| Battle of Hexham | |||||||
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| Part of Wars of the Roses | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 House of York |
 House of Lancaster |
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| Commanders | |||||||
| John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu | Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset†, | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 4,000 | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
The Battle of Hexham (May 15, 1464) marked the end of significant Lancastrian resistance in the north of England during the early part of the reign of Edward IV. The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Hexham New South Wales|Hexham (constituency Hexham is a Market town in Northumberland, England, located south of the River Tyne. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. John Neville 1st Marquess of Montagu, alias John Mortimer, called the Captain of Kent (c Henry Beaufort 3rd Duke of Somerset ( 26 January 1436 – 15 May 1464) was an important Lancastrian military commander during the English Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Edward IV ( 28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 2 October
The battle was fought near the town of Hexham in Northumberland. Hexham New South Wales|Hexham (constituency Hexham is a Market town in Northumberland, England, located south of the River Tyne. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west John Neville, later to be 1st Marquess of Montagu, led a modest force of 3,000-4,000 men, routed the rebel Lancastrians. John Neville 1st Marquess of Montagu, alias John Mortimer, called the Captain of Kent (c Most of the rebel leaders were captured and executed, including Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset. Henry Beaufort 3rd Duke of Somerset ( 26 January 1436 – 15 May 1464) was an important Lancastrian military commander during the English Henry VI, however, was kept safely away (having been captured in battle 3 times earlier in his life), and escaped to the north. Henry VI (6 December 1421 &ndash 21 May 1471 was King of England 1422–1461 (though with a Regent until 1437 and then 1470–1471 and a claimant to the kingdom
With their leadership gone, only a few castles remained in rebel hands. After these fell later in the year, Edward IV was not seriously challenged until the Earl of Warwick changed his allegiance from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause in 1469. Richard Neville Jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick and Suo jure 6th Earl of Salisbury ( 22 November
Background
After the battle of Hedgeley Moor, the Lancastrians failed to prevent the Yorkists from concluding peace negotiations with Scotland in 1463, and soon found that their northern base of operations was now threatened. It was decided to mount a campaign in the North of England to gather Lancastrian support before a huge force under Edward IV could muster in Leicester and move north to crush the rebellion. Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional
The Lancastrian army moved through Northumberland in late April 1464 under the Duke of Somerset, and gathered support from Lancastrian garrisons until it camped near to Hexham in early May. A Yorkist force under John Neville raced north in vanguard of Edward's larger force and the two sides met outside Hexham on 14 May 1464.
The battle
Details of the site of the battle, the composition and number of combatants and the events are sketchy but it is thought that the battle was relatively bloodless.
The Lancastrian camp was near Linnels Bridge over the Devil's Water found slightly to the south of Hexham. Devil's Water is a river in Northumberland, England. A tributary of the River Tyne it joins that river from the south near the village of Dilston The Yorkists crossed onto the south bank of the Tyne on the night of 12th/13th of May and were by the morning of the 14th in a position to attack Hexham. Presumably the Yorkist advance was at speed, as despite warnings by their own scouts the Lancastrians had little time to prepare for battle.
It is thought Somerset rushed his forces to a site near Linnels Bridge and deployed his troops in 3 detachments in a meadow near the Devil's Water, here he hoped he could engage the Yorkist army before it moved past him into Hexham. Devil's Water is a river in Northumberland, England. A tributary of the River Tyne it joins that river from the south near the village of Dilston No sooner had the Lancastrians taken their positions than the Yorkists charged down from their positions on relatively higher ground. Upon seeing the Yorkist advance the right detachment of the Lancastrian army, commanded by Lord Roos, turned and fled across the Devil's Water and into Hexham, before a single blow had been struck. The remnants of Somerset's force were in a hopeless situation, hemmed in and unable to manoeuvre; the Yorkist troops charged through the one opening at the east end of Linnel's Meadow and engaged the bewildered Lancastrian soldiers.
Lancastrian morale collapsed, and after some token resistance the remains of Somerset's army was pushed into the Devil's Water by the Yorkist infantry. A chaotic rout followed, men either drowned in the river or were crushed as they tried to climb the steep banks of the Devil's Water in the retreat towards Hexham. Most, however were trapped in West Dipton Wood on the north bank of the river and were forced to surrender when the Yorkists approached.
The aftermath
John Neville showed little of Edward's concillatory spirit, and had thirty leading Lancastrians executed in Hexham on the evening following the battle, including the unfortunate Earl of Somerset and Lord Roos. Sir William Tailboys was captured and executed shortly after, whilst he tried to flee north with £2000 of Henry's war chest. On the loss of its leadership and bank roll, the Lancastrian resistance in the North of England collapsed. The capture of Henry at Clitheroe, Lancashire meant the rebellion was effectively over. Clitheroe is a town and Civil parish in the borough of Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea There followed a relative period of peace until the Earl of Warwick's defection to the Lancastrian cause in 1469 and the wars started anew.
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