Battle of Gallipoli
Part of the Middle Eastern Theatre (First World War)
The Battle of Gallipoli by Ben Dangoor, April 1915. The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I was fought between the Allied Powers, primarily the British and the Russians on the one hand and the World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
Date April 25, 1915- January 6, 1916 Location Result Ottoman victory
Belligerents
British Empire Australia British India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom Egyptian labourers[1] France Senegal	Ottoman Empire  German Empire[2]  Austria-Hungary[3]
Commanders
Sir Ian Hamilton Lord Kitchener John de Robeck	Otto Liman von Sanders Mustafa Kemal
Strength
5 divisions (initial) 16 divisions (final)	6 divisions (initial) 15 divisions (final)
Casualties and losses
141,113[4]	195,000[5]

The Battle of Gallipoli took place at Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey from 25 April 1915 to 9 January 1916, during the First World War. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. When World War I broke out in 1914 all of the Commonwealth nations including Australia were called to defend Great Britain. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 (before which the territory had the status of a British colony to 1949 The Dominion of New Zealand is the former name of the Realm of New Zealand. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The History of modern Egypt conventionally begins with the French expedition led by Napoleon Bonaparte and Mohammed Ali 's subsequent assumption of power in 1801 The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe French West Africa ( Afrique occidentale française, AOF) was a Federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification General Sir Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton GCB GCMG DSO TD (16 January 1853 &mdash 12 October 1947 was a general in the British Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Michael de Robeck 1st Baronet GCB, GCMG, GCVO ( 10 June 1862 &ndash 20 January Generalleutnant Otto Liman von Sanders ( February 17, 1855 - August 22, 1929) was a German general who served as adviser Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu Yarımadası is located in Turkish Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All A joint British Empire, most notably the Australians, and French operation was mounted to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (now Istanbul), and secure a sea route to Russia. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The attempt failed, with heavy casualties on both sides.

In Turkey, the campaign is known as the Çanakkale Savaşları, after the province of Çanakkale. Çanakkale (ʧɑˈnɑkːɑle is a town and seaport in Turkey, in Çanakkale Province, on the southern (Asian coast of the Dardanelles (or In the United Kingdom, it is called the Dardanelles Campaign or Gallipoli. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In France it is called Les Dardanelles. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In Australia,^[6] New Zealand,^[7] and Newfoundland,^[8] it is known as the Gallipoli Campaign or simply as Gallipoli. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation

The Gallipoli campaign resonated profoundly among all nations involved. In Turkey, the battle is perceived as a defining moment in the history of the Turkish people—a final surge in the defense of the motherland as the centuries-old Ottoman Empire was crumbling. The struggle laid the grounds for the Turkish War of Independence and the foundation of the Turkish Republic eight years later under Atatürk, himself a commander at Gallipoli. The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı May 19, 1919 October 29, 1923) refers to the political and military resistance developed Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman

In Australia and New Zealand, the campaign was the first major battle undertaken by a joint military formation, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), and is often considered to mark the birth of national consciousness in both of these countries. Anzac Day (April 25) remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand, surpassing Armistice Day/Remembrance Day. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. A veteran (from Latin vetus, meaning "old" is a person who has or is working in the armed forces Armistice Day is the anniversary of the symbolic end of World War I on 11 November, 1918. Remembrance Day also known as Poppy Day, Armistice Day (the event it commemorates or Veterans Day is a day to commemorate the

Prelude

The Allies were keen to open an effective supply route to Russia: efforts on the Eastern Front relieved pressure on the Western Front. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary blocked Russia's land trade routes to Europe, while no easy sea route existed. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The White Sea in the north and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East were distant from the Eastern Front and often icebound. The White Sea (Бе́лое мо́ре Vienanmeri is an Inlet of the Barents Sea on the northwest coast of Russia. The Sea of Okhotsk ( Russian: Охо́тское мо́ре English Transliteration: Okhotskoye More) is a part of the western Pacific Ocean, The Eastern Front was a theatre of war during World War I in Central and primarily Eastern Europe. The Baltic Sea was blocked by Germany's formidable Kaiserliche Marine. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. The Kaiserliche Marine or Imperial Navy was the German Navy created by the formation of the German Empire. The Black Sea's only entrance was through the Bosporus, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish When the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October 1914, Russia could no longer be supplied from the Mediterranean Sea. The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak

By late 1914, the Western Front, in France and Belgium, had effectively become fixed. Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914 the German army opened the Western Front by first invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those A new front was desperately needed. Also, the Allies hoped that an attack on the Ottomans would draw Bulgaria and Greece into the war on the Allied side. The Treaty of San Stefano of March 3, 1878 provided for a self-governing Bulgarian state which comprised the geographical regions of Moesia The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek:, Vasíleion tīs Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great However, an early proposal to use Greek troops to invade the Gallipoli peninsula was vetoed by Russia as its South Slavic allies would feel threatened by an expansion of Greek power and influence. The South Slavs are a southern branch of the Slavic peoples that live in the Balkans mainly throughout the former Yugoslavia (meaning "Land of

A first proposal to attack Turkey had already been suggested by French Minister of Justice Aristide Briand in November 1914, but it was not supported. Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize A suggestion by British Naval Intelligence (Room 39) to bribe the Turks over to the Allied side was not taken up. The Naval Intelligence Division ( NID) was the intelligence arm of the British Admiralty before the establishment of a unified Defence Staff in 1965

Later in November, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill put forward his first plans for a naval attack on the Dardanelles, based at least in part on what turned out to be erroneous reports regarding Turkish troop strength, as prepared by Lieut. T. E. Lawrence. The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty were the members of the Board of Admiralty, which exercised command over the Royal Navy. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 See also [[Hellespont]] The Dardanelles ( Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı Greek: Δαρδανέλλια Dardanellia) formerly He reasoned that the Royal Navy had a large number of obsolete battleships which could not be used against the German High Seas Fleet in the North Sea, but which might well be made useful in another theatre. The High Seas Fleet (Hochseeflotte was the main battle fleet of the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy during World War I. Initially, the attack was to be made by the Royal Navy alone, with only token forces from the army being required for routine occupation tasks.

Naval attacks

Main article: Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign

Turkish battery at Gallipoli

On 19 February, the first attack on the Dardanelles began when a strong Anglo-French task force, including the British battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth, bombarded Turkish artillery along the coast. The naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign of the First World War were mainly carried out by the Royal Navy with substantial support from the French Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum See also [[Hellespont]] The Dardanelles ( Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı Greek: Δαρδανέλλια Dardanellia) formerly A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were History World War One She was launched on 16 October 1913 at Portsmouth, Hampshire, and entered service in January 1915 during World War I Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Many believed victory to be inevitable. Admiral Carden sent a cable to Churchill on March 4, stating that the fleet could expect to arrive in Constantinople within fourteen days. Admiral Sir Sackville Hamilton Carden, KCMG (1857-1930 was a British admiral who in cooperation with the French Navy commanded British naval forces in the ^[9]. A sense of impending victory was heightened by the interception of a German wireless message which revealed the Ottoman Dardanelle forts were close to running out of ammunition. ^[10] When the message was relayed to Camden, it was agreed a main attack would be launched on or around March 17. It transpired that Camden, suffering from stress, was placed on the sick list by the medical officer, meaning the fleet was now placed in command of Admiral de Robeck. Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Michael de Robeck 1st Baronet GCB, GCMG, GCVO ( 10 June 1862 &ndash 20 January

On 18 March the main attack was launched. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor The fleet, comprising 18 battleships as well as an array of cruisers and destroyers, sought to target the narrowest point of the Dardanelles where the straits are just a mile wide. Despite some damage sustained by ships engaging the Ottoman forts, minesweepers were ordered to proceed along the straits. According to an account by the Turkish General Staff, by 2pm "All telephone wires were cut, all communications with the forts were interrupted, some of the guns had been knocked out. . . in consequence the artillery fire of the defense had slackened considerably"^[11].

Things started to go bad however, when the French ship Bouvet exploded in mysterious circumstances, causing it to capsize with its entire crew aboard. See also List of French battleships Minesweepers, manned by civilians and under constant fire of Ottoman shells, retreated leaving the minefields largely intact. HMS Irresistible and HMS Inflexible both sustained critical damage from mines, although there was confusion during the battle whether torpedoes were to blame. Technical characteristics HMS Irresistible was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 11 April 1898 and launched on 15 December 1898 in a very incomplete state Career Upon commissioning Inflexible was assigned to the Nore Division of the British Home Fleet HMS Ocean, sent to rescue the Irresistible, was itself struck by an explosion and both ships eventually sunk. Technical Description HMS Ocean was laid down at Devonport Dockyard on 15 December 1897 launched on 5 July 1898 and completed in February 1900 ^[12] The French battleships Suffren and Gaulois were also badly damaged. All the ships had sailed through a new line of mines placed secretly by the defenders 10 days before.

The losses prompted the Allies to cease any further attempts to force the straits by naval power alone. Losses had been anticipated during the planning of the campaign, so mainly obsolete battleships had been sent which were unfit to face the German fleet, but many naval officers including de Robeck and Fisher did not consider the losses acceptable. The defeat of the British fleet had also given the Turks a morale boost, although their gunners had almost run out of ammunition before the British fleet retreated. The results of the decision to turn back are unclear— if the British had pushed forward with the naval attack, as Churchill demanded, then Gallipoli might not have been a defeat. On the other hand, it is possible that they would simply have trapped themselves in the Sea of Marmara, with force insufficient to take Constantinople and a minefield between themselves and the Mediterranean Sea.

Invasion

After the failure of the naval attacks, it was decided that ground forces were necessary to eliminate the Turkish mobile artillery. This would allow minesweepers to clear the waters for the larger vessels. The British Secretary of State for War, Lord Kitchener, appointed General Sir Ian Hamilton to command the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force that was to carry out the mission. The position of Secretary of State for War, commonly called War Secretary, was a British Cabinet -level position first applied to Henry Dundas Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM General Sir Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton GCB GCMG DSO TD (16 January 1853 &mdash 12 October 1947 was a general in the British The Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF was a World War I British Army headquarters formed in March 1915 that commanded all Allied forces at Gallipoli

In early 1915, Australian and New Zealand volunteer soldiers were encamped in Egypt, undergoing training prior to being sent to France. When World War I broke out in 1914 all of the Commonwealth nations including Australia were called to defend Great Britain. The Dominion of New Zealand is the former name of the Realm of New Zealand. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The infantry were formed into the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), which comprised the Australian 1st Division and the New Zealand and Australian Division. The 1st Division is the main formation of the Australian Army and contains the majority of the army's regular forces The New Zealand and Australian Division was formed at the start of the Battle of Gallipoli as a composite division under the command of New Zealand general General Hamilton also had the regular British 29th Division, the Royal Naval Division (RND) (Royal Marines and hastily drafted naval recruits) and the French Oriental Expeditionary Corps (including four Senegalese battalions) under his command. The British 29th Division, known as the Incomparable Division, was a First World War regular army Infantry division formed in early 1915 The British 63rd (Royal Naval Division was a First World War division of the New Army. The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa.

Ottoman preparations

Disposition of Turkish 5th Army

There was a delay of over six weeks before many of the troops arrived from Britain, allowing Turkish forces time to prepare for a land assault. Ottoman commanders began to debate the best means of defending the peninsula. All agreed that the most effective form of defence was to hold the highground on the ridges of peninsula, there was disagreement however as to where they believed the enemy would land, and hence where to concentrate their own forces. Mustafa Kemal, a 34 year old Lt. -Col. , familiar with the Gallipoli peninsula from his operations against Bulgaria in the Balkan War,^[13] believed Cape Helles, the southern tip of the peninsula, and Gaba Tepe would be the two most likely areas for landing. In the case of the former, Kemal perceived the British would use their navy to command the land from everyside for the which the tip of the peninsula would allow. In Gaba Tepe, the short distance to the eastern coast meant forces could easily reach the Narrows.

Ultimately, Otto Liman von Sanders disagreed. In his view, the greatest danger posed was in Besika Bay on the Asiatic coast, where Sanders believed British forces would benefit from more accessible terrain and target the most important Ottoman batteries guarding the straits. ^[14]. As such, Sanders placed two divisions, a third of the total force of the fifth army, in this area. ^[15] Two more divisions were concentrated at Bulair at the northern isthmus of the peninsula, where he believed that should the area be captured, vital supply and communications lines would be cut. ^[16] Finally, At Cape Helles, on the tip of the peninsula, and along the Aegean coast, two more divisions were placed in the form of the Ninth and Nineteenth division, the latter of which was placed in command of Mustafa Kemal. For von Sanders, the bulk of the forces were to be held inland with minor coastal defences spread across the peninsula. The strategy drew complaints from Turkish commanders, including Mustafa Kemal, who believed Turkish forces were too widely dispersed and not in a position to drive the attackers immediately into the sea as soon as their invasion commenced. ^[17]

The delay in landings by the British allowed Turkish officers to commence with preparing defenses. Von Sanders notes "The British allowed us four good weeks of respite for all this work before their great disembarkation. . . This respite just sufficed for the most indispensable measures to be taken. "^[18] Roads were constructed, small boats assembled to carry troops and equipment across the narrows, beaches were wired and makeshift mines constructed from torpedo-heads. Trenches and gun emplacements were dug along the beaches whilst troops were regularly taken on long marches to avoid lethargy. ^[19] Mustafa Kemal, whose Nineteenth division would become pivotal in the battle, observed the beaches and awaited signs of an invasion from his post at Boghali, near Maidos.

Landings

Main articles: Landing at Anzac Cove – Landing at Cape Helles

The invasion plan of 25 April 1915 was for the 29th Division to land at Helles on the tip of the peninsula and then advance upon the forts at Kilitbahir. The landing at Anzac Cove was part of the amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula by British and French forces on April The landing at Cape Helles was part of the amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula by British and French forces on Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Anzacs were to land north of Gaba Tepe on the Aegean coast from where they could advance across the peninsula and prevent retreat from or reinforcement of Kilitbahir. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The small cove around and in which they landed became known as Anzac Cove. This sector of the Gallipoli Peninsula became known as 'Anzac'; the area held by the British and French became known as the 'Helles sector' or simply 'Helles'. The French made a diversionary landing at Kum Kale on the Asian shore before re-embarking to hold the eastern area of the Helles sector. There was also a diversion by the Royal Naval Division, including a one-man diversion by Bernard Freyberg, at Bulair. Lieutenant General Bernard Cyril Freyberg 1st Baron Freyberg VC, GCMG, KCB, KBE, DSO and three Bars (21 March 1889

Cape Helles landing beaches.

The Helles landing was made by the 29th Division under the command of Major-General Aylmer Hunter-Weston, on five beaches in an arc about the tip of the peninsula, designated from east to west as S, V, W, X and Y beach. The British 29th Division, known as the Incomparable Division, was a First World War regular army Infantry division formed in early 1915 Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Lieutenant General Sir Aylmer Gould Hunter-Weston KCB DSO GStJ (23 September 1864 &ndash 18 March 1940 was a British

The commander of the Y Beach landing was able to walk unopposed to within 500 metres of Krithia village, which was deserted. The First Battle of Krithia was the first Allied advance of the Battle of Gallipoli during World War I. The British never got so close again. Y Beach was eventually evacuated the following day as Turkish reinforcements arrived.

The main landings were made at V Beach, beneath the old Seddülbahir fortress, and at W Beach, a short distance to the west on the other side of the Helles headland. Sedd el Bahr (in modern Turkish Seddülbahir, meaning "Key of the Sea" is a village at Cape Helles on the Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey

At V Beach the covering force from the Royal Munster Fusiliers and Royal Hampshires was landed from a converted collier, SS River Clyde, which was run aground beneath the fortress so that the troops could disembark directly via ramps to the shore. The Royal Munster Fusiliers was a regular Irish Infantry Regiment of the British Army. "PWRR" redirects here For the railroad with these reporting marks see Portland and Western Railroad. The SS River Clyde was a 4000 ton collier built in Glasgow in 1905 and named after the River Clyde in Scotland. The Royal Dublin Fusiliers would land at V Beach from open boats. The Royal Dublin Fusiliers was an Irish Infantry Regiment of the British Army, one of eight Irish regiments raised and garrisoned At W Beach the Lancashire Fusiliers also landed in open boats on a small beach overlooked by dunes and obstructed with barbed wire. The Lancashire Fusiliers was a British Infantry Regiment that was amalgamated with other Fusilier regiments in 1968 to form the Royal Barbed wire, also known as barb wire (and frequently in dialect form spelled bob or bobbed) is a type of fencing Wire constructed On both beaches the Turkish defenders were in a position to inflict appalling casualties on the landing infantry. The troops emerging one by one from the sally ports on the River Clyde presented perfect targets to the machine guns in the Seddülbahir fort. Sedd el Bahr (in modern Turkish Seddülbahir, meaning "Key of the Sea" is a village at Cape Helles on the Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey Out of the first 200 soldiers to disembark, only 21 men made it onto the beach. ^[20]

As at Anzac, the Turkish defenders were too few to force the British off the beach. At W Beach, thereafter known as Lancashire Landing, the Lancashires were able to overwhelm the defences despite their dreadful losses, 600 killed or wounded out of a total strength of 1,000. The battalions that landed at V Beach suffered about 70% casualties. Six awards of the Victoria Cross were made amongst the Lancashires at W Beach. See below the section "Separate Commonwealth awards" Note that since Six Victoria Crosses were also awarded amongst the infantry and sailors at the V Beach landing and a further three were awarded the following day as they finally fought their way off the beach. After the landings, there were so few of the Dublin Fusiliers and Munster Fusiliers left that they were amalgamated into one unit, "The Dubsters". Only one Dubliner officer survived the landing; overall, of the 1,012 Dubliners who landed, only 11 would survive the entire Gallipoli campaign unscathed.

The early battles

Anzac, the landing 1915 by George Lambert, 1922 shows the landing at Anzac Cove, 25 April 1915

On the afternoon of 27 April Kemal launched a concerted attack to drive the Anzacs back to the beach. George Washington Thomas Lambert ARA ( 13 September 1873 &ndash 28 May 1930) was an Australian artist known principally The landing at Anzac Cove was part of the amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula by British and French forces on April Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated With the support of naval gunfire, the Turks were held off throughout the night.

On 28 April, the British, now supported by the French on the right of the line, intended to capture Krithia in what became known as the First Battle of Krithia. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title The First Battle of Krithia was the first Allied advance of the Battle of Gallipoli during World War I. The plan of attack was overly complex and poorly communicated to the commanders in the field. The troops of the 29th Division were still exhausted and unnerved by the battle for the beaches and for Seddülbahir village, captured after heavy fighting on 26 April. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. The attack ground to a halt around 6 pm with a gain of some ground but the objective of Krithia village was not reached. After the battle, the Allied trenches lay about halfway between the Helles headland and Krithia village. With Turkish opposition stiffening by the day, the opportunity for the anticipated swift victory on the peninsula was disappearing. Helles, like Anzac, became a siege. Strong Turkish counter-attacks on the nights of 1 May and 3 May were repulsed despite breaking through the French defences. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João

The first attempt at an offensive at Anzac took place on the evening of 2 May when New Zealand and Australian Division commander, General Godley, ordered the Australian 4th Infantry Brigade, commanded by General John Monash, and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade, to attack from Russell's Top and Quinn's Post towards Baby 700. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. The Australian 4th Brigade is an Australian Army Reserve formation stationed in Victoria General Sir John Monash GCMG, KCB, VD ( 27 June 1865 – 8 October 1931) was an Australian The troops advanced a short distance during the night and tried to dig in to hold their gains but were forced to retreat by the night of 3 May, having suffered about 1,000 casualties. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João

Believing Anzac to be secure, Hamilton moved two brigades, the Australian Second Infantry Brigade and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade, to the Helles front as reserves for the Second Battle of Krithia starting on 6 May. Prelude Following the failure of the First Battle of Krithia the exhausted soldiers of the British 29th Division halted to consolidate their positions Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. This was the first major assault at Helles and gained about a quarter of a mile on a wide front at the now customary enormous cost in casualties.

The Turks launched a major assault at Anzac on 19 May—42,000 Turks attacked 17,000 Australians and New Zealanders—but the attack miscarried. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Lacking sufficient artillery and ammunition, the Turks relied on surprise and weight of numbers for success but their preparations were detected and the defenders were ready. When it was over the Turks had suffered about 10,000 casualties. In comparison, the Australian casualties were a mere 160 killed and 468 wounded. The Turkish losses were so severe that a truce was organized for 24 May in order to bury the large numbers of dead lying in no man's land. A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a War or any Armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned No man's land is a term for land that is not occupied or more specifically land that is under dispute between countries or areas that will not occupy it because of fear or uncertainty

The Sphinx, one of the battlefield's most distinctive physical landmarks

In May the British naval artillery advantage was diminished following the torpedoing of the battleship HMS Goliath on 13 May by Turkish torpedo boat Muavenet-i Milliye. Originally a landmark literally meant a Geographic Feature used by explorers and The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below Technical Characteristics HMS Goliath was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 4 January 1897 and was launched on 23 March 1898 Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches A torpedo boat is a relatively small and fast naval Ship designed to carry Torpedoes into battle Sinking of Goliath HMS ''Goliath'' was part of the Allied fleet in the Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign, supporting the Landing at Cape Helles Shortly after German submarine SM U-21 sank HMS Triumph on 25 May and HMS Majestic on 27 May. Technical Characteristics Triumph was ordered by Chile as Libertad, laid down by Armstrong Whitworth at Elswick on 26 February Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Technical Characteristics HMS Majestic was laid down at Portsmouth Dockyard on 5 February 1894 and launched on 31 January 1895 Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Following these losses much of the battleship support was withdrawn and those remaining would fire while under way, reducing their accuracy and effectiveness.

In the Third Battle of Krithia on 4 June all thought of a decisive breakthrough was gone and the plans for battle had reverted to trench warfare with objectives being measured in hundreds of metres. Prelude By late May the British contingent on the Cape Helles front at Gallipoli had been expanded to three division and a Brigade: the Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Casualties ran to around 25% for both sides; the British suffering 4,500 from an attacking force of 20,000.

In June, a fresh division, the 52nd Division, began to land at Helles in time to participate in the last of the major Helles battles, the Battle of Gully Ravine which was launched on 28 June. Prelude The third battle of Krithia on 4 June had made some progress in the centre of the line at Helles but had failed on the left flank (west along Gully Spur and Gully Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. This battle advanced the British line along the left (Aegean) flank of the battlefield which resulted in a rare but limited victory for the Allies. Between 1 July and 5 July the Turks launched a series of desperate counter-attacks against the new British line but failed to regain the lost ground. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Their casualties for the period were horrendous, estimated at in excess of 14,000.

One final British action was made at Helles on 12 July before the Allied main effort was shifted north to Anzac. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Two fresh brigades from the 52nd Division were thrown into an attack in the centre of the line along Achi Baba Nullah (known as Bloody Valley) and sustained 30% casualties without making any significant progress.

August offensive

Main article: Battle of Sari Bair

A trench at Lone Pine after the battle, showing Australian and Turkish dead on the parapet

The repeated failure of the Allies to capture Krithia or make any progress on the Helles front led Hamilton to pursue a new plan for the campaign which resulted in what is now called the Battle of Sari Bair. The Battle of Sari Bair ( Turkish Anafartalar Savaşı or "Sarı Bayır muharebesi" also known as the August Offensive, was the final attempt made The Battle of Sari Bair ( Turkish Anafartalar Savaşı or "Sarı Bayır muharebesi" also known as the August Offensive, was the final attempt made On the night of 6 August a fresh landing of two infantry divisions was to be made at Suvla, five miles (8 km) north of Anzac. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Suvla is a Bay on the Aegean coast of the Gallipoli peninsula in European Turkey, south of the Gulf of Saros. Meanwhile at Anzac a strong assault would be made on the Sari Bair range by breaking out into the rough and thinly defended terrain north of the Anzac perimeter.

The landing at Suvla Bay was only lightly opposed but the British commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick Stopford, had so diluted his early objectives that little more than the beach was seized. The landing at Suvla Bay was an amphibious landing made at Suvla on the Aegean coast of Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey as part Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick William Stopford, KCB, KCMG, KCVO ( 2 February 1854 - 4 May 1929) Once again the Turks were able to win the race for the high ground of the Anafarta Hills thereby rendering the Suvla front another case of static trench warfare. Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static

The offensive was preceded on the evening of 6 August by diversionary assaults at Helles and Anzac. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. At Helles, the diversion at Krithia Vineyard became another futile battle with no gains and heavy casualties for both sides. Prelude The original commander of the British VIII Corps at Helles Lieutenant General Aylmer Hunter-Weston had departed the peninsula in July following At Anzac, an attack on the Turkish trenches at Lone Pine by the infantry brigades of the Australian 1st Division was a rare victory for the ANZACs. The Battle of Lone Pine, which took place during the Gallipoli campaign from the fourth to the tenth of August was the only successful Australian attack against The 1st Division is the main formation of the Australian Army and contains the majority of the army's regular forces However, the main assault aimed at the peaks of Chunuk Bair and Hill 971 was less successful. The Battle of Chunuk Bair was a World War I battle fought between the Turkish defenders and troops of New Zealand and Britain on Turkey's

The force striking for the nearer peak of Chunuk Bair comprised the New Zealand Infantry Brigade. It came within 500 metres of the peak by dawn on 7 August but was not able to seize the summit until the following morning. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. This delay had fatal consequences for another supporting attack on the morning of 7 August; that of the Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade at the Nek which was to coincide with the New Zealanders attacking back down from Chunuk Bair against the rear of the Turkish defences. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. The Battle of the Nek was a small World War I battle fought as part of the Gallipoli campaign The New Zealanders held out on Chunuk Bair for two days before relief was provided by two New Army battalions from the Wiltshire and Loyal North Lancashire Regiments. A massive Turkish counter-attack, led in person by Mustafa Kemal, swept these two battalions from the heights. A counterattack

Of the 760 men of the New Zealanders' Wellington Battalion who reached the summit, 711 were casualties.

Another planned attack on Hill 971 never took place. The attacking force of the Australian 4th Infantry Brigade (General J. Monash) and an Indian brigade was defeated by the terrain and became lost during the night. All subsequent attempts to resume the attack were easily repulsed by the Turkish defenders at great cost to the Allies.

The Suvla landing was reinforced by the arrival of the British 53rd and 54th Divisions along with the British 10th Division from Kitchener's New Army Divisions plus the dismounted yeomanry of the 2nd Mounted Division. The British 53rd (Welsh Infantry Division was a Territorial Army division that fought in both World Wars The British 54th (East Anglian Division was a Territorial Army division. The New Army, often referred to as Kitchener's Army, was an (initially all-volunteer army formed in the United Kingdom following the outbreak of hostilities in Yeomanry is a designation used by a number of units or sub-units of the British Territorial Army, descended from volunteer Cavalry regiments The 2nd Mounted Division, was a Yeomanry ( Territorial Army Cavalry) division that served in the First World War. The unfortunate 29th Division was also shifted from Helles to Suvla for one more push. The final British attempt to resuscitate the offensive came on 21 August with attacks at Scimitar Hill and Hill 60. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. The Battle of Scimitar Hill ( Yusufçuk Tepe) was the last offensive mounted by the British at Suvla during the Battle of Gallipoli in Battle of Hill 60 (Western Front The Battle of Hill 60 was the last major assault of the Battle of Gallipoli. Control of these hills would have united the Anzac and Suvla fronts but neither battle achieved success. When fighting at Hill 60 ceased on 29 August, the battle for the Sari Bair heights, and indeed the battle for the peninsula, was effectively over. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)

Following the landing at Suvla Bay, casualties among the opposing armies were particularly high, and the hot and humid weather made the stench of bodies especially nauseating. A day's truce was arranged to facilitate the removal of the dead and wounded; this momentary contact led to a strange camaraderie between the armies much like the Christmas truce of 1914. The " Christmas Truce " is a term used to describe several brief unofficial cessations of hostilities that occurred on Christmas Eve or Alan Moorehead records that one old Turkish batman was regularly permitted to hang his platoon's washing on the barbed wire without attracting fire, and that there was a "constant traffic" of gifts being thrown across no-man's land: dates and sweets from the Turkish side, and cans of beef and cigarettes from the ANZAC side. Alan McCrae Moorehead (22 July 1910 — 29 September 1983 was a War correspondent and author of popular histories most notably two books on the exploration of the Nile

See Also: Battle of Krithia Vineyard – Battle of Lone Pine – Battle of Chunuk Bair – Battle of the Nek – Battle of Scimitar Hill – Battle of Hill 60

Evacuation

W Beach, Helles, on 7 January 1916 just prior to the final evacuation

Following the failure of the August Offensive, the Gallipoli campaign entered a hiatus while the future direction was debated. Prelude The original commander of the British VIII Corps at Helles Lieutenant General Aylmer Hunter-Weston had departed the peninsula in July following The Battle of Lone Pine, which took place during the Gallipoli campaign from the fourth to the tenth of August was the only successful Australian attack against The Battle of Chunuk Bair was a World War I battle fought between the Turkish defenders and troops of New Zealand and Britain on Turkey's The Battle of the Nek was a small World War I battle fought as part of the Gallipoli campaign The Battle of Scimitar Hill ( Yusufçuk Tepe) was the last offensive mounted by the British at Suvla during the Battle of Gallipoli in Battle of Hill 60 (Western Front The Battle of Hill 60 was the last major assault of the Battle of Gallipoli. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The persistent lack of progress was finally making an impression in the United Kingdom as contrasting news of the true nature of the campaign was smuggled out by journalists like Keith Murdoch and Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett discrediting Hamilton's performance. Sir Keith Arthur Murdoch ( August 12, 1885 - October 4, 1952) was an Australian Journalist and the father of Rupert This article is on the war correspondent For his father the politician see Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett (politician. Disaffected senior officers such as General Stopford also contributed to the general air of gloom. The prospect of evacuation was raised on 11 October 1915 but Hamilton resisted the suggestion, fearing the damage to British prestige. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year He was dismissed as commander shortly afterwards and replaced by Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Monro. Sir Charles Carmichael Monro 1st Baronet of Bearcrofts, GCB, GCMG, GCSI ( 15 June 1860 &ndash 7 December 1929

The situation was complicated by the entry of Bulgaria into the war on the side of the Central Powers. The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak On 5 October 1915 the British opened a second Mediterranean front at Salonika which would compete for reinforcements with Gallipoli. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Also Germany would now have a direct land route to Turkey, enabling it to supply heavy siege artillery which would devastate the Allied trench network, especially on the confined front at Anzac.

Having reviewed the state of his command, Monro recommended evacuation. Kitchener disliked the notion of evacuating the peninsula and made a personal visit to consult with the commanders of the three corps; VIII Corps at Helles, IX Corps at Suvla and Anzac. The British VIII Corps was an army Corps formation that existed during World War I and World War II. The British IX Corps was an army Corps formation that existed during World War I and World War II. The decision to evacuate was made.

Evacuation of 14 divisions in winter in proximity to the enemy would be difficult and heavy losses were expected. The untenable nature of the Allied position was made apparent when a heavy storm struck on 27 November 1915 and lasted for three days. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year There followed a blizzard at Suvla in early December. The rain flooded trenches, drowning soldiers and washing unburied corpses into the lines. The following snow killed more men from exposure.

Ironically the evacuation was the greatest Allied success of the campaign. Suvla and Anzac were to be evacuated in late December, the last troops leaving before dawn on 20 December 1915. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Troop numbers had been progressively reduced since 7 December 1915 and cunning ruses, such as William Scurry's self-firing rifle, were used to fool the Turks and prevent them discovering that the Allies were departing. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year William Charles Scurry MC, DCM ( 30 October[[ 895]]– 28 December[[ 963]] was an Australian soldier who during the Gallipoli campaign At Anzac, the troops would maintain utter silence for an hour or more until the curious Turks would venture out to inspect the trenches, whereupon the Anzacs would open fire. As the numbers in the trenches were thinned, rifles were rigged to fire by water dripped into a pan attached to the trigger.

Helles was retained in case the British wanted to resume the offensive. However, a decision to evacuate there too was made on 27 December. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the The Turks were now warned of the likelihood of evacuation and mounted an attack on 6 January 1916 but were repulsed. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The last British troops departed from Lancashire Landing on 9 January 1916. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

No troops were lost during the evacuation despite the warnings of 50% casualties from Sir Ian Hamilton

Aftermath

Memorial of Anzac Cove; commemorating the loss of thousands of Turkish and Anzac soldiers in Gallipoli. General Sir Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton GCB GCMG DSO TD (16 January 1853 &mdash 12 October 1947 was a general in the British ANZAC Cove (in Turkish language 'Anzak Koyu' is a small cove on the Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire.

Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives… you are now lying in the soil of a friendly country. Therefore rest in peace. There is no difference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets where they lie side by side here in this country of ours… You the mothers who sent their sons from far away countries, wipe away your tears. Your sons are now lying in our bosom and are in peace. Having lost their lives on this land they have become our sons as well.

—Mustafa Kemal

The Ottoman Empire had been dismissed by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia as "the sick man of Europe" but after victory over the Allies at Gallipoli, Turkey's visions of the empire were renewed. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. The term "Sick man of Europe" is a Nickname associated with a European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty and/or poverty In Mesopotamia the Turks surrounded a British expedition at Kut Al Amara, forcing their surrender in 1916. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Siege of Kut was a major battle of World War I. It was part of the Mesopotamian Campaign (in what is now Iraq) From southern Palestine the Turks pushed into the Sinai with the aim of capturing the Suez Canal and driving the British from Egypt. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Defeat at the Battle of Romani marked the end of that ambition and for the remainder of the war the British were on the offensive in the Middle East. Prelude The Ottoman army goal for the first attack was to control or destroy the Suez Canal thereby denying the use of the waterway to the Allies and in doing so aiding the

After the evacuation, Allied troops reformed in Egypt. The Anzacs underwent a major reorganization; the infantry were expanded and bound for the Western Front, the light horse were reunited with their horses and formed into mounted divisions for operations in the Sinai and Palestine. See Western Front (disambiguation for other meanings Western Front was a term used during the First and Second World At the Battle of Beersheba they would finally achieve the decisive break-through victory that had eluded the Allies on Gallipoli. The Battle of Beersheba took place on 31 October 1917, as part of the Sinai and Palestine campaign during World War I.

Amongst the generals, Gallipoli marked the end for Hamilton and Stopford but Hunter-Weston was granted another opportunity to lead the VIII Corps on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. The Battle of the Somme, also known as the Somme Offensive, fought from July to November 1916 was among the largest battles of the First World War The competence of Australian brigade commanders, John Monash and Henry Chauvel, would be recognized with promotion to the command of divisions and ultimately corps. General Sir John Monash GCMG, KCB, VD ( 27 June 1865 – 8 October 1931) was an Australian General Sir Henry George "Harry" Chauvel GCMG, KCB ( April 16, 1865 - March 4, 1945) was a general This article is about a military unit For alternative meanings see Corps (disambiguation. Lord Kitchener was too popular to be punished, but he never recovered his old reputation for invincibility and was increasingly sidelined by his colleagues until his death the following year. Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM

On the Turkish side, the meteoric rise of Mustafa Kemal began at Gallipoli. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman

Political repercussions

The failure of the landings had significant repercussions in the UK, which began even as the battle was still in progress. The First Sea Lord, John Fisher resigned in May after bitter conflict with Winston Churchill over the campaign. The First Sea Lord is the professional head of the Royal Navy and the whole Naval Service. Admiral of the Fleet John Arbuthnot "Jackie" Fisher 1st Baron Fisher of Kilverstone, GCB, OM, GCVO ( 25 January 1841 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The crisis that followed forced the Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith to end his single-party Liberal Government and form a Coalition Government with the Conservative Party. Herbert Henry Asquith 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, KG, PC ( 12 September 1852 &ndash 15 February 1928) served The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party Asquith's British government of 1915 was formed in the aftermath of the Gallipoli disaster by bringing in the Conservatives to shore up the government The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom.

Churchill was demoted from First Lord of the Admiralty as a prerequisite for Conservative entry to the coalition; although retained in the Cabinet, he was given the sinecure job of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, from which he resigned at the end of 1915, departing for the Western Front where he commanded an infantry battalion early in 1916. The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty were the members of the Board of Admiralty, which exercised command over the Royal Navy. Asquith was partly blamed for Gallipoli and other disasters, and was overthrown in December 1916 when David Lloyd George successfully split the Liberal Party in two. David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only Lloyd George formed a new government, in which Churchill, active in the House of Commons again in late 1916, was not offered a place; he was eventually appointed Minister of Munitions in the middle of 1917, although he was not a member of the small War Cabinet and no longer had the influence over war strategy which he had earlier enjoyed.

The Dardanelles Commission was established in 1916 to investigate the failure of the expedition. The Dardanelles Commission was an investigation into the disastrous 1915 Dardanelles Campaign. Its final report was issued in 1919, concluding that the adventure had been badly planned and difficulties underestimated, and that government had exacerbated problems through its procrastination. However its censures did not damage careers measurably further than they already had been. ^[21]

Some people, such as Winston Churchill, have also argued that the landings may have helped accelerate the alleged genocide of the Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire during 1915. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 ^[22][23]

Conditions

The conditions at Gallipoli, on both sides, have become notorious. In the Summer, the heat was atrocious, and in conjunction with bad sanitation, led to so many flies that eating became extremely difficult. Corpses, left in the open, became bloated and stank. The precarious Allied bases were poorly situated and caused supply and shelter problems. A dysentery epidemic spread through the Allied trenches in both Anzac and Helles. Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood Autumn and Winter brought relief from the heat, but also led to gales, flooding and frostbite. Frostbite ( congelatio in Medical terminology) is the Medical condition whereby damage is caused to Skin and other tissues ^[24]

Casualties

In addition to the casualties listed in the table, many soldiers became sick due to the unsanitary conditions, especially from enteric fever, dysentery and diarrhea. Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea It is estimated that 145,000 more British soldiers became ill during the campaign.

Amongst the dead of the battle was the brilliant young physicist Henry Moseley. Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley ( November 23, 1887 – August 10, 1915) was an English physicist. Also the poet Rupert Brooke, serving with the Royal Naval Division, died shortly before the invasion from a septic mosquito bite. Rupert Chawner Brooke (middle name sometimes given as Chaucer) was an English Poet known for his idealistic war sonnets written during the First World The British 63rd (Royal Naval Division was a First World War division of the New Army.

No chemical weapons were used at Gallipoli,^[25] although they were used against Turkish troops in the Middle Eastern theatre two years later during the second and third battles of Gaza in 1917. The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I was fought between the Allied Powers, primarily the British and the Russians on the one hand and the The Second Battle of Gaza, fought in southern Palestine during World War I, was the second attempt mounted by British Empire forces to break the The Third Battle of Gaza was fought in 1917 in southern Palestine during World War I. Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. ^[26][27]

There were allegations that Allied forces had attacked or bombarded Turkish hospitals and hospital ships on several occasions between the start of the campaign and September 1915. By July 1915, there were 25 Ottoman hospitals with a total of 10,700 beds, and three hospital ships in the area. The French Government disputed these complaints (made through the Red Cross during the war), and the British response was that if it happened then it was accidental. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated Russia in turn claimed that the Turks had attacked two of their hospital ships, Portugal and Vperiod, and the Ottoman Government responded that the vessels had been the victims of naval mines. A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited ^[28]

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is responsible for developing and maintaining permanent cemeteries for all Commonwealth forces—United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, India, Newfoundland and others. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC) is a joint governmental organisation responsible for marking and maintaining the graves of members of the Commonwealth The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 (before which the territory had the status of a British colony to 1949 There are 31 CWGC cemeteries on the Gallipoli peninsula: six at Helles (plus the only solitary grave), four at Suvla and 21 at Anzac. For many of those killed, and those who died on hospital ships and were buried at sea, there is no known grave. These men's names are each recorded on one of five "memorials to the missing"; the Lone Pine memorial commemorates Australians killed in the Anzac sector; whilst the Lone Pine, Hill 60 and Chunuk Bair Memorials commemorate New Zealanders killed at Anzac. The Battle of Lone Pine, which took place during the Gallipoli campaign from the fourth to the tenth of August was the only successful Australian attack against The Battle of Chunuk Bair was a World War I battle fought between the Turkish defenders and troops of New Zealand and Britain on Turkey's The Twelve Tree Copse Memorial commemorates the New Zealanders killed in the Helles sector, and British and other troops (including Indian and Australian) who died in the Helles sector are commemorated on the memorial at Cape Helles. Twelve Tree Copse Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery containing the remains of allied troops who died during the Battle of Gallipoli Cape Helles is the rocky headland at the south-westernmost tip of the Gallipoli peninsula Turkey. British naval casualties who were lost at sea, or buried at sea, are not recorded on these memorials, instead they are listed on memorials in the United Kingdom. ^[29]

There is only one French cemetery on the Gallipoli peninsula, located near Soroz Beach, which was the French base for the duration of the campaign.

There are two more CWGC cementeries on the Greek island of Limnos, the first in the town of Moudros and the second in the village of Portianou. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Lemnos (Λήμνος is an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. Limnos was the hospital base for the Allied forces and most of the buried were among the wounded who didn't survive. Lemnos (Λήμνος is an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. In the Portianou village CWGC cementery lies a grave with the name R. J. M. Mosley on it but it's rather unlikely to be the known physicist Henry Moseley.

There are no large Turkish military cemeteries on the peninsula, but there are numerous memorials, the main ones being the Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial at Morto Bay, Cape Helles (near S Beach), the Turkish Soldier's Memorial on Chunuk Bair and the memorial and open-air mosque for the 57th Regiment near Quinn's Post (Bomba Sirt). A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger There is a number of Turkish memorials and cemeteries on the Asian shore of the Dardanelles, demonstrating the greater emphasis Turkish history places on the victory of March 18 over the subsequent fighting on the peninsula.

See also: List of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula

Popular influence

The significance of the Battle of Gallipoli is perhaps most strongly felt in Australia and New Zealand where it was the first great conflict experienced by these nations. This is a list of all cemeteries and memorials erected following the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915 during World War I. Before Gallipoli the citizens of these countries were confident of the superiority of the British Empire and were proud and eager to offer their service. Gallipoli shook that confidence, and the next three years on the Western Front would damage it further. The ANZACs are revered as heroes and, in Australia are stereotyped as typical tough Australians betrayed by incompetent and callous British superiors, impressions re-affirmed by films such as Peter Weir's Gallipoli, even though "The scale of the tragedy of the Nek was mostly the work of two Australian incompetents, Hughes and Antill. Peter Lindsay Weir AM (born 21 August 1944 is an Australian Film director. Gallipoli is a 1981 Australian Film, directed by Peter Weir and starring Mel Gibson and Mark Lee, about several young The Battle of the Nek was a small World War I battle fought as part of the Gallipoli campaign Major General Frederic Godfrey Hughes CB ( 26 January 1858 – 23 August 1944) was an Australian Army "^[30] Popular Australian history asserts that while the Federation of Australia was born in 1901, the country's true psychological independence was only achieved at Gallipoli. The federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South ANZAC Day is commemorated every year on the landings' anniversary, 25 April, and is a national holiday in both Australia and New Zealand. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.

In Turkey the battle, known after the port of Çanakkale where the Royal Navy was repulsed in March 1915, has become part of the legend of the nation's revered founder, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Çanakkale (ʧɑˈnɑkːɑle is a town and seaport in Turkey, in Çanakkale Province, on the southern (Asian coast of the Dardanelles (or Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman

More widely, the battle is regarded as a symbol of military incompetence and catastrophe. The anti-war song "And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda", written by Eric Bogle, is about the campaign. "And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda" is a song written by Eric Bogle in 1972 describing the futility gruesome reality and the destruction of war while criticising Eric Bogle (born 23 September, 1944 in Peebles, Scotland) is a folk Singer-songwriter. The bestselling novel Tell England, first published in 1922, describes the Battle of Gallipoli from the point of view of a British junior sub-altern, who saw many of his friends, including his very best friend, perish at Gallipoli. Tell England A Study In A Generation is a Novel published by Ernest Raymond in February 1922 in the UK about the First World

The Sabaton song Cliffs of Gallipoli from their album The Art of War is about this battle, as is the song Gallipoli by Australian band Dungeon from their album The Final Chapter. Sabaton is a Heavy metal band from Sweden The Art of War is the fifth album by Swedish Power metal band Sabaton. The Art of War is the fifth album by Swedish Power metal band Sabaton. Dungeon was a melodic Power metal / Thrash metal band based in Sydney, Australia. The Final Chapter is the sixth and final album by Australian heavy metal band Dungeon.

See also

• Timeline of the Battle of Gallipoli
• Turkish War of Independence
• Gallipoli — 1981 movie
• Gallipoli — 2005 documentary film
• And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda — 1972 song
• Gallipoli Star — Ottoman medal for gallantry
• Chunuk Bair — 1991 film
• Redemption by Leon Uris

Footnotes

References

• Martin Gilbert, The First World War: A Complete History, Chapter 8, ISBN 0-8050-7617-4
• Philip J. Haythornthwaite, Gallipoli 1915, Frontal Assault on Turkey; Osprey Campaign Series #8, Osprey Publishing, 1991. Sir Martin John Gilbert, CBE, DLitt (born October 25, 1936) is a British Historian and the author of over eighty books Philip J Haythornthwaite is a military historian and author with a particular interest in the Napoleonic Wars.
• M. Tyquin, Gallipoli: the Medical War, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, 1993.
• National Library of Australia: Despatches from Gallipoli
• Les Carlyon, Gallipoli, 2001, UK Doubleday, Australia Pan Macmillan divisions of Random house, UK hardback ISBN 0385 604750
• The New Zealanders at Gallipoli by Colonel Fred Waite (1919)
• The Maoris in the Great War (including Gallipoli) by James Cowan (1926)

External links

• ÇANAKKALE Martyrs Memorial And The National Park
• Scanned PDF volumes from the Australian War Memorial of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918:
  • Vol. I — The Story of Anzac: the first phase
  • Vol. II — The Story of Anzac: from 4 May, 1915 to evacuation
• Visit Gallipoli: Australian site about Gallipoli and the Anzacs, includes previously unpublished photographs, artworks and documents from Government archives. Les Carlyon is an Australian writer who was born in northern Victoria in 1942. The Australian War Memorial is Australia 's national memorial to the members of all its armed forces and supporting organisations who have died or participated A site by the Australian Department of Veterans' Affairs.
• …in bidding 'Au revoir' to our honourable foes …
• Gallipoli Despatches
• Turkish site about the Battle of Gallipoli
• Allied Disaster
• Illustrated account of a visit to the Gallipoli battlefields at 'Battlefields Europe'.
• New Zealanders at Gallipoli
• Guide to Gallipoli on www. anzac. govt. nz. Includes interactive panoramas.
• Five Months at Anzac, by Joseph Lievesley Beeston
• Memoirs & Diaries: The Evacuation of Suvla Bay
• Poems from Anzac Cove by Gunner F.E. Westbrook 1915
• Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and the Gallipoli Expedition (1915–16)
• Enver Pasha
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• AWMAustralian government war memorial address by Les Carlyon about the effects of Gallipoli