Battle of Hohenfriedberg
Part of the Second Silesian War of the War of the Austrian Succession
Battle of Hohenfriedberg, Attack of the Prussian Infantry , by Carl Röchling. The Silesian Wars were a series of wars between Prussia and Austria (and their changing allies for control of Silesia. The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748 involved nearly all the powers of Europe Oil on canvas.
Date 4 June 1745 Location Striegau, present-day Poland Result Decisive Prussian Victory
Belligerents
Austria  Saxony	Prussia
Commanders
Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine	Frederick the Great
Strength
58,700[1] 122 guns	58,500 192 guns
Casualties and losses
8,650 dead or wounded, 5,080 captured	4,800

The Battle of Hohenfriedberg or Hohenfriedeberg, now Dobromierz, was one of the crowning achievements of Frederick the Great. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Strzegom Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship Strzegom (Striegau is a town in Świdnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine ( December 12, 1712 &ndash July 4, 1780) was the son of Leopold Joseph, Duke of Lorraine Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the Dobromierz (Hohenfriedeberg is a village in Świdnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the Frederick's Prussian army decisively defeated an Austrian army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine on June 4, 1745 during the War of the Austrian Succession. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine ( December 12, 1712 &ndash July 4, 1780) was the son of Leopold Joseph, Duke of Lorraine Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748 involved nearly all the powers of Europe

Background

Austria sought to regain Silesia, which she had lost to Prussia in the Battle of Mollwitz. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people The Battle of Mollwitz was a Prussian battle with Austria on April 10, 1741. An Austrian army of about 60,000 (including allied Saxon troops) marched to Silesia. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. The commander was Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (brother-in-law of Empress Maria Theresa). Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine ( December 12, 1712 &ndash July 4, 1780) was the son of Leopold Joseph, Duke of Lorraine Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant The Duke of Vicenfells commanded the Saxons.

Frederick had a very low opinion of his counterpart, saying of Prince Charles Alexander that "there will be some stupid mistakes. " In fact, Frederick was counting on Charles entering Silesia by crossing the Riesengebirge (Giant Mountains). The Karkonosze ( Polish) or Krkonoše ( Czech) also known as the Giant Mountains (Riesengebirge is a Mountain range in the If he did, Frederick intended to pounce on the Austrian army and crush it in one decisive blow. Von Zieten's hussars shadowed the Austrian army, keeping Frederick informed of their position as he awaited the right moment to strike that blow. Hans Joachim von Zieten ( May 14, 1699 &ndash January 26, 1786) also known as Zieten aus dem Busch When the Prince finally did cross in early June, Frederick saw his opportunity to attack.

Map of the Battle

The Austrian army marched some 50 km northeast from the Riesengebirge to Striegau (now Strzegom). Strzegom Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship Strzegom (Striegau is a town in Świdnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. They encamped near Striegau, with the Saxons just northwest of the town at Pilgrimshain and the Austrians spreading out west and south to the village of Hohenfriedberg. Their front was covered by the Striegau River, which ran north and then west through Striegau town. The Prussian army was camped south of the town.

Frederick's scouts located the Austro-Saxon forces. Frederick decided to march north with his whole force, right in front of the Austrians, cross the Striegau by a bridge just west of town, and attack the Saxons first. With the Saxons routed, Frederick would then roll up the Austrian line from east to west. He also decided to march by night, concealing his movement, and thus surprise the Saxons. His commander Richard de Moulin led the march.

To achieve surprise, Frederick ordered his troops to leave their campfires burning and tents pitched, and forbade them to talk or smoke during the march.

Battle

Frederick's plan soon encountered difficulties. There was not enough space for all of Frederick's troops on the designated route. A bottleneck soon developed at the bridge over the Striegau, so only limited forces were able to make it over.

The first Prussian objective was two hills in front of the Saxon lines. The Saxons had occupied these two hills the previous day with a small force. The Prussian vanguard encountered this force; the resulting clash alerted the Saxons and prevented the complete surprise Frederick hoped for.

De Moulin decided to bypass the hills and strike right at the Saxon camp before the Saxons could deploy. The Prussian attack began at about 7:00 AM.

Some Saxon cavalry got out on the field, but the Prussian cavalry soon charged and routed them. The Prussian infantry then stormed the Saxon camp, defeating the few Saxon infantry that managed to deploy, and also a few Austrians. The easterly wind, blowing smoke and dust into the Saxons' faces, was also advantageous for the Prussians. The entire left (Saxon) half of the Austro-Saxon army was destroyed in the hours in the dawn's light.

By then the Austrians were alerted to the battle. From the their camps further to the south and more protected by the river, Austrian troops moved to the front. The Prussians who had still not crossed the Striegau to the north wheeled to the west and advanced through river crossings wherever they could find them, finding enough fords to accomplish this. A bridge collapse at the small town of Graben forced the cavalry commander, von Zieten, to find a ford further south through which to funnel cavalry and pack mules carrying supplies.

The Austrian cavalry were the first Austrian troops to get into action, but they were broken and driven off by the charge of the Prussian cavalry.

The Austrian infantry formed two lines of battle facing east, from Hohenfriedberg north. Though the Prussians now had the advantage of numbers, the Austrians resisted stubbornly, with many volleys exchanged at close range.

At this point the Prussian Bayreuth Dragoons, an oversize unit numbering around 1,500 men, entered the battle. Dragoner-Regiment Nr5 Dragoner-Regiment Nr5 Bayreuth Dragoner Dragoner-Regiment Nr A strong gust of wind blew away the powder smoke and the dust and revealed an opening in the Prussian lines through which to charge the vulnerable Austrian infantry. The dragoons deployed into line, and attacked north against the right flank of the first Austrian line. They drove all the way along that line, routing it completely, the turned south to destroy the second Austrian line.

The Austrians, already outnumbered, abandoned by their Saxon allies, without cavalry protection, and now broken by this attack, began to surrender en masse. The Bayreuth Dragoons defeated several thousand Austrian infantry and only suffered 94 casualties. The battle ended with the complete defeat of the Austro-Saxon army.

The Austrians and Saxons lost almost 9,000 killed and wounded, about 5,000 prisoners, including four generals, and 66 guns. The Prussians lost around 5,000.

Hohenfriedberg was a great victory for Frederick, and soon he was being called "Frederick the Great" by his contemporaries. The charge of the Bayreuth Dragoons was studied by later Prussian and German officers as a model for aggressiveness, and the entire spirit of aggressiveness that Frederick the Great had instilled in his army as well as the large amount of autonomy given to his officers was likened to the tradition of Auftragstaktik. Mission-type tactics ( German: Auftragstaktik, from Auftrag and Taktik" also known as Mission Command in the US have (arguably been a central Also, the encirclement and annihilation of the Austrian infantry and the quick and decisive manner in which this battle played out is also often likened to Bewegungskrieg, or more commonly known as Blitzkrieg. Maneuver warfare, also spelled manoeuvre warfare, is the term used by military theorists for a concept of Warfare that advocates attempting to Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial

Charles of Lorraine was defeated again, as he had been at Battle of Chotusitz. The Battle of Chotusitz, or Chotusice, was fought on May 17, 1742 between the Austrians under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine This battle showed that the Prussians could crush a numerically equal enemy. The Second Silesian War, which was the last part of the War of the Austrian Succession in which Prussia took part, was almost at an end, and despite a close call at the Battle of Soor against the Austrians (who were again led by Charles of Lorraine), the peace at Dresden was signed on 25th December, 1745. The Silesian Wars were a series of wars between Prussia and Austria (and their changing allies for control of Silesia. The Battle of Soor ( September 30, 1745) saw Frederick the Great 's Prussian army defeat an Austro - Saxon army led by Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German

The Hohenfriedberger March was composed in honor of this victory by Frederick himself.

Notes

References

• Chandler, David: The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough. Spellmount Limited, (1990). ISBN 0-946771-42-1
• Citino, Robert M.: The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years War to the Third Reich. Robert M Citino (born 19 June 1958) is an American History Professor, scholar and writer currently teaching at Eastern University Press of Kansas, (2005). ISBN 0-7006-1410-9

External links

• wargame about the battle