Battle of Grunwald
Part of the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War
Battle of Grunwald, by Jan Matejko, 1878. Jan Matejko ( (also known as Jan Mateyko; June 24 1838 Free City of Kraków; - November 1 1893 Kraków) was a Polish painter Oil on canvas.
Date July 15, 1410 Location Grunwald (Grünewald) or Tannenberg (Stębark), Prussia, present-day Poland Result Decisive defeat of Teutonic Order
Belligerents
Kingdom of Poland[1] Grand Duchy of Lithuania[1] Russians,[1] Bohemians,[1] Hungarians,[1] Tartars[1] and Cossacks. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Stębark ( is a Village which is today in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland. Prussia is a historical region in Central Europe extending from the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to the Masurian Lake District. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. The Jagiellon Era 1385&ndash1569 was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty, founded by the Lithuanian grand duke The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Bohemians are the people of Bohemia, in the Czech Republic, inhabitants of the former Kingdom of Bohemia located in the modern day Czech Republic Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern [1]	Teutonic Order and mercenaries and various knights from the rest of Europe
Commanders
Władysław II Jagiełło Vytautas the Great	Ulrich von Jungingen†
Strength
32,000	27,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown	8,000 dead 14,000 captured

The Battle of Grunwald (or 1st Battle of Tannenberg) took place on July 15, 1410 with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ranged against the Knights of the Teutonic Order, led by the Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10 Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final The Jagiellon Era 1385&ndash1569 was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty, founded by the Lithuanian grand duke The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10 It was the decisive engagement in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War (1409-1411) and one of the greatest battles of medieval Europe.

The battle saw the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights decisively defeated — their order never recovered its former power. The monastic state of the Teutonic Knights (Deutschordensland sometimes known in English by the German term Ordensstaat (ˈɔːdn̩ˌʃtɑːt or "Order-State"

The few eyewitness accounts are contradictory. It took place near several smaller villages, and different names in various languages are attributed to it.

Contents 1 Names and Locations 2 Eve of the battle 3 Opposing forces 4 Course of the battle 5 Aftermath 6 Influences of the Battle of Grunwald on modern culture 6.1 Poland 6.2 Belarus 6.3 Lithuania 6.4 Germany 6.5 Russia and the Soviet Union 7 Banners 7.1 Poland 7.2 Lithuania 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Non-fiction 10.2 Fiction 11 See also 12 External links

Names and Locations

The battle was fought in the plains between the villages of Grunwald (Lithuanian: Žalgiris), Stębark (German: Tannenberg), and Łodwigowo (German: Ludwigsdorf) in Prussia, which at that time was territory governed by the Teutonic Order, but which is now in Poland. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Stębark ( is a Village which is today in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Łodwigowo (Ludwigsdorf is a village in northern Poland, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The nearest city of any size was Gilgenburg (since 1945: Dąbrówno). Dąbrówno ( German:, Gilgė is a Gmina (municipality in the Ostródzki Powiat of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland. The names Žalgiris (from the Lithuanian žalia giria) and Grunwald (from the German grüner Wald) both translate as "Green Forest"; it was also called Zielone Pole ("Green Field") in Old Polish, and, in German, Grunenfelde or Grunefeld ("Green field") in the oldest texts.

The battle is called:

• Schlacht bei Tannenberg (Battle of Tannenberg) by Germans
• Bitwa pod Grunwaldem (Battle of Grunwald) by Poles
• Žalgirio mūšis (Battle of Žalgiris) by Lithuanians

In languages of other involved nations the battle is called: Belarusian: Гру́нвальдзкая бі́тва, Grúnvaldzkaya bі́tva, Ukrainian: Ґрю́нвальдська би́тва, Grúnvaldska bítva, Russian: Грю́нвальдская би́тва, Grúnvaldskaya bі́tva, Tatar: Grünwald suğışı, Czech: Bitva u Grunvaldu, Romanian: Bătălia de la Grünwald. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Lithuanians are the Baltic Ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number a little over 3 million The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Tatar language (,, Татар теле, Татарча) is a Turkic Language spoken by the Tatars. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance

Eve of the battle

In the 13th century, the Teutonic Knights, subject directly to the Pope, had been requested by Konrad of Masovia to come to the lands surrounding Culm (Chełmno) to assist in the Crusade against the pagan Prussians. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Attempted conquests of Prussia Konrad unsuccessfully attempted to conquer pagan Prussia in a 1209 crusade and several times after, 1219 1222 Pg 45 For the concentration camp located near a village with a similar name Chełmno nad Nerem see Chełmno extermination camp. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world "Prussians" redirects here "Prussians" may also refer to citizens of the former German state of Prussia. Preceding that were several years of attacks and conquest attempts by Konrad on the Prussians, which were unsuccessful. The Teutonic Order was called in to stabilize the territory between the Prussians and the Duchy of Masovia. The Teutonic Order received the territory of Prussia via golden bulls from the Emperor and papal edict, which gave them effective carte blanche as owners of a new Christianized state of Prussia, instead of the pagan native land of Terra Prussiae. A Golden Bull or chrysobull was a golden ornament representing a seal (a bulla aurea or "golden seal" in Latin) attached to a decree issued by The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and They later received the territory of further north Baltic coastal regions of what are now Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, and showed every sign of further expansion. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region

The Order of Dobrin was established by Konrad of Masovia previously and had received land around Plock. The Order of Dobrzyń (Zakon Dobrzyński or Order of Dobrin (Orden von Dobrin also known as the Brothers of Dobrzyń (Bracia Dobrzyńscy was a Military They were just a handful and were therefore ineffective, so by papal order they were combined with the Teutonic Order. They built many towns, including Culm. The Prussians fought against takeover of their territory. In order to further their war efforts against the (pagan) Lithuanian state, the Teutonic Knights instituted a series of crusades, enlisting support from other European countries. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents

In 1385 the Union of Kreva joined the crown of Poland and Lithuania, and the subsequent marriage of Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania and reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland was to shift the balance of power; both nations were more than aware that only by acting together could the expansionist plans of the Teutonic Order be thwarted. The Union of Krewo, also known as Krėva Act (other names Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva) was a set of promises of Jogaila, Grand Duke Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. Jadwiga of Anjou (1373/4 – July 17 1399 was King of Poland from 1384 to her death Jogaila accepted Christianity and became the King of Poland as Władysław Jagiełło. Wladislaus II of Poland refers to different monarchs of Poland Władysław II the Exile (1105-1159 High Duke of Poland Jogaila (1351?-1434 Lithuania's conversion to Christianity removed much of the rationale of the Teutonic Knights' anti-pagan crusades. It can be said the Ordenstaat lost its raison d'etre. The monastic state of the Teutonic Knights (Deutschordensland sometimes known in English by the German term Ordensstaat (ˈɔːdn̩ˌʃtɑːt or "Order-State"

The Knights, however, invaded again in 1398 what were now Christian states of Poland and Lithuania. At this time, the Poles and the Lithuanians had little option but to suffer in silence, for they were still not prepared militarily to confront the power of the Knights.

In 1409, an uprising in Teutonic-held Samogitia started. The Duchy of Samogitia (Žemaičių seniūnija Księstwo żmudzkie had been the administrative unit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1219 (and from 1569 a part of the The king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania announced that he would stand by his promises in case the knights invaded Lithuania. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje This was used as a pretext, and on August 14, 1409 the Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen declared war on the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10 The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The forces of the Teutonic Order initially invaded Greater Poland and Kuyavia, but the Poles repelled the invasion and reconquered Bydgoszcz (Bromberg), which led to a subsequent armistice agreement that was to last until June 24, 1410. Greater Poland or Great Poland, Polish Wielkopolska (Großpolen Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland Bydgoszcz (Bromberg Bydgostia is a city in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers with An armistice is a situation where the warring parties agree to stop fighting Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place The Lithuanians and Poles used this time for preparations to remove the Teutonic threat once and for all.

The forces of the Teutonic Knights were aware of the Polish-Lithuanian build-up and expected a dual attack, by the Poles towards Danzig (Gdańsk) and by the Lithuanians towards Samogitia. Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland The Duchy of Samogitia (Žemaičių seniūnija Księstwo żmudzkie had been the administrative unit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1219 (and from 1569 a part of the To counter this threat, Ulrich von Jungingen concentrated part of his forces in Schwetz (Świecie) while leaving the large part of his army in the eastern castles of Ragnit (Ragainė, Rhein (Ryn) near Lötzen (Giżycko), and Memel (Klaipėda). Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10 Świecie (Schwetz is a Town in northern Poland with 25968 inhabitants (2006 situated in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999 it Neman (Неман formerly known as Ragnit Ragainė Ragneta is a town in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located east of the town of This article is about a town in Poland For information on the Star Wars race of the same name see the list of Star Wars races. Giżycko ( former Lec is a Town in northeastern Poland with 29796 inhabitants (2004 Klaipėda ( ˈklaɪpɛdə Memel is a City in Lithuania situated at the mouth of the Curonian Lagoon where it flows into the Baltic Sea Poles and Lithuanians continued to screen their intentions by organising several raids deep into enemy territory. Ulrich von Jungingen asked for the armistice to be extended to July 4 in order to let the mercenaries from western Europe arrive. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by Enough time had already been given for the Polish-Lithuanian forces to gather in strength.

On June 30, 1410, the forces of Greater Poland and Lesser Poland crossed the Vistula over a pontoon bridge and joined with the forces of Masovia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Lesser Poland (also "Little Poland" Polish: Małopolska, Latin: Polonia Minor) is one of the historical regions of Poland A pontoon bridge or floating bridge is a Bridge that floats on water supported by barge-or-boat-like pontoons to support the bridge deck and its dynamic Masovia or Mazovia (Mazowsze is a geographic and historic region situated in eastern Poland 's Masovian Plain. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje Jogaila's Polish forces and the Lithuanian soldiers of his cousin Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great (to whom Jogaila had ceded power in Lithuania in the wake of his marriage to the Polish queen) assembled on July 2, 1410. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival A week later they crossed into the territory of the Teutonic Knights, heading for the enemy headquarters at the castle of Marienburg (Malbork). Malbork (Marienburg in Westpreußen Civitas Beatae Virginis is a Town in northern Poland in the Żuławy region with 41000 inhabitants (2001 The Teutonic Knights were caught by surprise.

Ulrich von Jungingen withdrew his forces from the area of Schwetz (Świecie) and decided to organise a line of defence on the river Drewenz (Drwęca). Świecie (Schwetz is a Town in northern Poland with 25968 inhabitants (2006 situated in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999 it Drwęca may also refer to Lake Drwęca in Poland The Drwęca (Drewenz is a River in northern Poland and a tributary The river crossings were fortified with stockades and the castles nearby reinforced. A stockade is an enclosure of Palisades and tall walls made of logs placed side by side vertically with the tops sharpened to provide security After meeting with his War Council, Jogaila decided to outflank the enemy forces from the East and on his attack on Prussia he continued the march towards Marienburg through Soldau (Działdowo) and Neidenburg. Działdowo (Soldau is a Town in north-central Poland with 24830 inhabitants (2006 the capital of Działdowo County. The towns were heavily damaged and Gilgenburg was completely plundered and burned to the ground, causing many refugees. On July 13, the two castles were captured and the way towards Marienburg was opened. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to

Opposing forces

In the early morning of July 15, 1410, both armies met in the fields near the villages of Grunwald, Tannenberg and Łodwigowo (Ludwigsdorf). Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Łodwigowo (Ludwigsdorf is a village in northern Poland, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship. Both armies were formed in opposing lines. The Polish-Lithuanian army was positioned in front of the villages of Ludwigsdorf and Tannenberg. The left flank was guarded by the Polish forces of king Jogaila and composed mostly of heavy cavalry. The Jagiellon Era 1385&ndash1569 was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty, founded by the Lithuanian grand duke Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. The right flank of the allied forces was guarded by the army of Grand Duke Vytautas, and composed mostly of light cavalry. Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c Among the forces on the right flank were banners from all over the Grand Duchy, as well as Tatar skirmishers under Jalal ad-Din khan, Moldovan light cavalry sent by Alexandru cel Bun and allegedly Serbs. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Lipka Tatars (also known as Lithuanian Tatars, Belarusian Tatars, Lipkowie or Muślimi) are a group of Tatars living on the lands Jalal ad-Din ( Tatar: Cäläletdin, Polish: Dzielal Ed Dyn) (1380–1412 was the khan of the Golden Horde in 1411-1412 Light cavalry refers to lightly-armed and armored troops mounted on Horses, as opposed to Heavy cavalry, where the riders (and sometimes the horses are heavily armored Alexander the Good ( Alexandru cel Bun; Alexandru I Muşat) was a Voivode ( Prince) of Moldavia between 1400 and 1432 son Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The opposing forces of the Teutonic Order were composed mostly of heavy cavalry and infantry. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. They were to be aided by troops from Western Europe called "the guests of the Order", who were still on the way, and other Knights who had been summoned to participate by a Papal Bull. A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope.

The exact number of soldiers on both sides is hard to estimate. There are only two reliable sources describing the battle. The best-preserved and most complete account, Banderia Prutenorum, was written by Ioannes Longinus, but does not mention the exact numbers. The Banderia Prutenorum is a manuscript of 48 Parchment sheets 18 Jan Długosz ( December 1 1415 - May 19, 1480) also known as Joannes Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius The other is incomplete and preserved only in a brief 16th century document. Months after the battle, in December 1410, the Order's new Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen the Elder sent letters to Western European monarchs in which he described the battle as a war against the forces of evil pagans. For the similarly-named Grand Master see Heinrich Reuß von Plauen. This view was shared by many chronicle writers. Since the outcome of the battle was subject to propaganda campaigns on both sides, many foreign authors frequently overestimated the Polish-Lithuanian forces in an attempt to explain the dramatic result.

In one of the Prussian chronicles it is mentioned that "the forces of the Polish king were so numerous that there is no number high enough in the human language". One of the anonymous chronicles from the German Hanseatic city of Lübeck mentions that the forces of Jogaila numbered some 1,700,000 soldiers, the forces of Vytautas with 2,700,000 (with a great number of Belarusians and Ukrainians, or Ruthenians, as they were called then), in addition to 1,500,000 Tatars. Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens The term Ruthenians (Русини Rusyny) is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used Among the forces supposedly aiding the Polish-Lithuanian army were "Saracens, Turks, pagans of Damascus, Persia and other lands". Saracen was a term used by Europeans in the Middle Ages for Fatimids at first then later for all who professed the religion of Islam. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. According to Enguerrand de Monstrelet, the knights fielded some 300,000 men, while their enemies under the kings of "Lithuania, Poland and Sarmatia" fielded 600,000. Enguerrand de Monstrelet (c 1400 &ndash 20 July 1453) French chronicler belonged to a noble family of Picardy. The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες Andrew of Regensburg estimated the Polish-Lithuanian forces at 1,200,000 men-at-arms. Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany It must be noted that medieval chroniclers were notorious for sensationally inflating figures, and armies of the sizes quoted were actually impossible with the logistics technology of the day.

More recent historians estimate the strength of the opposing forces at a much lower level. Ludwik Kolankowski estimated the Polish-Lithuanian forces at 16,000-18,000 Polish cavalry and 6,000-8,000 Lithuanian light cavalry, with the Teutonic Knights fielding 13,000-15,000 heavy cavalry. Jerzy Dąbrowski estimated the overall strength of the allied forces at 18,000 Polish cavalry and 11,000 Lithuanians and Ruthenians, with the opposing forces bringing 16,000 soldiers. Jerzy Dąbrowski ( September 8, 1899 - September 17, 1967) was a Polish Aeronautical engineer. If these figures are accepted, this would make the battle less well attended than the Battle of Towton fought in Yorkshire, England, in the same century, which engaged two armies of around 40,000 men, 28,000 of whom died. The Battle of Towton in the Wars of the Roses was the largest and bloodiest ever fought on British soil with casualties believed to have been about 28000 (perhaps

Historian	Poland	Lithuania	Others	Teutonic Order
Lübeck Chronicle	1 700 000	2 700 000	1 500 000
Enguerrand de Monstrelet	600 000			300 000
Andrew of Regensburg	1 200 000
Ludwik Kolankowski	18 000 heavy cavalry	8 000 light cavalry		15 000 heavy cavalry
Jerzy Dąbrowski	18 000	11 000		16 000 + 3 000 guests
Henryk Łowmiański	12 000 heavy cavalry	7 200 light cavalry		11 000 heavy cavalry
Andrzej Nadolski	20 000	10 000	1000	15 000
Lonnie Johnson[2]	Władysław Jagiełło	39 000 Poles, Lithuanians, Czechs, Ukrainians, Tatars and Wallachians	Ulrich von Jungingen	27 000

Regardless of such estimates, most of the modern historians count only the cavalry units. Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major Enguerrand de Monstrelet (c 1400 &ndash 20 July 1453) French chronicler belonged to a noble family of Picardy. Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany Jerzy Dąbrowski ( September 8, 1899 - September 17, 1967) was a Polish Aeronautical engineer. Henryk Łowmiański (August 22 1898 near Ukmergė - September 4 1984 in Poznań) – Polish medieval historian A screenshot, screen capture, or screen dump is an Image taken by the Computer to record the visible items displayed on the monitor Aleksander Ford ( November 24, 1908, Kiev, Ukraine – April 4, 1980, Naples, Florida, United The Teutonic Knights ( Krzyżacy) is a 1900 Historical novel written by Polish writer and Nobel laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz. Apart from 16,000 cavalry, the Teutonic Order also fielded some 9,000 infantry, archers and crossbow troops. Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has A crossbow is a Weapon consisting of a bow mounted on a stock that shoots projectiles often called bolts Both armies also had large military camps, tabors and other units, which made up some 10% of their total strength. A military camp or bivouac is a semi-permanent facility for the lodging of an Army.

Both armies were organised in banners, see Banderia Prutenorum. A banner is a Flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol logo slogan or other message The Banderia Prutenorum is a manuscript of 48 Parchment sheets 18 Each heavy cavalry banner was composed of approximately 240 mounted knights as well as their squires and armour-bearers. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. Each banner flew its own standard and fought independently. Lithuanian banners were usually weaker and composed of approximately 180 light cavalry soldiers. The structure of foot units (pikemen, archers, crossbowmen) and the artillery is unknown. A pike is a Pole weapon, a very long thrusting Spear used two-handed and used extensively by Infantry both for attacks on enemy foot soldiers and as Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has A crossbow is a Weapon consisting of a bow mounted on a stock that shoots projectiles often called bolts

The Teutonic Knights fielded fifty one banner. ^[3] Razin citing the German estimates says that Order's army was 11 thousand strong, including about 4 thousand knights, under 3 thousand squires and about 4 thousand crossbow men. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. In Feudal or Medieval times a squire was a Man-at-arms in the service of a Knight, often as his Apprentice. A crossbow is a Weapon consisting of a bow mounted on a stock that shoots projectiles often called bolts ^[4] The Teutonian Army was also equipped with bombards that could shoot lead and stone projectiles. A projectile is any object propelled through space by the exertion of a force which ceases after launch ^[4]

The more numerically strong allied force contained 16 to 17 thousand men including about three thousand Tatars. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups ^[4] There were a total of 91 allied banners. Fifty Polish and 41 Lithuanian banners included Russian and Ruthenian lands controlled by Poland and Lithuania, respectively, as well as the banners from independent territories that joined the alliance (such as the Novgorod banner. )

While less numerous, the Teutonic army had its own advantages, the discipline, the military training and superior military equipment. ^[4]

Both sides included numerous mercenaries and were composed of troops coming from a variety of countries and lands. Twenty two different peoples, mostly Germanic, were represented at the Teutonic side. ^[5]

Apart from units fielded by lands of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Order, there were also mercenaries from Western Europe, German Countries that included Alsace and Lorraine, Bohemia, Moravia and Moldavia. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians

The overall commander of the joint Polish-Lithuanian forces was king Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland, with the Polish units subordinated to Marshal of the Crown Zbigniew of Brzezie and Lithuanian units under the immediate command of Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas. Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. Zbigniew z Brzezia or Zbigniew Lanckoroński ( c 1360 – c 1425 was a notable Polish Knight and nobleman of Clan Zadora Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c Until recently it was believed that the Sword Bearer of the Crown Zyndram of Maszkowice was the commander in chief of the joint army, but this idea was based on a false translation of the description of the battle by Ioannes Longinus. Zyndram z Maszkowic ( Zyndram of Maszkowice, c 1355 &ndash c 1414 was a Polish 14th and 15th century Knight. Jan Długosz ( December 1 1415 - May 19, 1480) also known as Joannes Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius The Teutonic Forces were commanded directly by the Grand Master of the Order Ulrich von Jungingen. Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10

Course of the battle

Initial positions

Retreat of Lithuanian light cavalry

Right-flank Polish/Lithuanian assault

Polish heavy cavalry break-through

The opposing forces formed their lines at dawn. At noon the forces of Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas started an all-out assault on the left flank of the Teutonic forces, near the village of Tannenberg (Stębark). Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c Stębark ( is a Village which is today in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland. The Lithuanian cavalry was supported by a cavalry charge of several Polish banners on the right flank of the enemy forces. The enemy heavy cavalry counter-attacked on both flanks and fierce fighting occurred.

After more than an hour, the Lithuanian light cavalry started a planned retreat maneuver towards marshes and woods. This maneuver was often used in the east of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Mongols. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje Vytautas, who had experience in battles against Mongols, used it in this battle. Only three banners of Smolensk commanded by Lengvenis (Simon Lingwen), son of Algirdas, brother of Jogaila and a cousin of Vytautas, remained on the right flank after the retreat of Vytautas and his troops. Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. Lengvenis ( Simeon Lingwen, born ca 1360 – died after 1431 was one of the sons of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and the ruler of Great Algirdas, (ɑlgərdɑːs known as Olgierd Альгерд Ольгерд b Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c One of the banners was totally destroyed, while the remaining two were backed up by the Polish cavalry held in reserve and broke through the enemy lines to the Polish positions.

Heavy cavalry of the Order started a disorganised pursuit after the retreating Lithuanians, which might have been a fatal mistake. The Knights entered the marshes, where Vytautas reorganized his forces to return to battle. Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c

At the same time heavy fighting continued on the left flank of the Polish forces. After several hours of massed battle, the Teutonic cavalry started to gain the upper hand. According to Ioannes Longinus the Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen personally led a cavalry charge on the strongest Polish unit — the Banner of the Land of Cracow. Jan Długosz ( December 1 1415 - May 19, 1480) also known as Joannes Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10 Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland The Polish ranks started to waver and the flag of the banner was lost. However, it was soon recaptured by the Polish knights, and King Jogaila ordered most of his reserves to enter combat.

The arrival of fresh troops allowed the Poles to repel the enemy assault and the forces of Ulrich von Jungingen were weakened. Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10 At the same time his reserves were still busy pursuing the evading Lithuanian cavalry. When they finally returned to the battlefield, it was already too late for the Teutonic charge to succeed and the forces of the Order started the withdrawal.

A pivotal role in triggering the Teutonic retreat is attributed to the leader of the banner of Chełmno(Culm), [1] [2] Nikolaus von Renys (Mikołaj of Ryńsk), born in Prussia (identified by Longinus as Swabia). For the concentration camp located near a village with a similar name Chełmno nad Nerem see Chełmno extermination camp. Nicholas von Renys (Nikolaus von Renys Mikołaj z Ryńska 1360 - 1411 was a secular Prussian Knight during the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War (1409-1411 Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic The founder and leader of the Lizard Union, a group of Order Knights sympathetic to Poland, refused to fight the Polish. The Lizard Union or Lizard League (Eidechsenbund Związek Jaszczurczy was an Organization of Prussian nobles and Knights established in Lowering the banner he was carrying was taken as a signal of surrender by the Teutonic troops. Accused of treason, ultimately von Renys was beheaded by his order, along with all of his male descendants.

After several hours of fighting, Ulrich von Jungingen decided to join his embattled forces in the main line of engagement. Vytautas, however, also returned to the battlefield with the reorganized forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and joined the fierce fighting. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Teutonic forces were by then becoming outnumbered by the mass of Polish knights and the advancing Lithuanian infantry, which all of a sudden had come pouring on the battlefield from the surrounding forests.

Ulrich von Jungingen personally led the assault with 16 banners of heavy cavalry, which until then were held in reserve. Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10 Jogaila, however, threw in all his remaining reserves, as well as several already tired units. Putting up heavy resistance, the 16 banners of the Grand Master were surrounded and began to suffer high losses, including the Grand Master himself. Seeing the fall of their Grand Master, the rest of the Teutonic forces started to withdraw towards their camp.

Part of the routed units retreated to the forests where they were pursued by the Lithuanian and Polish cavalry, while the rest retreated to the camp near the village of Grunwald, where they tried to organise the defence by using the tabor tactics: the camp was surrounded by wagons tied up with chains, serving as a mobile fortification. However, the defences were soon broken and the camp was looted. According to the anonymous author of the Chronicle of the Conflict of Ladislaus King of Poland with the Teutonic knights Anno Domini 1410, there were more bodies in and around the camp than on the rest of the battlefield. The pursuit after the fleeing Teutonic cavalry lasted until the dusk.

Despite the technological superiority of the Teutonic Knights, to the point of this being believed to be the first battle in this part of Europe in which field-artillery was deployed, the numbers and tactical superiority of the Polish Lithuanian alliance were to prove overwhelming.

Jan Žižka of Trocnov lost his first eye in the battle, fighting for the Lithuanians. Jan Žižka z Trocnova a Kalicha (English John Zizka of Trocnov, German Johann Ziska or Johann Schischka) (c

Aftermath

The defeat of the Teutonic Order was resounding. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. According to Andrzej Nadolski about 8,000 Teuton soldiers were killed in the battle, and an additional 14,000 taken captive. Most of the approximately 250 members of the Order were also killed, including much of the Teutonic leadership. Apart from Ulrich von Jungingen himself, the Polish and Lithuanian forces killed also the Grand Marshal Friedrich von Wallenrode, Grand Komtur Kuno von Lichtenstein and Albrecht von Schwartzburg, the Grand Treasurer Thomas von Merheim. Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10

Markward von Salzbach, the Komtur of Brandenburg, and mayor Schaumburg of Sambia were executed by order of Vytautas after the battle. Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. Sambia (Земландский полуостров Zemlandsky poluostrov) or Samland ( is a Peninsula in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c The only higher officials to escape from the battle were Grand Hospital Master and Komtur of Elbing Werner von Tettinger. Elbląg (Elbing Elbinga is a City in northern Poland with 127892 inhabitants (2006 Such a slaughter of noble knights and personalities was quite unusual in Mediæval Europe. This was possible mostly due to the participation of the peasantry who joined latter stages of the battle, and took part in destruction of the surrounded Teutonic troops. Unlike the noblemen, the peasants did not receive any ransom for taking captives; they thus had less of an incentive to keep them alive. Among those taken captive were Kasimir V, duke of Stettin (Szczecin), and Konrad the White, duke of Oels (Oleśnica). Oleśnica (Oels or Öls) is a Town in the Trzebnickie Hills in southwestern Poland with 38900 inhabitants (1995

After the battle Polish and Lithuanian forces stayed on the battlefield for three days. All notable officials were interred in separate graves, while the body of Ulrich von Jungingen was covered with royal coat and transported to Marienburg Castle. Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10 Malbork Castle (Ordensburg Marienburg was built by the Teutonic Order as an Ordensburg and named Marienburg (literally "Mary's Castle" The rest of the dead were gathered in several mass graves. There are different speculations as to why Jogaila decided to wait that long. After three days, the Polish-Lithuanian forces moved on to Marienburg and laid siege upon the castle, but the three days time had been enough for the knights to organise the defence. Troops from Livonia were expected to support their brothers, and the ongoing conflict with Sigismund of Luxemburg could cause problems elsewhere. Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9, After several weeks of siege, the Lithuanian Grand Duke withdrew from the war and it became clear that the siege would not be effective. The nobility from Lesser Poland also wanted to end the war before the harvest, and the siege was lifted.

In the battle, both Polish and Lithuanian forces had taken several thousand captives. Most of the mercenaries were released shortly after the battle on the condition that they will return to Kraków on 29 September 1410. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. After that move, the king held most of the Teutonic officials, while the rest returned to Prussia to beg the Teutonic Order officials for their liberation and ransom payment. This proved to be a major drain of the Teutonic budget as the value of a Teutonic Knight was quite high.

For instance, one of the mercenaries named Holbracht von Loym had to pay sixty times (German: Schock) the number of 150 Prague groschen, that is almost 30 kilograms of pure silver, a value uncommon even in modern times. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Prague groschen (pražský groš grossi pragenses Prager Groschen Grosz praski was a Groschen -type Silver Coin that became very common throughout With his army defeated and the remnants of it composed mostly of ill-paid mercenaries, Heinrich von Plauen the Elder had little incentive to continue the fight, especially since some of the Hanseatic cities owned by the knights had changed sides. For the similarly-named Grand Master see Heinrich Reuß von Plauen. Thus, after retaking Danzig from rebellious burghers, the peace negotiations were started. Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland

According to the Peace of Thorn signed in February 1411, the Order had to cede the Dobrin Land (Dobrzyn Land) to Poland, and resign their claims to Samogitia for the lifetime of the king. The (First Peace of Thorn (1411 was like the Second Peace of Thorn (1466, a Peace treaty between allied Poland and Lithuania fom Dobrzyń Land (Dobriner Land ziemia dobrzyńska is a territory of historical interest surrounding present day Dobrzyń nad Wisłą in Poland. Samogitia ( Samogitian: Žemaitėjė, Žemaitija literally lowlands) is one of the five Ethnographic Regions of Lithuania. This is thought to be a diplomatic defeat for Poland and Lithuania as they pushed for attempts to dismantle the Teutonic Knights state altogether. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. However, while the Poles and Lithuanians were unable to translate the military victory in the battle to greater geographical gains, the financial consequences of the peace treaty were much worse for the knights, having to pay about 5 tons of silver in each of the next four years.

The defeat of Teutonic knights' troops left them with few forces to defend their remaining territories. The Grand Masters from then on had to rely on mercenary troops, which proved too expensive for the knights' budget to sustain. Although Heinrich von Plauen the Elder, the successor to Ulrich von Jungingen, managed to keep hold on territories conquered by knights, the opposition to his rule among the citizens, the knights and within the Order itself forced his ouster. For the similarly-named Grand Master see Heinrich Reuß von Plauen. Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 &ndash July 15 1410) was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1407-10

The Teuton knights' lost support due to their internal conflicts and constant tax increases, which decades later was manifested in the foundation of the Prussian Confederation, or Alliance against Lordship, in 1441. The Prussian Confederation (Preußischer Bund or Bund vor Gewalt; Związek Pruski was an organization formed in 1440 by a group of 53 gentry and clergy and 19 cities in This led to a series of conflicts that culminated in 1454 the Thirteen Years' War, ending with another defeat of the victorious order. The Thirteen Years' War was also the name of an Austrian-Ottoman War Thirteen Years War in Hungary The Thirteen Years' War (Dreizehnjähriger Krieg Wojna trzynastoletnia

The next year the Polish and Lithuanian leaders celebrated the victory with a sort of a re-enactment parade, and a voyage to visit their neighbours, Polotsk, Smolensk and Riazan, but seemingly they visits failed to impress, maybe because the monarchs made the journey without their armies, but in ships down the Dniepr to Kiev. ^[6]

Influences of the Battle of Grunwald on modern culture

Poland

The battle of Grunwald is regarded as one of the most important battles in Polish history. ^[7] It is often depicted by an ideogram of two swords, which were supposedly given to king Jogaila and Grand Duke Vytautas before the battle by the Teutonic knights envoys to "raise Polish desire for battle". An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write" is a Graphic symbol that represents an Idea

In 1914, on the eve of World War I, during celebration of the five-hundredth anniversary of the battle, a monument by Antoni Wiwulski was erected in Kraków. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Antoni Wiwulski (1877-1919 was a Polish architect and sculptor Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland The ceremony spawned demonstrations of outrage within Polish society against the aggressive politics of the German Empire, including the forcible Germanization of Poles after the partitions of Poland. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Germanisation (also spelled Germanization) is either the spread of the German language, people and culture either by force or Assimilation The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish poet Maria Konopnicka wrote the fiercely patriotic, poem, "Rota" calling to defence against Germanisation policies. Maria Konopnicka ( May 23, 1842, Suwałki — October 8, 1910, Lwów) was a Polish Poet, Novelist Rota ("The Oath" is an early 20th-century Polish Poem and Anthem, once proposed to be the Polish National anthem. About the same time, Henryk Sienkiewicz wrote the novel The Teutonic Knights (Polish: Krzyżacy) , one of his series of books designed to increase patriotic spirit amongst the Poles (forty-four years later, Polish filmmaker Aleksander Ford used the book as the basis for his film, The Teutonic Knights). The Teutonic Knights ( Krzyżacy) is a 1900 Historical novel written by Polish writer and Nobel laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz. Aleksander Ford ( November 24, 1908, Kiev, Ukraine – April 4, 1980, Naples, Florida, United Today, a festival is held every year to commemorate this medieval battle. Thousands of medieval reenactors from all across Europe, many of them in knight's armor, gather in July at the Grunwald fields to reconstruct the battle. Medieval reenactment is a form of Historical reenactment that focuses on re-enacting European history in the period from the fall of Rome to about the end of the 15th Great care is taken with the historical details of the armor, weapons, and conduct of the battle.

Soviets used the symbols of the battle for propagand purpousesm and created Order Krzyża Grunwaldu (The Cross of Grunwald medal) which was a military decoration created in 1943 by the commander of the Soviet proxy force Gwardia Ludowa (confirmed in 1944 by the Krajowa Rada Narodowa) and awarded for heroism in World War II. Cross of Grunwald or Order of the Cross of Grunwald (Order Krzyża Grunwaldu was a Military decoration created in November 1943 by the High Command A military decoration is a decoration given to Military personnel or units for Heroism in battle or distinguished service This is an article about a communist Polish resistance organization Krajowa Rada Narodowa in Polish (translated as State National Council or Homeland National Council, abbreviated to KRN was a Parliament -like World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Some Polish sport teams, including Grunwald Poznań, are named in memory of the Polish victory. This page is about the sports club from Poznań. For the administrative district in Poznań see Poznań-Grunwald.

Belarus

In the 15th century present-day Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje Many cities from the region contributed troops to the Grand Duchy's side. The victory in the Battle of Grunwald is widely respected and commemorated.

Lithuania

The victory at the Battle of Grunwald or Žalgirio mūšis in 1410 is synonymous with the peak of the political and military power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The demise of the Teutonic order ended the period of German expansion and created preconditions for political stability, economic growth and relative cultural prosperity that lasted until the rise of Muscovy in the late 16th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and In the Lithuanian historical discourse regarding the battle there is a lasting controversy over the roles played by the Lithuanian-born king of Poland Jogaila, and his cousin, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vytautas, the latter usually being favoured as a national hero. Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c There is also well known speculation about two swords which were presented to Jogaila before battle, why two swords for one commander? It's widely believed that Teutonic Order sent one sword for Vytautas, but as he was commanding on the field of battle both of them were presented to Jogaila. Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. The controversy reflects another controversy: to what extent was Vytautas subordinate to his cousin Jogaila, if at all?

The term Žalgiris became a symbol of resistance to foreign domination over Lithuania. Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c The leading Lithuanian basketball and football teams are called BC Žalgiris and FK Žalgiris to commemorate the battle. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered FK Žalgiris is a Lithuanian football club playing in the capital Vilnius. The victories of BC Žalgiris Kaunas against the Soviet Army sports club CSKA Moscow in the late 1980s served as a major emotional inspiration for the Lithuanian national revival, and the consequent emergence of the Sąjūdis movement that helped lead to the collapse of the Soviet Union. See also CSKA Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow is a Russian professional Basketball club often referred to as " Red Army " for its past Sąjūdis (Reform Movement of Lithuania (Lietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdis is the political organization which led the struggle for Lithuanian independence in the late 1980s The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Germany

In Germany the battle was known as the Battle of Tannenberg. In 1914 yet another Battle of Tannenberg took place between Germany and Russia, ending with a Russian defeat. The Battle of Tannenberg was a decisive engagement between the Russian Empire and the German Empire in the first days of World War I, fought by the In German propaganda during the WWI / WWII period the 1914 battle was put forth as a revenge for the Polish - Lithuanian victory 504 years earlier, and the battle itself was purposefully named to suit this agenda.

Russia and the Soviet Union

Due to the participation of the three Smolensk regiments in the battle, Russians consider the battle to be a Polish-Lithuanian-Russian coalition against invading Germans, ignoring the fact that Smolensk at that time was a part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as furthermore, Lithuanian historian Edvardas Gudavičius argues, that those banners were Lithuanian forces, that under command of Lengvenis in 1408 were sent to a rioting city. Edvardas Gudavičius (born on September 6, 1929 in Kaunas) is one of the best known historians in modern Lithuania specializing in history of Lengvenis ( Simeon Lingwen, born ca 1360 – died after 1431 was one of the sons of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and the ruler of Great After quelling the riot Smolensk became part of Grand Duchy. Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. The presence of regiments from those territories is noted by modern sources^[8] as well as people from places like Hungary or Bohemia. ^[1]

The banner from Starodub took part in the battle in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formation. For the eponymous town see Starodub-on-the-Klyazma Starodub (Староду́б lit This town is now part of the Bryansk region in Russia.

In Soviet historiography, the battle of Grunwald was styled as a racial struggle between Slavs and Germans, where the Teutonic Knights were portrayed as the medieval forerunners of Hitler's armies, while the battle itself was seen as the medieval counterpart of stemming the German tide at Stalingrad. Soviet historiography is the history of the academic study of history as written by scholars of the Soviet Union. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as ^[9]

Banners

Poland

The exact Order of Battle of the Polish forces is unknown. An order of battle was in its original form during the European period of Medieval warfare the order in which troops were positioned relative to the position of the Army commander However, Ioannes Longinus in his Historiæ Polonicæ written after 1455 recorded 51 Polish banners, together with their descriptions, blazoning and commanders. Jan Długosz ( December 1 1415 - May 19, 1480) also known as Joannes Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius Cf Khorugv Chorągiew ( Polish, pronounced; literally "banner" was the basic administrative unit of the Polish

This list also has some obvious errors: at the time of the battle several of the banners attributed to Poland were constituents of the Lithuanian army (e. g. Lwow, Podolia, Halitcz); Pahonia (Vytis, The Pursuit) was an exclusively Lithuanian banner; arrows, axes and horseshoes are typical to Lithuanian heraldry, but not the Polish one, etc. The Pahonia (Паго́ня transliteration: Pahonia, pa'ɣonʲa translated as Chaser; Pogoń is a historical symbol of Belarus

It is not certain whether the list is complete.

Banner of	Battle sign	Origin	Remarks
Army of The Crown - Court Banners
Great Banner of Kraków and the Kingdom of Poland	Arms of Poland		Elite troops, under Zyndram of Maszkowice
"Gończa" Court Banner	Goncza Coat of Arms		under Andrzej of Ochocice of Osorya
Pogoń Court Banner	Pahonia		under Andrzej Ciołek of Żelechów and Jan of Sprowa of Odrowąż
Saint George			Bohemian and Moravian mercenaries, under Sokol and Zbyslavek
Army of The Crown - Regional Banners
Greater Poland	Coat of Arms of Greater Poland
Land of Sandomierz	Flag of Sandomierz
Kalisz	Flag of Kalisz
Land of Sieradz	Flag of Sieradz
Land of Lublin	Jeleń
Land of Łęczyca	Flag of Łęczyca
Land of Cuyavia	Coat of Arms of Cuyavia
Land of Lwów	Banner of Lwów
Land of Wieluń	Flag of Wieluń		Reinforced with mercenaries from Silesia
Land of Przemyśl	Flag of Przemyśl
Dobrzyń	Coat of Arms of Dobrzyń
Land of Chełm	Coat of Arms of Chełm
Three banners of Podolia	Coat of Arms of Podolia		Split up due to large number of knights
Land of Halicz	Coat of Arms of Halicz
Army of The Crown - Masovian Banners
Two banners of Duke Siemowit IV of Masovia	Coat of Arms of Masovia	Masovia, mostly Płock area	Dukes of Masovia
Duke Janusz I of Masovia	own	Masovia, mostly Warsaw area	Dukes of Masovia
Army of The Crown - Personal Banners
Archbishop of Gniezno Mikołaj Kurowski	Śreniawa
Bishop of Poznań Wojciech Jastrzębiec	Jastrzębiec		under Jarand of Brudzewo
Castellan of Kraków Krystyn of Ostrów	Rawicz
Voivod of Kraków Jan of Tarnów	Leliwa
Voivod of Poznań Sędziwój of Ostroróg	Nałęcz
Voivod of Sandomierz Mikołaj of Michałowo	Poraj
Voivod of Sieradz Jakub of Koniecpol	Pobóg
Castellan of Śrem Iwo of Obiechów	Wieniawa
Voivod of Łęczyca Jan Ligęza	Półkozic
Castellan of Wojnice Andrzej of Tęczyn	Topór
Marshal of The Crown Zbigniew of Brzezie	Zadora
Chambelain of Kraków Piotr Szafraniec	Starykoń
Castellan of Wiślica Klemens of Moskorzów	Piława
Castellan of Śrem and mayor of Greater Poland Wincenty of Granów	Leliwa
Dobko of Oleśnica	Dębno
Spytko of Tarnów	Leliwa
Lord High Steward of Kalisz Marcin of Sławsko	Zaremba
Dobrogost Świdwa of Szamotuły	Nałęcz
Krystyn of Koziegłowy	Lis
Master King's Cup-Bearer Jan Mężyk	Wadwicz
Deputy Chancellor of the Crown Mikołaj Trąba	Trąby
Mikołaj Kmita of Wiśnicz	Śreniawa
Gryf Clan	Gryf		Family of Gryf, under Zygmunt of Bobowa
Zaklika of Korzkiew	Syrokomla
Clan of Koźlerogi	Koźlerogi		Family, under Castellan of Wiślica Florian of Korytnica
Jan of Jičín	Benešovici	Moravia	Volunteers from Moravia, commanded by Jan Helm, the hejtman in the duty of aristocratic family of Kravaře
Steward of the Crown and starost of Lwów Gniewosz of Dalewice	Strzegomia	Czech lands	Only volunteers and mercenaries from Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia
Duke of Lithuania Sigismund Korybut	Pahonia

Lithuania

Due to different system of feudal overlordship, as well as lack of heraldic traditions, the units of Grand Duchy of Lithuania were all grouped under banners of two types: the Pahonia and the Columns of Gediminas. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government Throughout most of the History of Poland, the banner of Poland was one of the main symbols of the Polish State normally reserved for use by the Head of state The White Eagle (Orzeł Biały is the national Coat of arms of Poland. Zyndram z Maszkowic ( Zyndram of Maszkowice, c 1355 &ndash c 1414 was a Polish 14th and 15th century Knight. Ossorya - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian The Pahonia (Паго́ня transliteration: Pahonia, pa'ɣonʲa translated as Chaser; Pogoń is a historical symbol of Belarus Ciołek ( Polish for " Bullock " is a Polish coat of arms, one of the oldest in medieval Żelechów ( Yidish זשעלעכאָוו rus Желехув is a town in east Poland in Masovian Voivodeship in Garwolin County, it Odrowąż - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian In Christian hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Anglican Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government Greater Poland or Great Poland, Polish Wielkopolska (Großpolen Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland Sandomierz (Sandomir Sandomiria is a city in south-eastern Poland with 25714 inhabitants ( 2006) Kalisz is a City in central Poland with 109800 inhabitants (1995 Sieradz (Latin Syradia) is a town on the Warta river in central Poland with 44326 inhabitants (2004 Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954 Łęczyca (in full The Royal Town of Łęczyca, Polish: Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; other names Lenczyk, Lentschütz Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Wieluń is a town in central Poland with 24347 inhabitants (2006 Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people Chełm (Холм Kholm) is a city in eastern Poland with 72595 inhabitants (2005 The region of Podolia (also spelled Podilia or Podillya) is a historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, Halych (Галич Гáлич Halicz Halyčas is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government Siemowit IV (also known as Ziemowit IV) (ca 1352–1425 or 1426 was one of the Dukes of Masovia. Masovia or Mazovia (Mazowsze is a geographic and historic region situated in eastern Poland 's Masovian Plain. Płock is a city in central Poland, on the Vistula river with 131011 inhabitants The Dukes of Masovia were a line of the Piast Dynasty who ruled in Masovia. Janusz I (c 1340 &ndash 1429 was Duke of Warsaw (from 1373 one of the Dukes of Masovia after its division amongst the sons of Duke Siemowit III Masovia or Mazovia (Mazowsze is a geographic and historic region situated in eastern Poland 's Masovian Plain. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. The Dukes of Masovia were a line of the Piast Dynasty who ruled in Masovia. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government Gniezno (Gnesen is a Town in central-western Poland, some 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 73000 people Mikołaj Kurowski of Szreniawa of Kurów (died 1411 was a chancellor of the Kingdom of Poland and a Catholic hierarch Szreniawa is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Poznań Lublin Voivodeship This article is about the city in Poland Jastrzębiec - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families prior to and during the Polish-Lithuanian Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Rawa - is a Polish coat of arms. It was borne by several noble families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian A voivode or waywode is a Slavic title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Poznań Lublin Voivodeship This article is about the city in Poland Nałęcz is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the Sandomierz (Sandomir Sandomiria is a city in south-eastern Poland with 25714 inhabitants ( 2006) Poraj - is a Polish Coat of Arms. Used by several Knighthood families of Medieval Poland and noble families Sieradz (Latin Syradia) is a town on the Warta river in central Poland with 44326 inhabitants (2004 Pobóg - is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian A castellan was the Governor or caretaker of a Castle or Keep. Śrem ( German: Schrimm) is a town on the Warta river in central Poland. Wieniawa is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Łęczyca (in full The Royal Town of Łęczyca, Polish: Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; other names Lenczyk, Lentschütz Półkozic - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Topór ( Polish for " Axe " is a Polish coat of arms. Zbigniew z Brzezia or Zbigniew Lanckoroński ( c 1360 – c 1425 was a notable Polish Knight and nobleman of Clan Zadora Zadora - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Starykoń ( Polish for "Old Horse " is a Polish coat of arms. Wiślica Silesian Voivodeship Wiślica is a Village in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Piława is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several Szlachta (noble families under the Śrem ( German: Schrimm) is a town on the Warta river in central Poland. Dębno - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Kalisz is a City in central Poland with 109800 inhabitants (1995 Szamotuły (Samter is a town in Poland, in Greater Poland Voivodeship, about 30 km northwest of Poznań. Nałęcz is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the Lis ( Polish for " Fox " is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by many noble families Wadwicz - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Mikołaj Trąba, of Trąby Coat of Arms (1358 &ndash 2 December 1422) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest Royal Notary from 1390 Trąby ( Polish for " Horns quot is a Polish coat of arms. Szreniawa is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Gryf ( Polish for " Griffin " is a Polish coat of arms that was used by many noble Syrokomla - is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Jelita - is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Wiślica Silesian Voivodeship Wiślica is a Village in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Odrowąż - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the Monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland, Ukraine and Grand Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Gniewosz z Dalewic (died after 1410 lit Gniewosz of Dalewice) of a family using Kościesza Coat of Arms was a Polish knight and a courtier of King Kościesza - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several Szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian The " Czech lands " (České země is an auxiliary term used mainly to describe the combination of Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund Korybut (Žygimantas Kaributaitis Zikmund Korybutovič ca The Pahonia (Паго́ня transliteration: Pahonia, pa'ɣonʲa translated as Chaser; Pogoń is a historical symbol of Belarus Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Pahonia (Паго́ня transliteration: Pahonia, pa'ɣonʲa translated as Chaser; Pogoń is a historical symbol of Belarus The Columns of Gediminas or Pillars of Gediminas (Gediminaičių stulpai are one of the earliest symbols of Lithuania and one of its historical coats of arms The only difference between various lands using the same emblem was the blazon. In Heraldry and heraldic Vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of most often a Coat of arms or Flag, which enables a person to The hareness and the colour of the horse on the Pahonia (Pogoń) differed. The Pahonia (Паго́ня transliteration: Pahonia, pa'ɣonʲa translated as Chaser; Pogoń is a historical symbol of Belarus

Note that the number of Lithuanian banners is uncertain. According to Ioannes Longinus there were 40 banners on the right flank of the Polish-Lithuanian forces, 10 flying the Columns of Gediminas and 30 flying the Pahonia. Jan Długosz ( December 1 1415 - May 19, 1480) also known as Joannes Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius The Columns of Gediminas or Pillars of Gediminas (Gediminaičių stulpai are one of the earliest symbols of Lithuania and one of its historical coats of arms The Pahonia (Паго́ня transliteration: Pahonia, pa'ɣonʲa translated as Chaser; Pogoń is a historical symbol of Belarus However, he also mentions that there might have been 2 additional banners from Smolensk and up to six additional banners of Samogitia. Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. Samogitia ( Samogitian: Žemaitėjė, Žemaitija literally lowlands) is one of the five Ethnographic Regions of Lithuania. German authors also mention that there were three auxiliary banners of Moldavia flying their own flags. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians In addition, it is probable that the units from Trakai, Volhynia, Smolensk, Kiev and Nowogrodek used their own emblems. Trakai is a historic city and lake resort in Lithuania. It lies 28 km west of Vilnius, capital of Lithuania Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Navahrudak, Novgorodok or Novogrudok (Навагрудак nava'ɣrudak Новогрудок also known as Nowogródek and Naugardukas is a city in the Hrodna

Banner of	Battle sign	Origin	Remarks
Army of the Grand Duchy - Flying the Pahonia Banners
Vytautas the Great	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Minsk	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Polotsk	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Hrodna	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Kreva	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Krichev	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Mahilyow	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Niasvizh	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Novgorod	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Novhorod-Siverskyi	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Orsha	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Slonim	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Slutsk	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Vitsebsk	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Vladzimir	Coat of arms of Lithuania
Army of the Grand Duchy - Flying the Columns Banners
Sigismund Kestutaitis	Columns of Gediminas
Manvydas	Columns of Gediminas
Yurij, son of Lengvenis	Columns of Gediminas
Trakai	Columns of Gediminas
Vilnius	Columns of Gediminas
Hrodna	Columns of Gediminas
Kaunas	Columns of Gediminas
Lida	Columns of Gediminas
Medininkai	Columns of Gediminas
Three (?) Banners of Smolensk	Columns of Gediminas		under Lengvenis (Simon Lingwen)
Vitebsk	Columns of Gediminas
Kiev	Columns of Gediminas
Pinsk	Columns of Gediminas
Navahradak	Columns of Gediminas
Brest	Columns of Gediminas
Wolkowysk	Columns of Gediminas
Drohiczyn	Columns of Gediminas
Mielnik	Columns of Gediminas
Krzemieniec	Columns of Gediminas
Starodub	Columns of Gediminas
Auxiliary Units
Lipka Tatars	none		approximately 1000 skirmishers under Jalal ad-Din
Three Banners of Moldavia	Aurochs of Moldavia		approximately 900 foot soldiers and 25 knights under logofăt Mihaiu Alexandrel

Footnotes

References

• Stephen Turnbull, Tannenberg 1410 Disaster for the Teutonic Knights, 2003, London: Osprey Campaign Series no. Stephen Richard Turnbull is an Historian specializing in eastern Military history, especially the Samurai of Japan. 122 ISBN 9781841765617
• Разин Е. А. (E. A. Razin), История военного искусства XVI — XVII вв. — СПб. : ООО «Издательство Полигон», 1999. ISBN 5891730413 (XVI — XVII вв. ), сс. 485-489.
• V. V. Boguslavskii (ed. ), Slavianskaia entsiklopediia: Kievskaia Rus' - Moskoviia. V 2-kh tomakh. Tom 1: A-M, Moskva, 2001, Olma Media Group, T. 1, ISBN 5224022509, p. 317
• Johnson, Lonnie, Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends, Oxford University Press (US), 1996, ISBN 0195100719
• Mickunaite, Giedre, A Medieval parade, in The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways:festschrift in honour of János M. Bak, Balazs Nagy, Marcell Sebők, Central European University Press, 1999 ISBN 963911667X

Further reading

Non-fiction

• Stefan Kuczyński, Szymon Kobyliński, Chorągwie grunwaldzkich zwycięzców (The Banners of the Victors of Grunwald); WAiF, Warsaw, 1989. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. ISBN 83-221-0467-7
• Ioannes Longinus (Jan Długosz), Annales seu Cronicæ Incliti Regni Poloniæ; PWN, Warsaw, 2000. Jan Długosz ( December 1 1415 - May 19, 1480) also known as Joannes Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. ISBN 83-01-13301-5
• Ioannes Longinus (Jan Długosz), Bitwa grunwaldzka; Ossolineum, Wrocław, 2003. Jan Długosz ( December 1 1415 - May 19, 1480) also known as Joannes Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius The Ossolineum or Zakład Narodowy im Ossolińskich (ZNiO National Ossoliński Institute) is one of the largest scientific libraries and the oldest Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia ISBN 83-04-04632-6
• Mečislovas Jučas, Žalgirio mūšis (Battle of Grunwald); Mokslas, Vilnius, 1990. ISBN 5-420-00242-6
• Sven Ekdahl, Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410. Quellenkritische Untersuchungen. Bd. 1: Einführung und Quellenlage. ISBN 3-428-05243-9
• Sven Ekdahl Die "Banderia Prutenorum" des Jan Dlugosz: Eine Quelle zur Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410 : Unters. zu Aufbau, Entstehung u. Quellenwert d. Hs.  : mit e. . . . Klasse ; Folge 3, Nr. 104). ISBN 3-525-82382-7

Fiction

• Henryk Sienkiewicz, Krzyżacy (The Teutonic Knights); Tygodnik Ilustrowany, Kraków, 1900. The Teutonic Knights ( Krzyżacy) is a 1900 Historical novel written by Polish writer and Nobel laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland ISBN 0-7818-0433-7
• James A. Michener, Poland; Random House, 1984. James Albert Michener ( February 3, 1907 – October 16, 1997) was an American author of more than 40 titles the majority of which ISBN 0-449-20587-8
• Robert L. Stevenson, "Prince Otto" in "Seven Novels"; Barnes & Noble, 2006. Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850–3 December 1894 was a Scottish novelist poet and travel writer, and a representative of Neo-romanticism in ISBN 13:978-978-0-7607-8012-1 ISBN 10-0-7607-8012-9

See also

• Grunwald Swords
• Battle of the Ice
• Banderia Prutenorum

External links

• Analysis of the battle
• Battle of Grunwald 1410
• Account of the battle by Jan Dlugosz, secretary to the Bishop of Cracow, written sixty years after battle
• Grunwald Commune (with pictures of the Grunwald Battle 1999 and 2000)
• Triangle of villages near Grunwald on a map of Poland
• Ignacy Paderewski speech at the Grunwald monument inauguration in Cracow 1910 (500 aniversary)
• Battle of Grunwald, a painting by Jan Matejko
• Gospelcom Summary
• (German) Schlacht bei Tannenberg- Historical account by Jörg Dendl

Grunwald Swords were a gift presented by Ulrich von Jungingen, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order of Knights to King Ladislaus II of Poland The Battle of the Ice (Ледовое побоище Ledovoe poboishche; Schlacht auf dem Eise Jäälahing Ledus kauja also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus The Banderia Prutenorum is a manuscript of 48 Parchment sheets 18

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