Battle of Aydın
Part of Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
Backstreet in Aydın in early 20th century
Date Jun 27- Jul 4, 1919 Location Aydın Result Greek victory
Belligerents
Greece	Turkish Revolutionaries
Commanders
Konstantinos Nider	Yörük Ali Efe
Casualties and losses
Both sides=1,500 to 2,000[1]

The Battle of Aydın or "The defence of Aydın" (tr: Aydın savunması), 27 June 1919 to 4 July 1919, was a series of wide-scale armed conflicts during the initial stage of the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) in and around the city of Aydın in western Turkey. Aidın (Αϊδίνιο is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey 's Aegean Region. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Aidın (Αϊδίνιο is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey 's Aegean Region. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek:, Vasíleion tīs Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great Turkish revolutionaries ( Turkish: Kuvâyi Milliye or Kuvva-i Milliye) were Patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against Yörük Ali Efe (1895 - 1951 was a Zeybek leader in the late periods of Ottoman Empire and later an officer in Turkish Army during the Turkish Independence Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Aidın (Αϊδίνιο is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey 's Aegean Region. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The warfare, as well as the burning of several quarters of the city (principally Turkish, but also Greek) and consecutive massacres made several thousands of victims, Turkish civilians, Greek troops and Greek civilians, according to converging estimates. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions

Contents 1 Background 1.1 Extension of occupation zone 1.2 Inter-Allied Commission 2 Active stage 2.1 Initial Armed conflicts, 27 June 2.2 Conflicts in downtown, 28 June 2.3 Reoccupation, 4 July 2.4 End of hostilities 3 Casualties 4 Results 5 References 6 See also

Background

Aydın was a central town of the fertile Menderes River (Meander) valley in western Turkey. The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander) Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Ancient Greek: A meander in general is a bend in a sinuous watercourse also known as an oxbow loop or simply an Oxbow. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Although Menderes River valley was not mandated for an occupation by Greek troops by the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Italian Navy's movements off the coast of Kuşadası had oriented the Greek high command towards becoming the first power to establish an influence in this region. Kuşadası is a Resort town in Turkey 's Aegean coast and the center of the district of the same name in Aydın Province.

Extension of occupation zone

The Greek High Commissioner Aristidis Stergiadis, who had arrived in İzmir on 21 May, authorised on 23 May the troops commanded by Colonel Zafiriou to issue orders for the occupation of Aydın, Manisa and Turgutlu. Aristidis Stergiadis (Αριστείδης Στεργιάδης was the Hellenic high-commissioner or governor-general of Smyrna from 1919 to 1922 Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Manisa ( Ottoman Turkish: مانيسا Manisa; Greek: Μαγνησία Latin: Magnesia) is a large city in Turkey 's The subject of the size of the territory to be occupied by Greek forces were to be governed by uncertainty until 2 June, when Commodore Maurice FitzMaurice from the Royal Navy was appointed to determine the limits of the occupation zone. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Please see Commodore (rank for other versions of this rank Commodore is a rank of the Royal Navy above Captain and The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)

Inter-Allied Commission

The principial source on the fighting and the massacres remains the Report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry of October 1919. This report was ordered by the Paris Peace Conference acting on a July 1919 letter by the Ottoman sheikh ul-Islam and prepared by four generals of the Allied powers following their on-the-spot checks and presented to the Conference in October. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Sheikh ul-Islam ( Shaykh al-Islam, Sheikhul Islam, Shaikh al-Islam, Şeyhülislam) is a Title of superior authority in the issues of In Aydın, the Inter-Allied Inquiry Commission had held several meetings for a week in early September 1919, in the city of Aydın self, in Çine in the Italian zone, to hear the statements of Turkish refugees from Aydın, and in Nazilli in the zone occupied by the forces of the Turkish national movement, where it interrogated refugees, including Greek refugees, also from Aydın. Çine is a town and a district of Aydın Province, in the Aegean region of Turkey, from the city of Aydın, on the road to Muğla The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Nazilli is the second largest town in Aydın Province in the Aegean region of western Turkey, east of the city of Aydın, on the road to The Turkish National Movement encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries which resulted with the creation and shaping of the Republic

Active stage

After its occupation of İzmir, the Greek army had started to advance into inner Western Anatolia from the first day of their landing in İzmir and the incursion had extended into the Menderes valley in the second week of the occupation. The Occupation of İzmir was the rule in the İzmir district by Greek forces under the High Commissioner Aristidis Stergiadis, aligned with the Allied Mission The Hellenic Army's objective is to defend Greece's independence borders and terrain and also to guarantee the country's defense Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Aydın, the central city of the region, was occupied on 27 May. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed The rapid advance of Greek troops into the country had increased the agitation of the population.

Throughout the Aydın region the population was armed, Turks as well as Greeks. The Greek Command also erred in tolerating the action of armed Greek civilians, armed by Greece since February, who, under the pretext of assisting the Greek troops, began looting and committing all manner of excesses. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Initial Armed conflicts, 27 June

The warfare around Aydın started by an ambush on 27 June of a Greek patrol by irregular Turkish forces led by Yörük Ali Efe at Malgaç train station, south of Aydın. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Yörük Ali Efe (1895 - 1951 was a Zeybek leader in the late periods of Ottoman Empire and later an officer in Turkish Army during the Turkish Independence

Conflicts in downtown, 28 June

According to the Inter-Allied Inquiry Commission's report, in the course of reconnaissance patrols around Aydın, some of the villages were burned down by Greek detachments. They were repulsed in Malgaç and the efe pursued the troops till the outskirts of the city of Aydın. EFE is a Spanish news agency created in 1939 by Ramón Serrano Súñer and Manuel Aznar Zubigaray while the former was Spain 's minister of the

On 28 June, the attackers began to use 105-mm guns. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Some of the fires that broke out in the quarter of Cuma, one of Aydın's Turkish quarters, in the morning of 29 June started during this engagement. Other fires also broke out in this quarter at various isolated points. A large number of Turkish men, women and children who were trying to leave the burning quarter were killed for no reason by the Greek soldiers, who were guarding all the exits that led from this quarter to the northern part of the town. The report observes that there was no doubt that the Greek Command and troops ran amok. The Greeks evacuated the town in the night of 29 June and early hours of 30 June after having committed numerous attacks and other crimes. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper A large number of Greek civilians hoping to escape by accompanying the troops as they retreated were prevented from doing so by the Command.

A subsequent fire in the Greek quarter was started by Turkish gangs under their leader Yöruk Ali, once they took control of the city. The gangs entered the quarter in the morning of 30 June and burnt it down after having looted the houses, killing the occupants. Irrespective of age or sex, a number of Greek inhabitants encountered by the gangs as they roamed through the town were ruthlessly killed. Around 2000 or 3000 inhabitants were robbed but not killed. They had managed to take refuge in the French convent before the gangs arrived, after which they sought the protection of Colonel Şefik Bey, Commander of the small Ottoman Division present in the city. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion (

Reoccupation, 4 July

The Greek troops, with the help of reinforcements sent by General Nider, recaptured Aydın on 4 July. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples The reoccupation of Aydın was ordered by the Greek High Command in spite of the express orders of the representative of the Entente. The Greek authorities acted on orders received from Venizelos in Paris on 2 July. Venizelos (Βενιζέλος is a Greek surname it may refer to Eleftherios Venizelos (1864–1936 Greek politician Sophoklis Venizelos Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival These orders prevented the representative of the Entente from intervening in the matter. Once in Aydın, they set fire to the Turkish quarter situated in the western part of the town, where there were also some Greek factories.

According to the Inter-Allied Inquiry Commission report, all the fires that were started between 29 June and 4 July most probably had destroyed two thirds of the city of Aydın, which had a population of 20,000, including some 8000 Greeks.

Most of the villages situated along the railway track between Balacık and Aydın were also destroyed by fires started in the course of the military operations that took place in the region. The occupation of the vilayet of Aydın by the Greek forces had caused significant material losses to crops and property, some attributable to looting, theft and the destruction of livestock. Considerable losses were also suffered due to the burning of houses, villages and the town of Aydın.

Before the Greek army returned to Aydın, most of the Turkish population had already left the town and surrounding area in order to take refuge in the Italian zone or in the Nazilli-Denizli region, where they remained till the end of the war. Denizli is a growing industrial city in the eastern end of the alluvial valley formed by the river Büyük Menderes, where the plain reaches an elevation of about a hundred About a thousand or so Greeks were also taken into the Turkish zone, where they were still living in hardship at the time of the Commission’s visit to Nazilli on 11 September.

End of hostilities

The city of Aydın remained in ruins until it was re-captured by the Turkish army on 7 September 1922, at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922). Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Casualties

It has not been possible for the Inter-Allied Inquiry Commission to ascertain the total number of Greek or Turkish victims. The representative of the Greek Government, who gave evidence before the Commission on 7 September, estimated the number of Greek victims to be in the region of 2000. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Some 900 bodies had already been recovered by that time. An English witness put this number at about 400. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English A French officer conducting an on-the-spot investigation several days after the events took place put the number of victims at 1500 to 2000 Greeks and 1200 to 1500 Turks, however acknowledging that estimating the number of Turkish victims was a very difficult task. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion (

Results

Inter-Allied Inquiry Commission valued the losses resulting from the burning of Aydın at approximately eight million Pounds sterling (1919 currency terms). The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency When the Turkish inhabitants abandoned their houses and fled from the districts occupied by the Greeks, they also abandoned their crops, leaving them unharvested. The indirect losses were estimated to be at one million two hundred thousand Pounds by the Commission. The total losses (direct and indirect) in 2005 values using the UK Retail Price Index [1] were in the order of 283,160,000 Pounds sterling (about five hundred million USD roughly). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located CPI redirects here For other uses see CPI (disambiguation. A consumer price index ( CPI) is a measure of the average price of consumer The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been

References

See also

• Turkish War of Independence
• Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
• Chronology of the Turkish War of Independence
• Occupation of İzmir
• Menemen massacre

The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı May 19, 1919 October 29, 1923) refers to the political and military resistance developed This chronology of the Turkish War of Independence is a timeline of events during the Turkish War of Independence ( May 19 1919 October 29 The Occupation of İzmir was the rule in the İzmir district by Greek forces under the High Commissioner Aristidis Stergiadis, aligned with the Allied The " Menemen massacre " occurred on June 16-17 1919 during the Greek occupation of the town of Menemen, in western Turkey, shortly after The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı May 19, 1919 October 29, 1923) refers to the political and military resistance developed The Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that occurred after World War I. " The establishment of the Turkish national movement " explains the creation of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Turkish revolutionaries ( Turkish: Kuvâyi Milliye or Kuvva-i Milliye) were Patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against The Turkish National Movement encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries which resulted with the creation and shaping of the Republic The Chanak Crisis (or Affair) in September 1922 was the threatened attack on British and French troops stationed near Çanakkale (Chanak to The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century Malta exiles (Malta sürgünleri (between March 1919 October 1920 is the term for politicians high ranking soldiers (mainly administrators and intellectuals of the Ottoman Empire Outpost Society (Karakol Cemiyeti were secret societal organizations outside of yet within the Istanbul government whose purpose was to resist the efforts of Mustafa The King-Crane Commission was an official investigation during 1919 by the United States government into the circumstances and conditions existing in certain parts of the former The Khilafat movement (1919-1924 was a political campaign launched mainly by Muslims in South Asia to influence the British government and to protect the The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. This page will include the revolts against the Turkish Revolutionaries. The Kuvâ-i İnzibâtiyye ( Ottoman Turkish: قوا انضباطيّه literally "Forces of Order" Turkish: Hilafet Ordusu, or "Caliphate The Revolt of Ahmet Aznavur was a revolt during the Turkish War of Independence. Koçkiri Rebellion was a rebellion of Alevi (Kurdish dominant uprising of the 1920 in the overwhelmingly militant Kizilbash Dersim region while waged Franco-Turkish war, more often called Cilicia war ( French: La guerre en Cilicie, Turkish: Güney Cephesi - the southern front Battle of Maraş (pronounced Marash) a part as well as a cornerstone in several respects of the Turkish War of Independence, is the comprehensive term used The Occupation of İzmir was the rule in the İzmir district by Greek forces under the High Commissioner Aristidis Stergiadis, aligned with the Allied The First Battle of İnönü was the first battle of the in the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922, part of Turkish War of Independence. The Second Battle of İnönü took place in March 1921 near the Turkish village of İnönü during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922. The Battle of Sakarya, also known as the Battle of Sangarios, was an important engagement in the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922 and Turkish War of Independence The Battle of Dumlupınar was the last battle in the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922 (part of the Turkish War of Independence) The Battle of Oltu was actually two battles the first ( 18 June to 25 June, 1920) was a battle between Armenian troops and local Turkish The Battle of Sarıkamış was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement The Battle of Kars was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement which The Battle of Alexandropol was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement which The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. In the Conference of London, ( 12 February - 24 February 1920) following World War I, leaders of Britain France and Italy met to discuss the The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The San Remo Conference was an international meeting of the post- The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid Misak-ı Millî ( English: National Oath or National Pact) is the set of six important decisions made by the last term of the Ottoman Parliament The Treaty of Sèvres ( 10 August 1920) was the Peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of World War Turkish revolutionaries ( Turkish: Kuvâyi Milliye or Kuvva-i Milliye) were Patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against The Treaty of Alexandropol (Gümrü Antlaşması was a peace treaty between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ending the The Treaty of Moscow or Treaty of Brotherhood was a friendship treaty between Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk The Conference of London ( 21 February and 12 March 1921 and March 1922 London Great Britain) of the post- World War I Allied Cilicia Peace Treaty ( March 9, 1921) was signed between France and the Turkish national movement to end the fighting in Cilicia war The Treaty of Ankara (or the Accord of Ankara; Franklin-Bouillon Agreement; Franco-Turkish Agreement of Ankara) was signed on October 20, The Treaty of Kars (Kars Antlaşması Карсский договор / Karskiy dogovor) was a friendship treaty between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey The Conference of London ( 21 February and 12 March 1921 and March 1922 London Great Britain) of the post- World War I Allied The Armistice of Mudanya was an agreement between Turkey, Italy, France and Britain, signed in the town of Mudanya, Turkey on The Conference of Lausanne was a conference held in Lausanne, Switzerland during 1922 and 1923 The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning This chronology of the Turkish War of Independence is a timeline of events during the Turkish War of Independence ( May 19 1919 October 29

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