Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For the Ancient Roman method of transportation, see basterna. A basterna was a kind of vehicle or litter, in which Ancient Roman women were carried

The Bastarnae were an important ancient people of uncertain, but probably mixed Germanic-Celtic-Sarmatian, ethnic origin, who lived between the Danube and the Dnieper (Strabo, Geography, VII, 3,17) during the last centuries BC and early centuries AD. Recent research indicates they were far more important and powerful than is generally realized. [1] They may have been of Celtic, Germanic, mixed Germanic-Celtic[2] or even proto-Balt origin. The Balts or Baltic peoples (People who live by the Baltic Sea) defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European The etymology of their name is uncertain, but may mean 'mixed-bloods' (compare 'bastard'), as opposed to the neighbouring East Germanic Scirii 'clean-' or 'pure-bloods'. The Germanic tribes referred to as East Germanic constitute a wave of Migrants who may have moved from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder The Scirii (also Skiri or Scirians) were a grouping of East Germanic peoples attested in historical works between the 2nd century BC and 5th century AD

However, it should be noted that the connection between the name "Bastarnae" and the word "bastard" or similar words meaning of doubtful or mixed origins has NO linguistic basis. In both Old Persian and Germanic, "bast" is connected with binding or with the materials the binding is made from. In both Greek and Old Norse, forms of "bast-" are used to describe the binding of parcels or gathering of baggage. In Old French, "bast-" refers to a saddle bag or pack. Thus, the name may have been an identification of the Bastarnae as wagoneers -- which would match their description in Classical texts. The word "bastard" with its modern connotation is only attested in the Middle Ages. It should also be noted that Roman texts often use the spelling "Basternae" – which would relate them in some way to the Romance word for a litter or wagon.

The ethnic origin of the Bastarnae remains mysterious. Polybius and the authors who copy him regard them as Galatae. Polybius (ca 203 &ndash 120 BC, Greek) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Livy claims (Liv. XLIV, 26,2-3,14) they are Celts. Strabo (with reservations - Strabo, VII, 3,17), Pliny (H. N. IV, 81), and Tacitus (Germ. 46) regard them as Germans, but the Romans often used "German" as a geographical rather than ethnic classification. [3] Tacitus expressly declares their German origin but says that the race was degraded by intermarriage with Sarmatians. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες Strabo notes that they also "mingled with the Thracians" as well as some Celtic tribes. More recently it has been suggested that they had a semi-nomadic "Eastern" nature, which does not tie in well with either of the modern stereotypes of Celtic or Germanic ethnicity (1).

The theory that they were a Germanic tribe (see below) considers them to have been among the first East Germanic tribes to have emigrated from Scandinavia (possibly as early as the 8th century BC, and as such they were among the first Germanic tribes to come into contact with the ancient world. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Germanic tribes referred to as East Germanic constitute a wave of Migrants who may have moved from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC. [1]).

When the Bastarnae first appear in the historical sources, they were settled in Galicia and Bukovina. Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, Bukovina (Bucovina Буковина/ Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the In 230 BC, the Bastarnae, along with the Scirii besieged the Black Sea port of Olbia. Events By place Anatolia The city of Pergamum is attacked by the Galatians ( Celts who have settled in central Anatolia The Scirii (also Skiri or Scirians) were a grouping of East Germanic peoples attested in historical works between the 2nd century BC and 5th century AD Pontic Olbia or Olvia is the site of a colony founded by the Milesians on the shores of the Southern Bug estuary (Greek Hypanis) They appeared on the lower Danube about 200 BC, and were used by Philip V of Macedon against his Thracian neighbours. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Events By place Seleucid Empire Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine. Philip V ( Greek Φίλιππος Ε΄) (238 BC - 179 BC was King of Macedon from 221 BC to 179 BC "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity Defeated by the Dacians, the Bastarnae returned north, leaving some of their number settled on Peuce an island on the Danube (hence an alternative tribal name, Peucini). The Dacians ( Lat Daci, Gr Dákai) were a Thracian people the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area Peuce in ancient geography was an island located near one of the mouths of the Danube, in the Danube Delta in the Romanian portion of Dobrudja. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Their main body occupied the country between the eastern Carpathians and the Danube. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj

The Bastarnae had a reputation as excellent warriors. Appian called them "the bravest nation of all". As allies of King Perseus of Macedonia, as subjects of the Sarmatians (who seem to have overcome them late in the 2nd century BC), and then as mercenaries under Mithridates the Great and lastly on their own account, they had hostile relations with the Romans. Perseus ( Greek Περσεύς) (ca 212 BC - 166 BC) was the last king ( Basileus) of the Antigonid dynasty The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες See Mithridates for people and concepts with the same name Mithridates VI (Μιθριδάτης 132&ndash63 BC also known as Mithridates In the time of Augustus, the Romans defeated the Bastarnae and made a peace. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was This peace however was disturbed by a series of incursions by the Bastarnae against neighbouring Roman provinces.

Archaeologically, the Bastarnae seem to fit well with the Zarubintsy culture of the southern Ukraine, which exhibits strong Sarmatian influences. The Zarubintsy culture was one of the major Archaeological cultures which flourished in the area north of the Black Sea along the upper Dnieper and This identification is, however, not yet fully accepted.

The tribe participated the 3rd century massive invasions into the Roman Balkans during the reigns of Decius, Gallienus and Claudius II. The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268 ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and then as the sole Roman Emperor [4]

In the second or third centuries AD, the Bastarnae gave way to the Goths, with whom they seem to have amalgamated, and we last hear of them as transferred by the emperor Probus to the right bank of the Danube. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Marcus Aurelius Probus (c August 19, 232 &ndashSeptember/October 282 was a Roman Emperor (276&ndash282 They probably disappeared into the melting pot of the Chernyakhov culture, a multi-ethnic culture dominated by the Goths which thrived in the 3rd-5th centuries AD. The Chernyakhiv culture (also known as Cherniakhov culture or Cherniakhovo culture) ( Second century to Fifth century) was found in Ukraine According to an alternative view, the expansion of Goths and Taifali into the whole region north of Danube broke their allegiance with other tribes like Carpi and Bastarnae. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Taifals, Taifali, Taifalae, Tayfals, or Theifali were a Barbarian people settled by the late Roman Empire in Poitou [5] The greater part of the tribe was admitted to settle into Roman Thrace by the Emperor Probus in 285 and the rest followed in 295. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Marcus Aurelius Probus (c August 19, 232 &ndashSeptember/October 282 was a Roman Emperor (276&ndash282 Events By Place Roman Empire July — Rival Emperors Carinus and Diocletian face each other in the Battle of the Margus Events By Place Asia Tuoba Yi Tuo becomes a chieftain of the Chinese Tuoba tribe The nearly five-hundred history of the Bastarnae ended at that point.

Notes

  1. ^ Malcolm Todd, The Early Germans, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, 2nd edition
  2. ^ H. Wolfram, p. 44
  3. ^ See "Atlas of Ancient History", p. 50 by Colin McEvedy for a discussion of this point
  4. ^ H. Colin Peter McEvedy ( 6 June 1930 &ndash 1 August 2005) was a British psychiatrist historian Demographer and non-fiction author Wolfram, p. 45, 51
  5. ^ H. Wolfram, p. 56

References

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic