that, even if war production were not affected by American air attacks, combined Japanese air strength was not expected to increase to 3,000 aircraft until March or April 1945. Even then, these planes could not be used from bases in the home islands against Iwo Jima because their range did not exceed 900 km (559 miles); besides, all available aircraft had to be hoarded for possible use on Taiwan and adjacent islands near land bases. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. ^[1]

In a postwar study, Japanese staff officers described the strategy applied in the defense of Iwo Jima in the following terms:

In the light of the above situation, seeing that it was impossible to conduct our air, sea, and ground operations on Iwo Jima toward ultimate victory, it was decided that in order to gain time necessary for the preparation of the Homeland defence, our forces should rely solely upon the established defensive equipment in that area, checking the enemy by delaying tactics. Even the suicidal attacks by small groups of our Army and Navy airplanes, the surprise attacks by our submarines, and the actions of parachute units, although effective, could be regarded only as a strategical ruse on our part. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons It was a most depressing thought that we had no available means left for the exploitation of the strategical opportunities which might from time to time occur in the course of these operations.

Daily bomber raids from the Marianas hit the mainland as part of Operation Scavenger. During World War II, Operation Scavenger was the aerial bombardment of Iwo Jima and the Bonin Islands in 1944 as part of the preparation for Iwo Jima served as an early warning station which radioed reports of incoming bombers back to mainland Japan, allowing Japanese air defenses to be prepared for the arrival of American bombers. ^[1]

At the end of the Battle of Leyte in the Philippines the Allies were left with a two month lull in their operations prior to the planned invasion of Okinawa. The Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the invasion and conquest of Leyte in the Philippines by American The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Battle of Okinawa, also known as Operation Iceberg, was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault Iwo Jima was strategically important: it provided an airbase for Japanese aircraft to intercept long-range B-29 bombers and provided a haven for Japanese naval units in dire need of any support available. The capture of Iwo Jima would eliminate these problems and provide a staging area for the eventual invasion of the Japanese mainland. The distance of B-29 raids would be nearly halved, and a base would be available for P-51 Mustang fighters to escort and protect the devastating bomber raids. Intelligence sources were confident that Iwo Jima would fall in five days, unaware that the Japanese were preparing a quintessentially defensive posture, radically departing from any of their previous tactics. So successful was the Japanese preparation that it was discovered after the battle that the hundreds of tons of Allied bombs and thousands of rounds of heavy naval gunfire left the Japanese defenders almost unscathed and ready to wreak losses on the U. S. Marines unparalleled up to that point in the Pacific War. In the light of the optimistic intelligence reports, the decision was made to invade Iwo Jima: the landing was designated Operation Detachment. ^[1]

Planning and preparation

Main article: Planning for the Battle of Iwo Jima

By June 1944, Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi was assigned to command the defense of Iwo Jima. In anticipation of the Battle of Iwo Jima, Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi prepared a defense that broke with Japanese Military doctrine General was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, best known for his role as overall commander of the Japanese garrison during most of the Battle of Iwo Jima While drawing inspiration from the defense in the Battle of Peleliu, he designed a defense that broke with Japanese military doctrine. The Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II, was fought between the United States and Japan in the Pacific Theater of World Rather than contest a beach landing, Kuribayashi ordered the creation of strong, mutual supporting positions in depth utilized the advantages of being in a defensive position to use static and heavy weapons such as heavy machine guns, while Colonel Baron Takeichi Nishi's tanks were used as camouflaged artillery positions. A heavy machine gun refers to either a larger-caliber high-power Machine gun or one of the smaller medium-caliber (rifle caliber machine guns meant for prolonged firing from Takeichi 2nd Baron Nishi ( ( July 12 1902 - March 22 1945 (? was a Japanese Imperial Army officer equestrian Show Kuribayashi organized the southern area of the island around Mt. Suribachi as a semi-independent sector, while the main defensive line was built in the north. The nearly constant American naval and air bombardment further prompted the creation of an extensive system of tunnels, bunkers, and pillboxes that greatly favored the defender. Kuribayashi expected defeat so his battle plan was to inflict heavy enemy casualties so that the United States would reconsider an invasion of the Japanese main islands.

The American plan of attack was relatively straightforward. The 4th and 5th Marine Divisions were to land on the south eastern beach and initially focus on securing Mt. The 4th Marine Division is a reserve division in the United States Marine Corps. The 5th Marine Division was an infantry division in the United States Marine Corps. Suribachi, the southern airfields and the west coast. Once this was completed, the line, reinforced by the 3rd Marine Division, would swing and advance to the northeast. The 3rd Marine Division is an infantry division in the United States Marine Corps based out of Okinawa, Japan.

Invasion and battle

At 02:00 on February 19, battleship guns signaled the commencement of the invasion of Iwo Jima. Service Life Ordered south soon after commissioning New York was Flagship for Rear Admiral Frank F Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum American naval craft used nearly everything available in their arsenal to shell the island, from the main guns to the antiaircraft flak cannons to the newly developed rockets. Soon thereafter, 100 bombers attacked the island, followed by another volley from the naval guns. ^[5]

Although the bombing was consistent, it did not deter the Japanese defenses, since most of the Japanese positions were well-fortified and protected from shelling. Many were sheltered by Mount Suribachi itself, as the Japanese had spent the months prior to the invasion creating an elaborate system of tunnels and firing positions that ran throughout the entire mountain. For instance, some of the Japanese heavy artillery were concealed by reinforced steel doors in massive chambers built inside of Suribachi, which were nearly impenetrable to projectiles from the American bombardment. ^[5]

At 08:59, one minute ahead of schedule, the first of an eventual 30,000 Marines of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Marine Divisions, under V Amphibious Corps, landed on the beach. The V Amphibious Corps (VAC was a formation of the United States Marine Corps and was composed of the Third, Fourth and Fifth Marine Divisions ^[5]

The initial wave was not hit by Japanese fire for quite some time; it was the plan of Japanese General Kuribayashi to hold fire until the beach was full of Marines and equipment. ^[5]

Many of the Marines who landed on the beach in the first wave speculated that perhaps the naval artillery and air bombardment of the island had killed all of the Japanese troops that were expected to be defending the island. ^[1] In the deathly silence, they became somewhat unnerved as Marine patrols began to advance inland in search of the Japanese positions. ^[1]

Only after the front wave of Marines reached a line of Japanese bunkers defended by machine gunners did they take hostile fire. Many cleverly concealed Japanese bunkers and firing positions suddenly lit up and the first wave of Marines took devastating blows as rows upon rows of men were mowed down by the machine guns. ^[5]

Aside from the Japanese defenses situated on the actual "beaches", the Marines faced heavy fire from Mount Suribachi at the south of the island. Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese It was extremely difficult for the Marines to advance because of the inhospitable terrain, which consisted of volcanic ash. This ash allowed for neither a secure footing nor the construction of defensive foxholes to protect the Marines from hostile fire. However, the ash did help to absorb a portion of the fragments that were expelled by the Japanese artillery. ^[5]

The Japanese heavy artillery in Suribachi would open their reinforced steel doors to fire and then immediately close their doors following to prevent counterfire from the American forces. This made it extremely difficult for American units to destroy a piece of Japanese artillery. ^[5]

To make matters worse for the American troops, the bunkers were connected to the elaborate tunnel system so that bunkers that were cleared with flamethrowers and grenades became operational shortly after Marines had declared them "cleared. " These reactivated bunkers caused many additional casualties among them as Marines walking past these bunkers did not expect them to suddenly become hostile again. ^[5]

The Marines advanced slowly while taking heavy machine gun and artillery fire. Due to the arrival of armored units, heavy naval artillery and air units maintaining a heavy base of fire on Suribachi, the Marines were eventually able to advance past the beaches. ^[5]

760 Marines made a near-suicidal charge across to the other side of Iwo Jima that day. They took heavy casualties, but they made a considerable advance. By the evening the mountain had been cut off from the rest of the island, and 30,000 Marines had landed. About 40,000 more would follow. ^[5]

In the days after the landings, the Marines expected a banzai attack during the night. A was a name applied during World War II to Human wave -style attacks mounted by infantry forces of the Imperial Japanese Army. This had been the standard Japanese final defense strategy in previous battles against enemy ground forces in the Pacific (such as the Battle of Saipan), during which the majority of the Japanese attackers would be killed and the Japanese strength greatly reduced. The Battle of Saipan was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands from However Kuribayashi had strictly forbidden banzai charges because he considered them futile. ^[5]

The fighting was extremely fierce. The Americans' advance was stalled by numerous defensive positions augmented by artillery, where they were ambushed by Japanese troops that occasionally sprung out of tunnels. The Marines learned that firearms were relatively ineffective against the Japanese defenders and effectively used flamethrowers and grenades to flush out Japanese troops in the tunnels. A flamethrower is a mechanical device designed to project a long controllable stream of Fire. One of the technological innovations of the battle, the eight Sherman M4A3R3 medium tanks equipped with the Navy Mark I flame thrower ("Ronson" or Zippo Tanks), proved very effective at clearing Japanese positions. World War II foreign variants and use Lend-Lease Sherman tanks. A flame tank is a term commonly applied to a Tank or other Armoured fighting vehicle equipped with a Flamethrower. The Shermans were difficult to disable, such that defenders were often compelled to assault them in the open, where they would fall victim to the superior numbers of Marines. ^[5]

Close air support was initially provided by fighters from escort carriers off the coast. The Browning Model 1917 Machine Gun is a Heavy machine gun used by the United States armed forces in World War I World War II Korea, and to a limited In Military tactics, close air support ( CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to The escort aircraft carrier or escort carrier (popularly known as the jeep carrier) was a small Aircraft carrier utilized by the Royal Navy This shifted over to the 15th Fighter Group, flying P-51 Mustangs, after they arrived on the island on March 6. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Similarly, illumination rounds (flares) which were used to light up the battlefield at night were initially provided by ships, shifting over later to landing force artillery. Navajo code talkers were part of the American ground communications, along with walkie-talkies and SCR-610 backpack radio sets. A walkie-talkie (more formally known as a handheld transceiver) is a hand-held portable Two-way radio Transceiver. ^[5]

After running out of most water, food, and supplies, the Japanese troops became desperate towards the end of the battle. Kuribayashi, who had argued against banzai attacks at the start of the battle, realized that Japanese defeat was imminent. Marines began to face increasing numbers of nighttime attacks; these were only repelled by a combination of machine gun defensive positions and artillery support. At times, the marines engaged in hand-to-hand fighting to repel the Japanese attacks. ^[5]

With the landing area secure, more troops and heavy equipment came ashore and the invasion proceeded north to capture the airfields and the remainder of the island. Most Japanese soldiers fought to the death. ^[5]

Raising the flag on Iwo Jima

Main article: Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima

Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is a historic photograph taken on February 23, 1945, by Joe Rosenthal. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Joseph John Rosenthal ( October 9 1911 &ndash August 20 2006) was an American Photographer who received the Pulitzer It depicts five United States Marines and a U.S. Navy corpsman raising the flag of the United States atop Mount Suribachi. Hospital Corpsman (HM is a rating in the United States Navy and a member of the Navy's Hospital Corps Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese ^[4]

The photograph was extremely popular, being reprinted in thousands of publications. Later, it became the only photograph to win the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in the same year as its publication, and ultimately came to be regarded as one of the most significant and recognizable images of the war, and possibly the most reproduced photograph of all time. ^[4]

Of the six men depicted in the picture, three (Franklin Sousley, Harlon Block, and Michael Strank) did not survive the battle; the three survivors (John Bradley, Rene Gagnon, and Ira Hayes) became celebrities upon the publication of the photo. Franklin Runyon Sousley ( September 19, 1925 – March 21, 1945) was one of the six men in the famous Photograph of United States Marines Harlon Henry Block ( November 6, 1924 – March 1, 1945) was a United States Marine during World War II. Michael Strank ( Mykhal Strenk; Michal Strenk (November 10 1919 &ndash March 1 1945 was a Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps during World War II John Bradley may refer to John Bradley (Navy, US Navy Corpsman and one of the flag raisers in the Battle of Iwo Jima John Bradley (actor Rene Arthur Gagnon (March 07 1925 – October 12 1979 was one of the U Biography The son of Joe E and Nancy W Hayes Ira Hayes was born on the Gila River Indian Reservation in Sacaton Arizona The picture was later used by Felix de Weldon to sculpt the USMC War Memorial, located adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery just outside Washington, D.C.^[4]

First trip to the summit

By morning of the fourth day of the battle (February 23), Mount Suribachi was effectively cut off from the rest of the island—above ground. Felix Weihs de Weldon ( April 12, 1907 – June 3, 2003) was an American sculptor. The Marine Corps War Memorial is a military memorial Statue located near the Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon in Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable By then, the Marines knew that the Japanese defenders had an extensive network of below-ground defenses, and knew that in spite of its isolation above ground, the volcano was still connected to Japanese defenders via the tunnel network. They expected a fierce fight for the summit.

Two four-man patrols were sent up the volcano to reconnoiter routes on the mountain's north face. In Military tactics, a patrol is often a small tactical grouping sent out by land sea or air to perform a specific task Popular legend (embroidered by the press in the aftermath of the release of the famous photo "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima") has it that the Marines fought all the way up to the summit. Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is a But although the American riflemen were tensed for an ambush, none materialized. The Marines did encounter small groups of Japanese defenders on Suribachi, but the majority of the Japanese troops stayed underground in the tunnel network. The Japanese that did attack, attacked in small numbers and they were generally all killed. The patrols made it to the summit and scrambled down again. They reported the lack of enemy contact to Colonel Chandler Johnson. ^[5]

First flag

Johnson then called for a platoon of Marines to climb Suribachi. Louis R "Lou" Lowery ( July 24 1916 &ndash April 15 1987) was a United States Marine Corps photographer best known A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two to four sections or Squads and containing about 30 to 50 soldiers With them, he sent a small American flag to fly if they reached the summit. Again, Marines began the ascent, expecting to be ambushed at any moment. And again, the Marines reached the top of Suribachi without incident. Using a length of pipe they found among the wreckage atop the mountain, the Marines hoisted the U. S. flag over Mount Suribachi, the first foreign flag to fly on Japanese soil. ^[6] A photograph of this "first flag raising" was taken by photographer Louis R. Lowery. Louis R "Lou" Lowery ( July 24 1916 &ndash April 15 1987) was a United States Marine Corps photographer best known

As the flag went up, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal had just landed on the beach at the foot of Mt. The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. James Vincent Forrestal ( February 15, 1892 &ndash May 22, 1949) was a United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United Suribachi. He decided that he wanted the flag as a souvenir. Popular legend has it that Colonel Johnson wanted the flag for himself; in fact, he believed that the flag belonged to the 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, who had captured that section of the island. The 2nd Battalion 28th Marines (2/28 is an inactive Infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps. He sent Sergeant Mike Strank (who was photographed in the Flag Raising picture) to take a second (larger) flag up the volcano to replace the first. As the first flag came down, the second went up.

Second flag

It was after the second flag went up that Associated Press photographer Joe Rosenthal took the famous photograph "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" of the replacement flag being planted on the mountain's summit. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Joseph John Rosenthal ( October 9 1911 &ndash August 20 2006) was an American Photographer who received the Pulitzer Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is a

After Mount Suribachi

Despite the loss of Mt. Suribachi on the south end of the island, the Japanese still held strong positions on the north end. Remaining under the command of Kuribayashi was the equivalent of eight infantry battalions, a tank regiment, two artillery, and three heavy mortar battalions, plus the 5,000 gunners and naval infantry. The struggle to take the Motoyama Plateau, including "Turkey Knob," took nearly three weeks. The Japanese actually had the Marines outgunned in this area, and the extensive network of tunnels allowed the Japanese to reappear in areas thought to have been cleared and therefore "safe".

Counterattack

On the night of March 25, a 300-man Japanese force launched a final counterattack in the vicinity of Airfield Number 2. World War II foreign variants and use Lend-Lease Sherman tanks. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Army pilots, Seabees and Marines of the 5th Pioneer Battalion and 28th Marines fought the Japanese force until morning but suffered heavy casualties—more than 100 were killed and another 200 Americans were wounded. The Seabees are the Construction Battalions of the United States Navy. The island was officially declared "secured" the following day.

Although still a matter of speculation because of conflicting accounts from surviving Japanese veterans, it has been said that Kuribayashi led this final assault,^[1] which unlike the loud banzai charge of previous battles, was characterised as a silent attack. If ever proven true, Kuribayashi would have been the highest ranking Japanese officer to have personally led an attack during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Additionally, this would also be Kuribayashi's final act of departure from the normal practice of the commanding Japanese officers committing seppuku behind the lines while the rest perished in the banzai charge, as happened during the battles of Saipan and Okinawa. is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by Disembowelment. Seppuku was originally reserved only for Samurai. The Battle of Saipan was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands from The Battle of Okinawa, also known as Operation Iceberg, was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault

The Medal of Honor

Main articles: Medal of Honor and List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima

The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. This is a list of United States military personnel who received the Medal of Honor for their actions during the Battle of Iwo Jima. Awards and decorations of the United States military are Military decorations which recognize service and personal accomplishments while a member of the United States armed The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…" Because of its nature, the medal is commonly awarded posthumously. Since its creation during the American Civil War it has only been presented 3464 times.

During this 1-month-long battle, 27 U. S. military personnel were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions, 14 of them posthumously. Of the 27 medals awarded, 23 were presented to Marines and four were presented to United States Navy sailors; this is a full 30% of the 82 Medals of Honor awarded to Marines in the entirety of World War II. ^[7]

Aftermath

Of the over 21,000 Japanese soldiers entrenched on the island, 20,703 died either from fighting or by ritual suicide. The national flag of Japan is a white Flag with a large red circle (representing the rising sun) in the center Only 216 were captured during the battle. The Allied forces suffered 27,909 casualties, with 6,825 killed in action. The number of American casualties was greater than the total Allied casualties on D-Day (estimated at 10,000, compared with 125,847 American casualties during the entire Battle of Normandy). D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote ^[8] Iwo Jima was also the only U. S. Marine battle where the American casualties exceeded the Japanese. ^[9] Because all the civilians had been evacuated, there were no civilian casualties at Iwo Jima, unlike at Saipan and Okinawa. The Battle of Saipan was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands from The Battle of Okinawa, also known as Operation Iceberg, was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault ^[10]

After Iwo Jima was declared secured, the Marines estimated there were no more than three hundred Japanese left alive in the island's warren of caves and tunnels. In fact, there were close to three thousand. The Japanese bushido code of honor, coupled with effective propaganda which portrayed American G. I. 's as ruthless animals, prevented surrender for many Japanese soldiers. Those who could not bring themselves to commit suicide hid in the caves during the day and came out at night to prowl for provisions. Some did eventually surrender and were surprised that the Americans often received them with compassion, offering water, cigarettes, or coffee. ^[11] The last of these stragglers, two of Lieutenant Toshihiko Ohno's men, Yamakage Kufuku and Matsudo Linsoki, lasted six years without being caught and finally surrendering in 1951^[12] (another source gives the date of surrender as January 6, 1949). Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[13]

Strategic importance

Given the number of casualties, the necessity and long-term significance of the island's capture to the outcome of the war was a contentious issue from the beginning, and remains disputed. As early as April 1945 retired Chief of Naval Operations, William V. Pratt, asked in Newsweek magazine about the

expenditure of manpower to acquire a small, God-forsaken island, useless to the Army as a staging base and useless to the Navy as a fleet base . Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. . . [one] wonders if the same sort of airbase could not have been reached by acquiring other strategic localities at lower cost. ^[14]

The Japanese on Iwo Jima had radar and were thus able to notify their comrades at home of incoming B-29 Superfortresses flying from the Mariana Islands. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning Fighter aircraft based on Iwo Jima sometimes attacked these planes, which were especially vulnerable on their way to Japan because they were heavily laden with bombs and fuel. Although the island was used as an air-sea rescue base after its seizure, the traditional justification for Iwo Jima's strategic importance to the United States' war effort has been that it provided a landing and refueling site for American bombers on missions to and from Japan. As early as March 4, 1945, while fighting was still taking place, the B-29 bomber Dinah Might of the USAAF 9th Bomb Group reported it was low on fuel near the island and requested an emergency landing. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. The 9th Bomb Group (Very Heavy was an air combat unit of the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War and as the 9th Operations Group Despite enemy fire, the airplane landed on the Allied-controlled section of the island, without incident, and was serviced, refueled and departed. In all, 2,251 B-29 Superfortress landings on Iwo Jima were recorded during the war.

None of these calculations played much if any of a role in the original decision to invade, however, which was almost entirely based on the Army Air Force's belief that the island would be a useful base for long-range fighter escorts. These escorts proved both impractical and unnecessary, and only ten such missions were ever flown from Iwo Jima. ^[15] Other justifications are also debatable. Although some Japanese interceptors were based on Iwo Jima, their impact on the American bombing effort was marginal; in the three months before the invasion only 11 B-29s were lost as a result. ^[16] The Superfortresses found it unnecessary to make any major detour around the island. ^[17] The capture of Iwo Jima did not affect the Japanese early-warning radar system, which continued to receive information on incoming B-29s from the island of Rota (which was never attacked). Rota ( Chamoru: Luta) also known as the "peaceful island" is the ^[18]

Some downed B-29 crewmen were saved by air-sea rescue aircraft and vessels operating from the island, but Iwo Jima was only one of many islands that could have been used for such a purpose. As for the importance of the island as a landing and refueling site for bombers, Marine Captain Robert Burrell, then a history instructor at the United States Naval Academy, suggested that only a small proportion of the 2,251 landings were for genuine emergencies, the great majority possibly being for minor technical checkups, training, or refueling. The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland, United States that educates and commissions officers of the United States According to Burrell,

this justification became prominent only after the Marines seized the island and incurred high casualties. The tragic cost of Operation Detachment pressured veterans, journalists, and commanders to fixate on the most visible rationalization for the battle. The sight of the enormous, costly, and technologically sophisticated B-29 landing on the island's small airfield most clearly linked Iwo Jima to the strategic bombing campaign. As the myths about the flag raisings on Mount Suribachi reached legendary proportions, so did the emergency landing theory in order to justify the need to raise that flag. ^[19]

Nevertheless, in promoting his expanded exploration of the issue, The Ghosts of Iwo Jima, Burrell's publishers also point out that the very losses formed the basis for a "reverence for the Marine Corps" that not only embodied the "American national spirit" but ensured the "institutional survival" of the Marine Corps. ^[20]

Legacy

The United States Navy has commissioned several ships of the name USS Iwo Jima. Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War Three ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Iwo Jima, in memory of the Battle of Iwo Jima.

The U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial near Arlington National Cemetery memorializes all U. The Marine Corps War Memorial is a military memorial Statue located near the Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon in Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War S. Marines with a statue of the famous picture.

On February 19, 1985, the 40th anniversary of the landings, an event called the "Reunion of Honor" was held. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) The veterans of both sides who fought in the battle of Iwo Jima attended the event. The place was the invasion beach where U. S. forces landed. A memorial on which writings were engraved by both sides was built at the center of the meeting place. A memorial is an object which serves as a memory of something usually a person (who has died or an event Japanese attended at the mountain side, where the Japanese writing was carved, and Americans attended at the shore side, where the English writing was carved. After unveiling and offering of flowers were made, the representatives of both countries approached the memorial; upon meeting, they shook hands. The old soldiers embraced each other and cried.

The combined Japan-U. S. memorial service of the 50th anniversary of the battle was held in front of the monument in February 1995. Further memorial services have been held on later anniversaries.

Movies and documentaries

• To the Shores of Iwo Jima, a 1945 American documentary produced by the United States Navy, Marine Corps and the Coast Guard. To the Shores of Iwo Jima was a 1945 Kodachrome color short war film produced by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality
• Glamour Gal, a 1945 film about Marine artillery
• Sands of Iwo Jima, a 1949 American film starring John Wayne. Glamour Gal was a 1945 Propaganda film documentary film about the eponymous large Artillery gun and the ten Marines who work her "a team Sands of Iwo Jima is a 1950 War film which follows a group of Marines from training to the Battle of Iwo Jima during World John Wayne ( May 26, 1907 &ndash June 11, 1979) was an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award -winning American
• The Outsider, a 1961 film starring Tony Curtis as the conflicted flag raiser Ira Hayes. Tony Curtis (born Bernard Schwartz June 3, 1925) is an American film actor Biography The son of Joe E and Nancy W Hayes Ira Hayes was born on the Gila River Indian Reservation in Sacaton Arizona ^[21]
• Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima are two films directed by Clint Eastwood. Flags of Our Fathers is a 2006 American War film directed by Clint Eastwood and written by William Broyles Jr is a 2006 War film directed by Clint Eastwood whose cast includes Ken Watanabe and Kazunari Ninomiya. Clinton "Clint" Eastwood Jr (born May 31 1930 is a four-time Academy Award winning American Actor and Filmmaker. Flags of Our Fathers is filmed from the American perspective and is based on the book by James Bradley and Ron Powers (Flags of Our Fathers). James Bradley ( c February 1954- is an American Author, specializing in historical Nonfiction chronicling the Pacific theatre of Flags Of Our Fathers (2000 is the New York Times bestselling book by James Bradley with Ron Powers about the five United States Letters from Iwo Jima (originally titled Red Sun, Black Sand) is filmed from the Japanese perspective.

See also

• Doss, Texas, site of 60th anniversary (2005) re-enactment of the Battle Iwo Jima
• USMC War Memorial
• List of Naval and land based operations in Pacific Theater during WW2
• Japanese Military Propaganda - Iwo Jima Garrison Song
• List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima

References

Notes

Books

• Allen, Robert E. (2004). The First Battalion of the 28th Marines on Iwo Jima: A Day-by-Day History from Personal Accounts and Official Reports, with Complete Muster Rolls. Jefferson, N. C. : McFarland & Company. ISBN 0786405600. OCLC 41157682. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Bradley, James; Ron Powers [2000] (2001). James Bradley ( c February 1954- is an American Author, specializing in historical Nonfiction chronicling the Pacific theatre of Flags of Our Fathers. New York: Bantam. ISBN 055338029X. OCLC 48215748. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Bradley, James (2003). James Bradley ( c February 1954- is an American Author, specializing in historical Nonfiction chronicling the Pacific theatre of Flyboys: A True Story of Courage. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316105848. OCLC 52071383. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Buell, Hal (2006). Uncommon Valor, Common Virtue: Iwo Jima and the Photograph that Captured America. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 0425209806. OCLC 65978720. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Burrell, Robert S. (2006). The Ghosts of Iwo Jima. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585444839. OCLC 61499920. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Hammel, Eric (2006). Eric M Hammel is a Military historian, with a focus on the military campaigns of the United States Marine Corps, and military action in World War II. Iwo Jima: Portrait of a Battle: United States Marines at War in the Pacific. St. Paul, Minn. : Zenith Press. ISBN 0760325200. OCLC 69104268. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Hearn, Chester (2003). Sorties into Hell: The Hidden War on Chichi Jima. Westport, Conn. : Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275980812. OCLC 51968985. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Kakehashi, Kumiko (2007). So Sad to Fall in Battle: An Account of War Based on General Tadamichi Kuribayashi's Letters from Iwo Jima. Presidio Press. ISBN 0891419179.  
• Kirby, Lawrence F. (1995). Stories From The Pacific: The Island War 1942-1945. Manchester, Mass. : The Masconomo Press. ISBN 0964510316. OCLC 32971472. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Leckie, Robert [1967] (2005). The Battle for Iwo Jima. New York: ibooks, Inc. ISBN 1590192419. OCLC 56015751. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Lucas, Jack; D. K. Drum (2006). Indestructible: The Unforgettable Story of a Marine Hero at the Battle of Iwo Jima. Cambridge, Mass. : Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306814706. OCLC 68175700. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Morison, Samuel Eliot [1970] (2002). Samuel Eliot Morison, Rear Admiral, United States Naval Reserve ( July 9, 1887 – May 15, 1976) was an American Victory in the Pacific, 1945, vol. 14 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. The History of United States Naval Operations in World War II is a 15-volume account of the United States Navy in World War II, written by eminent Urbana, Ill. : University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252070658. OCLC 49784806. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Newcomb, Richard F.; Harry Schmidt [1965] (2002). Richard F Newcomb, a graduate of Rutgers College, served as a wartime naval correspondent during World War II and received a Purple Heart. Iwo Jima. New York: Owl Books. ISBN 0805070710. OCLC 48951047. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Overton, Richard E. (2006). God Isn't Here: A Young American's Entry into World War II and His Participation in the Battle for Iwo Jima. Clearfield, Utah: American Legacy Media. ISBN 0976154706. OCLC 60694955. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Ross, Bill D. [1985] (1986). Iwo Jima: Legacy of Valor. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0394742885. OCLC 13582622. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Shively, John C. (2006). The Last Lieutenant: A Foxhole View of the Epic Battle for Iwo Jima. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253347289. OCLC 61761637. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Toyn, Gary W. (2006). The Quiet Hero: The Untold Medal of Honor Story of George E. Wahlen at the Battle for Iwo Jima. Clearfield, Utah: American Legacy Media. ISBN 0976154714. OCLC 72161745. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Veronee, Marvin D. (2001). A portfolio of photographs : selected to illustrate the setting for my experience in the battle of Iwo Jima, World War II, Pacific theater. Quantico: Visionary Pub. . ISBN 0971592829. OCLC 52001277. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Wells, John K. (1995). Give Me Fifty Marines Not Afraid to Die: Iwo Jima. Abilene, Tex. : Quality Publications. ISBN 096446750X. OCLC 32153036. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Wheeler, Richard [1980] (1994). Iwo. Annapolis, Md. : Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557509220. OCLC 31693687. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Wheeler, Richard [1965] (1994). The Bloody Battle for Suribachi. Annapolis, Md. : Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557509239. OCLC 31970164. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Wright, Derrick [1999] (2007). The Battle of Iwo Jima 1945. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0750945443. OCLC 67871973. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  

Further reading

• Alexander, Col. Joseph H. , USMC (Ret). (1994). Closing In: Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima, Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Washington, D. C. : History and Museums Division, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 32194668. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Bartley, LtCol. Whitman S. , USMC (1954). Iwo Jima: Amphibious Epic, Marines in World War II Historical Monograph. Washington, D. C. : Historical, Division of Public Information, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 28592680. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  

External links

• Garand, George W. and Truman R. Strobridge. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II Volume IV: Western Pacific Operations
• Colour Combat Footage of the Battle of Iwo Jima at sonicbomb. com
• IwoJima.com: A site dedicated to Iwo Jima and the famous battle
• WW2DB.com: Battle of Iwo Jima with 220 photographs
• 3-D Stereo Photograph of Iwo Jima Flag-raising - From The Tampa Tribune and TBO. com
• Mt. Suribachi HDR Image - A tone-mapped High Dynamic Range Image taken of Iwo Jima in February 2007
• A lesson plan with primary sources Iwo Jima: Forgotten Valor from the Portal to Texas History
• Animated History of The Battle for Iwo Jima
• Scholarly article/overview of the Battle of Iwo Jima
• Iwo Jima Combat Footage in Color - From WW2incolor. com
• Jeremy Lemer (February 15, 2005). Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Remembering the Battle of Iwo Jima. Columbia News Service. Retrieved on 2006-10-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
• Operations map of Iwo Jima, prepared 23 Oct 1944
• Whitman, Bartley S. , Lt. Col. USMC. Iwo Jima: Amphibious Epic, Marines in World War II Historical Monograph, Historical Section, Division of Public Information Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, 1954. Published online by ibiblio.org, a collaboration of the School of Information and Library Science and the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
• To the Shores of Iwo Jima - From Google Video

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