Battle of Incheon
Part of the Korean War
Four tank landing ships unload men and equipment on Red Beach one day after the amphibious landings in South Korea. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the Landing Ship Tank ( LST) was the military designation for naval vessels created during World War II to support Amphibious operations by carrying significant South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː
Date September 15 – September 19, 1950 Location Incheon, South Korea Result Decisive United Nations victory
Belligerents
United Nations	North Korea
Commanders
Douglas MacArthur Arthur Dewey Struble Oliver P. Smith[1] Paik In-Yeop Shin Hyun-Jun	Kim Il-sung Choi Yong-Kun
Strength
40,000 total combat troops	1000 men on the beaches, 5000 in Seoul and 500 in the near airport of Kimpo
Casualties and losses
222 killed	1350 killed, unknown number captured

The Battle of Incheon (Korean: 인천 상륙 작전 Incheon Sangryuk Jakjeon; code name: Operation Chromite) was a decisive invasion and battle during the Korean War. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Incheon is a metropolitan city and a major seaport on the west coast of South Korea, near Seoul. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Arthur Dewey Struble (June 28 1894 &ndash May 1 1983 was a US Oliver Prince Smith (October 26 1893- December 25 1977 was a General in the United States Marine Corps and a highly decorated combat veteran of World War II Kim Il-sung ( 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in early Choi Yong-Kun (1900 or 1903 - 1972 was the Korean People's Army chief commander from 1948 to 1953 North Korean Defence minister from 1953 to 1957 and the This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the

The battle began on September 15, 1950, and ended around September 28. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. During the amphibious operation, United Nations (UN) forces secured Inchon and broke out of the Busan region through a series of landings in enemy territory. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Incheon is a metropolitan city and a major seaport on the west coast of South Korea, near Seoul. The majority of UN ground forces participating in this assault were U.S. Marines, commanded by General of the Army Douglas MacArthur. General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation.

The Battle of Inchon ended a string of victories by the invading North Korean People's Army (NKPA) and began a counterattack by United Nations forces that led to the recapture of Seoul. The Korean People's Army (short KPA is the Military of North Korea. A counterattack Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. The advance north ended near the Yalu River, when China's People's Volunteer Army, feeling strategically threatened by what would be the complete loss of Korea, entered the conflict by deploying what would amount to approximately one hundred and fifty thousand of Chinese troops in support of North Korea, overrunning UN forces along the Ch'ongch'on River and forcing a withdrawal after the Battle of Chosin Reservoir to South Korea. The Yalu River ( Chinese) or the Amnok River ( Korean) is a River on the border between China and North Korea. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA ( was the Army deployed by the Chinese government during the Korean War. The Battle of Chosin Reservoir was a battle in the Korean War, in which 30000 United Nations (UN troops (nicknamed the "Frozen Chosin" or "The South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː

Background

Planning

The idea to land UN forces at Inchon was suggested by MacArthur after he visited the Korean battlefield on June 29, 1950, four days after the war began. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. MacArthur thought that the North Korean army would push the South Korean army back far past Seoul. The Republic of Korea Army ( ROK Army, ROKA, Korean: 대한민국 육군 Hanja: 大韓民國 陸軍 is by far the largest of the military branches He decided that the battered, demoralized, and under-equipped South Koreans could not hold off the NKPA's advances even with American reinforcements. MacArthur felt that he could turn the tide if he made a decisive troop movement behind enemy lines. He hoped that a landing near Inchon would allow him to cut off the NKPA and destroy that army as a useful fighting force, thus winning the war.

In order to accomplish such a large amphibious operation, MacArthur requested the use of United States Marine Corps expeditionary forces, having become familiar with their ability to integrate amphibious operations in the Pacific during World War II. The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including However, the Marines at that point were still recovering from a series of severe program cutbacks instituted by the Truman administration and Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Louis Arthur Johnson ( January 10, 1891 - April 24, 1966) was the second United States Secretary of Defense, serving in Indeed, Johnson had tried to eliminate the Marines entirely and slashed Marine expeditionary forces from a World War II peak of 300,000 men to just over 27,000. Much of the Marines' landing craft and amphibious carriers had been sold off, scrapped, or transferred to the exclusive use of the U. S. Army. After hastily re-equipping Marine forces with aging World War II landing craft, withdrawing Marine units from the Pusan perimeter, and stripping recruitment depots bare of men, Marine commanders were just able to mount a force capable of undertaking offensive operations. ^[2][3]

MacArthur decided to use the Joint Strategic and Operations Group (JSPOG) of his Far East Command (FECOM). The Joint Strategic and Operations Group, also know as the Joint Strategic Plans and Operations Group (JSPOG was a committee that was instituted during the Korean War to facilitate The initial plan was met with skepticism by the other generals because Inchon's natural and artificial defenses were formidable. The approaches to Inchon were two restricted passages, Flying Fish and Eastern channels, which could be easily blocked by mines. A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited The current of the channels was also dangerously quick—three to eight knots. Finally, the anchorage was small and the harbor surrounded by tall seawalls. A seawall is a form of hard and strong Coastal defence constructed on the inland part of a Coast to reduce the effects of strong Waves. Commander Arlie G. Capps noted "We drew up a list of every natural and geographic handicap—and Inchon had 'em all. "

These problems, along with the advancing North Korean army, forced MacArthur to abandon his first plan, Operation Bluehearts, which called for an Inchon landing in July 1950.

Despite these obstacles, in September MacArthur issued a revised plan of assault on Inchon: Plan 100-B, codenamed Operation Chromite. A briefing led by Admiral James Doyle concluded "the best that I can say is that Inchon is not impossible. Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers " Officers at the briefing spent much of their time asking about alternative landing sites such as Kunsan. Gunsan is a city in North Jeolla Province South Korea. It is located on the south bank of the Geum River just upstream from its exit into the MacArthur spent 45 minutes after the briefing explaining his reasons for choosing Inchon. He said that because it was so heavily defended, the enemy would not expect an attack there, that victory at Inchon would avoid a brutal winter campaign, and that, by invading a northern strong point, the UN forces could cut off North Korean lines of communication. Inchon was also chosen because of its proximity to Seoul. Admiral Forrest P. Sherman and General J. Lawton Collins returned to Washington, D.C., and had the invasion approved. Forrest Percival Sherman ( 30 October 1896 &ndash 22 July 1951) was an Admiral in the United States Navy and the youngest Joseph "Lightning Joe" Lawton Collins ( 1 May 1896 &ndash 12 September 1987) was a General in the United Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D

The landing at Inchon was not the first large-scale amphibious operation since World War II. That distinction belonged to the July 18, 1950 landing at Pohang. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pohang is a city in North Gyeongsang Province South Korea. The built-up area of Pohang is located on the alluvium of the mouth of the Hyeongsan River However, that operation was not made in enemy held territory and was unopposed. ^[4]

Before the landing

The M26 Pershing enjoyed domination over T-34 tanks at Inchon. The Heavy Tank M26 Pershing was an American heavy tank used during World War II and the Korean War. The T-34 was a Soviet medium tank produced from 1941 to 1958 It is widely regarded as having been the world's best Tank when the Soviet Union One tank of B Company, 1st Tank Battalion, U.S Marines, landed on Pusan port on August 2nd 1950, destroying an unknown but large number of T-34 tanks of the North Korean 42nd Armored Regiment. The 1st Tank Battalion is an armored battalion of the United States Marine Corps which is based out of the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[5]

Seven days before the main attack on Inchon, a joint Central Intelligence Agency–military intelligence reconnaissance, codenamed Trudy Jackson, placed a team of guerrillas in Inchon. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Military intelligence (abbreviated MI int Commonwealth, or intel Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The group, led by Navy Lieutenant Eugene Clark, landed at Yonghung-do, an island in the mouth of the harbor. Commander Eugene F Clark,USN was deployed (as a Lieutenant to the Flying Fish Channel leading into Inchon An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant From there, they relayed intelligence back to U. S. forces.

With the help of locals, the guerrillas gathered information about tides, mudflats, seawalls and enemy fortifications. Characteristics A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages Over several hours the water rises or advances up a beach in the flood Mudflats (also tidal flats, tide flats, etc are coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by tides or rivers Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for The mission's most important contribution was the restarting of a lighthouse on Palmi-do. A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an When the North Koreans discovered that the allied agents had entered the peninsula, they sent an attack craft with 16 infantrymen. Eugene Clark mounted a machine gun on a sampan and sank the attack boat. In response, the North Koreans killed up to 50 civilians for helping Clark.

A series of drills and tests were conducted elsewhere on the coast of Korea, where conditions were similar to Inchon, before the actual invasion. These drills were used to perfect the timing and performance of the landing craft. ^[4]

As the landing groups neared, cruisers and destroyers from several UN navies shelled Wolmi-do and checked for mines in Flying Fish Channel. A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy The first Canadian forces entered the Korean War when HMCS Cayuga, HMCS Athabaskan and HMCS Sioux bombarded the coast. See also List of ships of the Canadian Navy Royal Canadian Navy#"Mutinees" in 1949 The Fast Carrier Force flew fighter cover, interdiction, and ground attack missions. Combat air patrol (CAP is a type of flying mission for Fighter aircraft. Air interdiction (AI is the use of aircraft to attack tactical ground targets that are not in close proximity to friendly ground forces Ground-attack aircraft are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as Close air support for and in proximity to their own ground forces Destroyer Squadron Nine, headed by the USS Mansfield, sailed up Eastern Channel and into Inchon Harbor, where it fired upon enemy gun emplacements. Initial operations Mansfield was laid down 28 August 1943 by the Bath Iron Works Corp The attacks tipped off the North Koreans that a landing might be imminent. The North Korean officer at Wolmi-do assured his superiors that he would throw the enemy back into the sea.

Battle

The flotilla of ships that landed during the battle was commanded by Arthur Dewey Struble, an expert in amphibious warfare. Arthur Dewey Struble (June 28 1894 &ndash May 1 1983 was a US Struble had participated in amphibious operations in World War II, including the Battle of Leyte and the Battle of Normandy. The Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the invasion and conquest of Leyte in the Philippines by American ^[6]

Green Beach

At 06:30 on September 15, 1950, the lead elements of U.S. X Corps hit "Green Beach" on the northern side of Wolmi-Do Island. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. X Corps was a Corps of the United States Army in World War II and the Korean War. The landing force consisted of the 3rd Battalion 5th Marines and nine M26 Pershing tanks from the 1st Tank Battalion. Landing is a military operation aimed at a bringing the landing force ( landing troops) to a shore or to land with the purpose of power projection ashore/landside 3rd Battalion 5th Marines (3/5 is an Infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps. The Heavy Tank M26 Pershing was an American heavy tank used during World War II and the Korean War. The 1st Tank Battalion is an armored battalion of the United States Marine Corps which is based out of the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms One tank was equipped with a flamethrower (flame tank) and two others had bulldozer blades. A flamethrower is a mechanical device designed to project a long controllable stream of Fire. A flame tank is a term commonly applied to a Tank or other Armoured fighting vehicle equipped with a Flamethrower. ----A bulldozer is a crawler ( Caterpillar tracked Tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities The battle group landed in LSTs designed and built during World War II. Landing Ship Tank ( LST) was the military designation for naval vessels created during World War II to support Amphibious operations by carrying significant The entire island was captured by noon at the cost of just 14 casualties. ^[7] North Korean casualties included over 200 killed and 136 captured, primarily from the 918th Artillery Regiment and the 226th Independent Marine Regiment. History The 918th Artillery Regiment was a military formation of the Korean People's Army during the 20th Century History The 226th Independent Marine Regiment was a military formation of the Korean People's Army during the 20th Century The forces on Green Beach had to wait until 19:50 for the tide to rise, allowing another group to land. During this time, extensive shelling and bombing, along with anti-tank mines placed on the only bridge, kept the North Koreans from launching a significant counterattack. The second wave came ashore at "Red Beach" and "Blue Beach".

The North Korean army had not been expecting an invasion at Inchon. After the storming of Green Beach, the NKPA assumed (probably because of deliberate misinformation by American counter-intelligence) that the main invasion would happen at Kunsan. Gunsan is a city in North Jeolla Province South Korea. It is located on the south bank of the Geum River just upstream from its exit into the As a result, only a small force was diverted to Inchon. Even those forces were too late, and they arrived after the UN forces had taken Blue and Red Beaches. The troops already stationed at Inchon had been weakened by Clark's guerrillas, and napalm bombing runs had destroyed key ammunition dumps. Napalm is the name given to any of a number of Flammable Liquids used in Warfare often jellied Gasoline. In total, 261 ships took part.

Red Beach

General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (center) grasps General J. Lawton Collins (the Army Chief of Staff, left) and Admiral Forrest P. Sherman (the Chief of Naval Operations, right). General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Joseph "Lightning Joe" Lawton Collins ( 1 May 1896 &ndash 12 September 1987) was a General in the United Forrest Percival Sherman ( 30 October 1896 &ndash 22 July 1951) was an Admiral in the United States Navy and the youngest MacArthur used their meeting to convince other military leaders that the assault on Inchon was necessary.

The Red Beach forces, made up of the Regimental Combat Team 5, used ladders to scale the sea walls. The 5th Marine Regiment is an infantry Regiment of the United States Marine Corps based at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. After neutralizing North Korean defenses, they opened the causeway to Wolmi-Do, allowing the tanks from Green Beach to enter the battle. Red Beach forces suffered eight dead and 28 wounded.

Blue Beach

Under the command of Colonel Lewis "Chesty" Puller, the 1st Marine Regiment landing at Blue Beach was significantly south of the other two beaches and reached shore last. Lieutenant General Lewis Burwell "Chesty" Puller (June 26 1898 &ndash October 11 1971 was an officer in the United States Marine Corps and is the most The 1st Marine Regiment is an infantry Regiment of the United States Marine Corps based at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. As they approached the coast, the combined fire from several NKPA gun emplacements sank one LST. Destroyer fire and bombing runs silenced the North Korean defenses. When they finally arrived, the North Korean forces at Inchon had already surrendered, so the Blue Beach forces suffered few casualties and met little opposition. The 1st Marine Regiment spent much of its time strengthening the beachhead and preparing for the inland invasion. Beachhead is a Military term used to describe the line created when a unit (by sea reaches a beach and begins to defend that area of beach while other reinforcements (it

Aftermath

Beachhead

Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez of the Marine Corps is shown scaling a seawall after landing on Red Beach (September 15). Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services Baldomero Lopez (August 23 1925 &ndash September 15 1950 was a first lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps during the Korean War. A seawall is a form of hard and strong Coastal defence constructed on the inland part of a Coast to reduce the effects of strong Waves. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Minutes after this photo was taken, Lopez was killed after smothering a live grenade with his body. ^[8] He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. A posthumous recognition is a ceremonial award given after the recipient has died usually in honor of an action associated with their death The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government.

Immediately after North Korean resistance was extinguished in Inchon, the supply and reinforcement process began. Seabees and Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs) that had arrived with the U. The Seabees are the Construction Battalions of the United States Navy. Underwater Demolition Teams ( UDT) were a precursor to the current United States Navy SEALs The UDT's conducted beach and hydro-reconnaissance explosive cable S. Marines constructed a pontoon dock on Green Beach and cleared debris from the water. The dock was then used to unload the remainder of the LSTs.

Documents written by Kim Il Sung and recovered by UN troops soon after the landing said, "The original plan was to end the war in a month, we could not stamp out four American divisions. Kim Il-sung ( 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in early . . We were taken by surprise when United Nations troops and the American Air Force and Navy moved in. "

On September 16, the North Koreans, realizing their blunder, sent six columns of T-34 tanks to the beachhead. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers The T-34 was a Soviet medium tank produced from 1941 to 1958 It is widely regarded as having been the world's best Tank when the Soviet Union In response, two flights from F4U Corsair squadron VMF-214 bombed the attackers. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout "The Black Sheep" redirects here for other uses see Black Sheep. The air strike damaged or destroyed half of the tank column and lost one plane. A quick counter-attack by M26 Pershing tanks destroyed the remainder of the North Korean armored division and cleared the way for the capture of Inchon. The Heavy Tank M26 Pershing was an American heavy tank used during World War II and the Korean War.

On September 19, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers repaired the local railroad up to eight miles (13 km) inland. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. The United States Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE) is a federal agency and a major Army command made up of some 34600 Civilian and 650 Military personnel The Kimpo airstrip was captured, and transport planes began flying in gasoline and ordnance for the aircraft stationed at Inchon. Gimpo International Airport (김포국제공항 commonly known as Gimpo Airport (formerly Kimpo International Airport) is located in the far western end of Seoul The Marines continued unloading supplies and reinforcements. By September 22, they had unloaded 6,629 vehicles and 53,882 troops, along with 25,512 tons (23,000 tonnes) of supplies. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians The short ton ( S/T) is a unit of mass equal to 2000 lb (around 907 This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton.

Battle of Seoul

U. S. Marines engaged in urban warfare during the battle for Seoul in late September 1950. Urban warfare is modern warfare conducted in Urban areas such as Towns and cities. The American soldiers are carrying M1 Garand semi-automatic rifles and Browning Automatics. The M1 Garand (formally the United States Rifle Caliber.30 M1) was the first Semi-automatic rifle to be generally issued to the infantry in any nation A semi-automatic rifle is a type of Rifle that fires a single Bullet each time the trigger is pulled without the need manually to operate a The BAR (short for Browning Automatic Rifle is a family of American 7 On the street are Korean casualties. In the distance are M4 Sherman tanks. World War II foreign variants and use Lend-Lease Sherman tanks. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical

In contrast to the quick victory at Inchon, the advance on Seoul was slow and bloody. The NKPA launched another T-34 attack, which was trapped and destroyed, and a Yak bombing run in Inchon harbor, which did little damage. AS Yakovlev Design Bureau JSC is a Russian aircraft designer and manufacturer (design office prefix Yak) The NKPA attempted to stall the UN offensive to allow time to reinforce Seoul and withdraw troops from the south. Though warned that the process of taking Seoul would allow remaining NKPA forces in the south to escape, MacArthur felt that he was bound to honor promises given to the South Korean government to retake the capital as soon as possible.

On the second day, vessels carrying the U. S. Army's 7th Infantry Division arrived in Inchon Harbor. General Almond was eager to get the division into position to block a possible enemy movement from the south of Seoul. On the morning of September 18, the division's 2nd Battalion of the 32nd Infantry Regiment landed at Inchon and the remainder of the regiment went ashore later in the day. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated The 32nd Infantry Regiment is a formation of the United States Army. The next morning, the 2nd Battalion moved up to relieve an U. S. Marine battalion occupying positions on the right flank south of Seoul. Meanwhile, the 7th Division's 31st Regiment came ashore at Inchon. Responsibility for the zone south of Seoul highway passed to 7th Division at 18:00 on September 19. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. The 7th Infantry Division then engaged in heavy fighting on the outskirts of Seoul.

Before the battle, North Korea had just one understrength division in the city, with the majority of its forces south of the capital. ^[9] MacArthur personally oversaw the 1st Marine Regiment as it fought through North Korean positions on the road to Seoul. Control of Operation Chromite was then given to Major General Edward Almond, the X Corps commander. Edward Mallory Almond ( December 12, 1892 &ndash June 11, 1979) was a controversial United States Army general best known as the commander It was Almond's goal to take Seoul on September 25, exactly three months after the beginning of the war. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France On September 22, the Marines entered Seoul to find it heavily fortified. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Casualties mounted as the forces engaged in desperate house-to-house fighting. Urban warfare is modern warfare conducted in Urban areas such as Towns and cities. Anxious to pronounce the conquest of Seoul, Almond declared the city liberated on September 25 despite the fact that Marines were still engaged in house-to-house combat (gunfire and artillery could still be heard in the northern suburbs). Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France

Breakout of Pusan

The last North Korean troops in South Korea still fighting were defeated when Walker's 8th Army broke out of the Pusan perimeter, joining the Army's X Corps in a coordinated attack on NKPA forces. Of the 70,000 NKPA troops around Pusan, more than half were killed or captured. However, because UN forces had concentrated on taking Seoul rather than cutting off the NKPA's withdrawal north, the remaining 30,000 North Korean soldiers escaped to the north across the Yalu River, where they were soon reconstituted as a cadre for the formation of new NKPA divisions hastily re-equipped by the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The allied assault continued north to the Yalu River until the intervention of the People's Republic of China in the war. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

Popular culture

The Battle of Inchon was the subject of the 1981 movie Inchon, which did poorly at the box office amid controversy over its being partially financed by Unification Church leader Sun Myung Moon. Inchon (originally called Oh Inchon) is a 1982 film directed by Terence Young about the Battle of Incheon during the Korean The Unification Church is a New religious movement founded by Korean religious leader Sun Myung Moon. Sun Myung Moon (born January 6 1920) is the Korean founder and leader of the world-wide Unification Church and of the larger Unification

The song "Inchon", by Robert W. Smith, depicts the battle. This article is about the composer For other uses of the name Robert W It begins with a flute solo, and slowly brings in helicopter noises. Also included are percussion sound effects, such as helicopters, machine gun fire, and artillery. This song, however, is inaccurate as there were no helicopters present at the Battle of Inchon. It also has references to Variations on a Korean Folk Song (measures 61, 62, 65, and 66). Variations on a Korean Folk Song is a Musical piece written for Concert band by John Barnes Chance in 1965

The W.E.B. Griffin novel, "Under Fire" gives a fictionalized account of the political and personal maneuverings that occurred during MacArthur's development of the Inchon invasion plan. W E B Griffin (born William Edmund Butterworth III on November 10, 1929) is a writer of military and detective fiction with 38 novels in six series published

Notes

References

• "The Inchon Invasion, September 1950—Overview and Selected Images. " U. S. Department of the Navy/Naval Historical Center. [1]
• Assault from the Sea: The Amphibious Landing at Inchon. U. S. Department of the Navy/Naval Historical Center. [2]
• Ballard, John R. "Operation Chromite: Counterattack at Inchon. " Joint Forces Quarterly: Spring/Summer 2001. PDF file
• Blair, Clay, The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953 Naval Institute Press (2003).
• Bradford, Jeffrey A. "MacArthur, Inchon and the Art of Battle Command. " Military Review 2001 81(2): 83–86. ISSN 0026-4148 Fulltext: in Ebsco. Abstract: MacArthur's understanding and use of battle command were critical for the operation's success. Battle command requires decisionmaking, leadership, and motivation of soldiers and organizations.
• Clark, Eugene Franklin. The Secrets of Inchon: The Untold Story of the Most Daring Covert Mission of the Korean War: Putnam Pub Group (2002) . ISBN 0-399-14871-X
• "The Landing at Inchon. " Canadians in Korea: Valour Remembered. Veterans Affairs Canada. [3]
• Halberstam, David (2007). The Coldest WInter - America and the Korean War. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-140130-052-4.  
• Heefner, Wilson A. "The Inch'on Landing," Military Review 1995 75(2): 65–77. ISSN 0026-4148 fulltext in Ebsco
• Colonel Robert D. Heinl, Jr. "The Inchon Landing: A Case Study in Ampibious Planning," Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, Vol. LI, No. 2 online
• Krulak, Victor H. (Lt. Gen. ), First to Fight: An Inside View of the U. S. Marine Corps, Naval Institute Press (1999)
• Montross, Lynn et al. , History of U. S. Marine Operations in Korea, 1950–1953, vol 1. (Washington: Historical Branch, G-3, Headquarters, Marine Corps, 1954)
• Montross, Lynn. "The Inchon Landing—Victory over Time and Tide. " The Marine Corps Gazette. July 1951. [4]
• Schnabel, James F. United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction: The First Year (Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1972). official US Army history; full text online, ch 8–9
• Simmons, Edwin H. Over the Seawall: US Marines at Inchon. (Marines in the Korean War Commemorative Series. ) US Marine Corps History Center, 2000. 69 pp.
• Stolfi, Russel H. S. "A Critique of Pure Success: Inchon Revisited, Revised, and Contrasted. " Journal of Military History 2004 68(2): 505–525. ISSN 0899-3718 Fulltext in Project Muse, SwetsWise and Ebsco. Abstract: Contrasts the US style of war fighting with that of Germany by examining the US military's 1950 Inchon-Seoul operation and the German offensive in the Baltic in 1941.

External links

• Max Hermansen (2000) "Inchon – Operation Chromite"
• Marines Starved of Troops and Equipment by Truman Administration
• CNN article about the landing's 50th anniversary
• The taking of Wolmi-Do (focused on the USS Mansfield)
• Invasions of Inchon and Wonsan remembered French and English supported operations. Allies provide a unique perspective of naval operation in the Korean War.

Coordinates: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483, 126.633 (Inchon)