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Bass clarinet
Bass clarinet
Classification

Woodwind instrument
(single-reed)
Playing range

Related instruments

Clarinet family
More articles
  • Category:Clarinetists

The bass clarinet is a musical instrument of the clarinet family. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. Types of woodwind instruments See also List of woodwind instruments Single-reed instruments use a reed, which is a thin cut A single-reed instrument is a Woodwind instrument that uses only one reed to produce sound In Music, the range of a Musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word The E-flat clarinet is a member of the Clarinet family It is usually classed as a Soprano clarinet, although some authors describe it as a "sopranino" The basset clarinet is a Clarinet, similar to the usual Soprano clarinet but longer and with additional keys to enable playing several additional lower notes The basset horn or tenor clarinet (sometimes written basset-horn) is a Musical instrument, a member of the Clarinet family The alto clarinet is a wind instrument of the Clarinet family The contra-alto clarinet is a large low-sounding Musical instrument of the Clarinet family The contrabass clarinet is the largest member of the Clarinet family that has ever been in regular production or significant use A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word Like the more common soprano B♭ clarinet, it is usually pitched in B♭ (meaning it is a transposing instrument on which a written C sounds as B♭), but it plays notes an octave below the B♭ clarinet. The soprano clarinets are a sub- family of the Clarinet family. A transposing instrument is a musical instrument for which written notes are played at a pitch different from concert pitch, which a non-transpositing instrument such as a In Music, an octave ( is the the use of which is "common in most musical systems [1] Bass clarinets in other keys, notably C and A, also exist, but are very rare.

Contents

Description

Most modern bass clarinets are straight-bodied, with a small upturned silver-colored metal bell and a curved metal neck. Early examples varied in shape, some having a doubled body making them look similar to bassoons. The bassoon is a Woodwind instrument in the Double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and Tenor registers and occasionally The bass clarinet is fairly heavy and is supported either with a neck strap or with an adjustable peg attached to its body. While the upturned metal bell makes the bass clarinet look similar to a saxophone, the two instruments are fundamentally different. The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind Bass clarinet bodies are most often made of grenadilla or African Blackwood, or (more commonly for student instruments) plastic resin, while saxophones are typically made entirely of metal. Grenadilla (or other similar spellings is a name given to a number of different Woods all of them strong and dense African Blackwood or Mpingo ( Dalbergia melanoxylon) is a Flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to seasonally dry regions of (All-metal bass clarinets do exist, but are rare. ) More significantly, all clarinets including the bass have a bore which is basically the same diameter along the body of the instrument. The bore of a Wind instrument is its interior chamber that defines a flow path through which air travels and is set into vibration to produce sounds This cylindrical bore differs from the saxophone's conical bore and gives the clarinet its dark tone and low pitch; it also causes a clarinet to overblow at the twelfth compared with the saxophone's octave. Overblowing is a technique used in playing a Wind instrument to produce a different pitch by changing the direction and/or force of the air stream

The bass clarinet sounds an octave lower than the B-flat soprano clarinet. While the range of the latter starts at a written low E (sounding D below middle C), most bass clarinets have keywork to enable at least a low E-flat (sounding D-flat a half step above the cello's lowest C), and most professional and advanced bass clarinetists own instruments with extensions down to a C (sounding B-flat a whole step below the cello's lowest C) a full octave below written middle C. C or Do is the first Note of the fixed-Do Solfege. In Western Music, the expression " Middle C " refers to the note The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ At concert pitch this note is the B-flat below the second ledger line below the bass staff, or B-flat1 in scientific pitch notation. Scientific pitch notation is one of several methods that name the Notes of the standard Western Chromatic scale by combining a letter-name accidentals As with all wind instruments, the upper limit of the range depends on the quality of the instrument and the skill of the performer. According to Aber and Lerstad, who give fingerings up to C8, the highest note commonly encountered in modern solo literature is the E below that (sounding D6, the first D above the treble clef). [2] This gives the bass clarinet a usable range of over four octaves, quite close to the range of the bassoon; indeed, many bass clarinetists perform works originally intended for bassoon or cello because of the plethora of literature for those two instruments and the scarcity of solo works for the bass clarinet. In ensemble writing, notes much higher than about written C6 are uncommon.

Uses

Michael Lowenstern playing bass clarinet
Michael Lowenstern playing bass clarinet

The bass clarinet has been regularly used in scoring for symphony orchestra since the late 19th century, becoming more common during the middle and latter part of the 20th century. Michael Lowenstern (b Chicago, Illinois, United States, 1968 in the Hyde Park neighborhood is an American Bass clarinetist and composer An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well In recent years, the bass clarinet has also seen a growing repertoire of solo literature including compositions for the instrument alone, or accompanied by piano, orchestra, or other ensemble. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers It is also used in wind bands, in clarinet choirs, marching bands, and in film scoring, and has played a minor, but persistent, role in jazz. A concert band, also called wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, or wind ensemble A clarinet choir is an instrumental ensemble consisting entirely of instruments from the Clarinet family A marching band is in the broadest terms a group of performers that consist of instrumental Musicians and sometimes dance teams / color guard who generally perform A film score is a broad term referring to the music in a film which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a film Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States

The bass clarinet has an appealing, rich, earthy tone quite distinct from other instruments in its range, drawing on and enhancing the qualities of the lower range of the soprano and alto instrument.

Musical compositions using bass clarinet

Perhaps the earliest solo passages for bass clarinet -- indeed, among the earliest parts for the instrument -- occur in Mercadante's 1834 opera Emma d'Antiochia, in which a lengthy solo introduces Emma's scene in Act 2. Giuseppe Saverio Raffaele Mercadante ( September 16, 1795 - December 17, 1870) was an Italian composer particularly of Operas (Mercadante actually specified a glicibarifono for this part. ) Two years later, Giacomo Meyerbeer wrote an important solo for bass clarinet in Act 5 of his opera Les Huguenots. Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and Les Huguenots is a French Opera by Giacomo Meyerbeer, one of the most popular and spectacular examples of the style of Grand opera.

However, relatively few works from the familiar pre-twentieth century classical music repertoire make prominent use of the bass clarinet. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music One such composition is "The Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" from Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker (1891-92), in which the instrument's low tones contrast with the tinkling higher pitches of the celesta. The Nutcracker (Щелкунчик Shchelkunchik) Op 71 is a Fairy tale - Ballet in two acts three scenes by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky The celesta (pronounced /səˈlɛstə/ or celeste (pronounced /səˈlɛst/ is a struck Idiophone operated by a keyboard. [3]

There are a few major solo pieces for bass clarinet, including:

Bass clarinet soloists and ensembles

Edmund Welles, a quartet of bass clarinetists based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Edmund Welles, a quartet of bass clarinetists based in the San Francisco Bay Area

It was not until the 1950s that classical performers began to adopt the bass clarinet as their primary instrument. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The pioneer was the Czech performer Josef Horák (d. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Josef Horák (d November 23, 2005) was a Czech Bass clarinetist It was not until the 1950s that classical performers began to adopt the 2005), who is credited as having performed the first ever solo bass clarinet recital on March 23, 1955. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) This marked a turning point when the instrument first became thought of as a soloist's instrument.

Because the repertoire of solo music for the bass clarinet was quite small, most bass clarinet soloists specialize in new music, while also arranging works composed for other instruments from earlier eras (such as the Bach Cello Suites). WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" The Six Suites for Unaccompanied Cello by Johann Sebastian Bach are acclaimed as some of the greatest works ever written for solo Cello. Beginning with Horák, many players have commissioned works for the instrument, and consequently there now exists a repertoire of hundreds of solo works, many by prominent international composers such as Brian Ferneyhough and David Lang. Brian John Peter Ferneyhough (born 16 January, 1943 in Coventry) is an English Composer. David Lang (born January 8, 1957 in Los Angeles, California) is an American composer living in New York City. In addition to Horák, other specialist performers include Dennis Smylie (United States), Harry Sparnaay (Netherlands, who has worked with important composers such as Luciano Berio, Iannis Xenakis, and Morton Feldman), Evan Ziporyn (United States), and Michael Lowenstern (United States); the latter two are also composers. Dennis Smylie is an American Bass clarinetist known particularly for his performances of Contemporary classical music. Harry Sparnaay (born 1944 is a noted Dutch Bass clarinetist composer and teacher The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Luciano Berio, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( October 24, 1925 &ndash May 27, 2003) was an Italian Composer. Iannis Xenakis (Ιάννης Ξενάκης (May 29 1922 - February 4 2001 was a Greek modernist composer musical theoretician and architect Morton Feldman (January 12 1926 – September 3 1987 was an American Composer, born in New York City. Evan Ziporyn (b Chicago Illinois, 1959) is an American Composer of post-minimalist music and music Michael Lowenstern (b Chicago, Illinois, United States, 1968 in the Hyde Park neighborhood is an American Bass clarinetist and composer

In October 2005, the First World Bass Clarinet Convention was held in Rotterdam, Netherlands, at which Horák was the guest of honour and played in one of the many concerts given by the leading bass clarinetists from around the world (including all the aforementioned performers, as well as many others). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of

At least two professional bass clarinet quartets exist. Rocco Parisi's Bass Clarinet Quartet is an Italian group whose repertoire includes transcriptions of music by Rossini, Paganini, and Piazzolla. Niccolò Paganini ( October 27, 1782 &ndash Ástor Pantaleón Piazzolla ( March 11, 1921 &ndash July 4, 1992) was an Argentine tango Composer and Edmund Welles is the name of a bass clarinet quartet based in San Francisco. Edmund Welles is an American Bass clarinet Quartet from Oakland, California. Their repertoire includes original "heavy chamber music" and transcriptions of madrigals, boogie-woogie tunes, and heavy metal songs. A madrigal is a type of Secular vocal music composition written during the Renaissance and early Baroque eras Boogie-woogie is a style of Piano -based Blues that became very popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s but originated much earlier and was extended from piano Two of the members of Edmund Welles also perform as a bass clarinet duo, Sqwonk.

Bass clarinet in jazz

While the bass clarinet was seldom heard in early jazz compositions, a bass clarinet solo by Omer Simeon can be heard in the 1926 recording "Someday Sweetheart" by Jelly Roll Morton and His Red Hot Peppers. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Omer Victor Simeon ( 21 July, 1902 - 17 September, 1959) was an American Jazz Clarinetist He also played soprano Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton ( ca September 20, 1885 or October 20, 1890 – July 10, 1941) was an Additionally, Benny Goodman recorded with the instrument a few times early in his career.

Harry Carney, Duke Ellington's baritone saxophonist for 47 years, played bass clarinet in some of Ellington's arrangements, first recording with it on "Saddest Tale" in 1934. Harry Howell Carney ( April 1, 1910 - October 8, 1974) was a swing Baritone saxophonist, Clarinetist and Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29 1899 &ndash May 24 1974 was an American Composer, Pianist, and Bandleader. The baritone saxophone, often called " bari sax " (to avoid confusion with the Baritone horn, which is often referred to simply as "baritone" is He was featured soloist on many Ellington recordings, including 27 titles on bass clarinet. [7]

The first jazz album on which the leader solely played bass clarinet was Great Ideas of Western Mann (1957) by Herbie Mann, better known as a flautist. Herbert Jay Solomon ( April 16, 1930 – July 1, 2003) better known as Herbie Mann, was an American Jazz However, avant-garde musician Eric Dolphy (1928-1964) was the first major jazz soloist on the instrument, and established much of the vocabulary and technique used by later performers. Eric Allan Dolphy ( June 20, 1928 &ndash June 29, 1964) was an American Jazz alto saxophonist, flautist, and He used the entire range of the instrument in his solos. Bennie Maupin emerged in the late 1960s as a primary player of the instrument, playing on Miles Davis's seminal record Bitches Brew as well as several records with Herbie Hancock's Mwandishi group. Bennie Maupin (born 29 August 1940) is a Detroit Jazz Multireedist. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Bitches Brew is a studio Double album by Jazz musician Herbert Jeffrey Hancock ("Herbie" born April 12 1940 is a Jazz Pianist and Composer. Mwandishi is the eleventh Album by Jazz pianist Herbie Hancock, released in 1970 His style resembles Dolphy's in its use of advanced harmonies.

While the bass clarinet has been used often since Dolphy, it is typically used by a saxophonist or clarinetist as a second or third instrument; such musicians include David Murray, Marcus Miller, John Surman, Bob Mintzer, James Carter, Steve Buckley, Andy Biskin, Dai Pritchard, Don Byron, and Julian Siegel. The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind A clarinetist (also spelled clarinettist) is a Musician who plays the Clarinet. David Murray (born February 19, 1955 in Oakland, California, United States) is a notable Jazz musician Marcus Miller (born June 14, 1959 in Brooklyn, New York) is a Grammy Award-winning Jazz musician composer producer and multi-instrumentalist John Douglas Surman (born 30 August 1944 in Tavistock Devon, England) is a Jazz Saxophone, Bass clarinet Bob Mintzer (born January 27, 1953) originally from New Rochelle New York, is a Jazz Saxophonist, composer arranger and Big James (Larry Carter (born January 3 1969) is an American Jazz Musician. Steve Buckley is a British jazz musician He is a multi-instrumentalist who is most often heard playing alto soprano and tenor saxophones Penny whistle and Bass Andy Biskin is a Texas -born American Jazz Clarinetist, Bass clarinetist and Composer, working primarily Very few performers have used the instrument exclusively, but one such performer is the Baltimore-based American musician and bandleader Todd Marcus. [1] Klezmer clarinetist Giora Feidman is known for idiosyncratic use of the bass clarinet on some klezmer and jazz tunes. Giora Feidman (born March 26, 1936) is an Argentine Klezmer music folklorist and Clarinetist Biography He was born in

Other uses of bass clarinet

Like most woodwinds, bass clarinets are little used in popular music, but there are occasional examples, such as "When I'm Sixty-Four" by The Beatles, "Epitaph" by King Crimson, and Trout Mask Replica by Captain Beefheart & His Magic Band. Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more " When I'm Sixty-Four " is a Love song by The Beatles, written by Paul McCartney (but co-credited to John Lennon) and The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 King Crimson is a Progressive rock band founded by guitarist Robert Fripp and drummer Michael Giles in 1969 Trout Mask Replica (1969 is the third studio album by Captain Beefheart and His Magic Band Don Van Vliet (born Donald Glen Vliet on January 15 1941, in Glendale California, U

The bass clarinet has proved to be an effective solo instrument in many television and motion picture film scores. A film score is a broad term referring to the music in a film which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a film A notable example is the recurring "Jubal Early theme" pervading the score for the "Objects in Space" episode of the Firefly TV series as well as in many songs used in the popular TV series, Monk. " Objects in Space " is the fourteenth and final episode of the science fiction television series Firefly created by Joss Whedon Firefly is an American Science fiction Television series created by writer/director Joss Whedon, creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Monk is an American Dramedy series created by Andy Breckman and starring Tony Shalhoub as the title character The bass clarinet is very frequently used in the jazzy segments of Angelo Badalamenti's score for the TV series Twin Peaks. Angelo Badalamenti (born March 22 1937 is an Italian-American Composer, known for his movie soundtrack work for movie director David Lynch, notably Twin Peaks is a Television Serial drama that follows the investigation of the brutal murder of popular respected Teenager and homecoming queen

History

Glicibarifono by Catterini, 1838.
Glicibarifono by Catterini, 1838.

There are several instruments that can arguably be considered the first bass clarinet. Probably the earliest is a dulcian-shaped instrument in the Museum Carolino Augusteum in Salzburg. The dulcian is a Renaissance bass woodwind instrument with a Double reed and a folded Conical bore. is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. It is incomplete, lacking a crook or mouthpiece, and appears to date from the first half of the eighteenth century. Its wide cylindrical bore and its fingering suggest it was a chalumeau or clarinet in the bass range. This article is about the historical musical instrument For the register on the clarinet that is named for this instrument see Clarinet#Range. [8] Four anonymous bass chalumeaux or clarinets apparently dating from the eighteenth century and having from one to six keys also appear to be among the earliest examples, and one in particular has been suggested to date from before 1750. [9] However, the authenticity of at least one of these instruments has been questioned. [10]

In the Munich Stadtmuseum there is an instrument made circa 1770 by the Mayrhofers of Passau,[10] who are often credited with the invention of the basset horn. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Passau ( Latin: Batavis or Batavia, also Passavium; Italian: Passavia; Czech: Pasov) is a town in The basset horn or tenor clarinet (sometimes written basset-horn) is a Musical instrument, a member of the Clarinet family It resembles early sickle-shaped basset horns, but has a larger bore and is longer, playing in low B♭. Whether this should be considered a low basset horn or a bass clarinet is a matter of opinion. In any case, no further work along this line is known to have been done.

The earliest record of a bass clarinet is a description of an instrument, called the "basse-tube," invented by G. Lott in Paris in 1772. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a [11] This instrument has not survived and very little is known of it. The next known bass clarinet was the Klarinetten-Bass by Heinrich Grenser, circa 1793. Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Grenser ( 5 March 1764 &ndash 12 December 1813) was a German Musical instrument maker Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This instrument had a folded, bassoon-like shape and an extended range, and was presumably intended to serve as a bassoon replacement in military bands. Desfontenelles of Lisieux built a bass clarinet in 1807 whose shape was similar to that of the later saxophone. The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind It had thirteen keys, at a time when most soprano clarinets had fewer.

Additional designs were developed by many other makers, including Dumas of Sommières (who called his instrument a "Basse guerrière") in 1807; Nicola Papalini, circa 1810 (an odd design, in the form of a serpentine series of curves, carved out of wood); George Catlin of Hartford, Connecticut ("clarion") circa 1810; Sautermeister of Lyons ("Basse-orgue") in 1812; Gottlieb Streitwolf in 1828; and Catterino Catterini ("glicibarifono") in the 1830s. [8][9][12] These last four, and several others of the same period, had bassoon-like folded shapes, and most had extended ranges. A straight-bodied instrument without extended range was produced in 1832 by Isaac Dacosta and Auguste Buffet. [8][9]

Finally, Adolphe Sax, a Belgian manufacturer of musical instruments, designed a straight-bodied form of bass clarinet in 1838. Antoine-Joseph 'Adolphe' Sax (November 6 1814 &ndash February 4 1894 was a Belgian Musical instrument designer and Musician ( Clarinetist Belgium has a population of about 10666866 citizens as of January 2008 Sax's expertise in acoustics led him include such features as accurately-placed, large tone holes and a second register hole. His instrument achieved great success and became the basis for all bass clarinet design since.

It should be noted that the instrument on which Anton Stadler first played Mozart's clarinet concerto was originally called a Bass-Klarinette, but was not a bass clarinet in the modern sense; since the late eighteenth century this instrument has been called a basset clarinet. Anton Stadler ( 28 June 1753 &ndash 15 June 1812) was an Austrian Clarinet and Basset horn player for whom Mozart 's Clarinet concerto in A major, K 622 was written in 1791 for the clarinetist Anton Stadler. The basset clarinet is a Clarinet, similar to the usual Soprano clarinet but longer and with additional keys to enable playing several additional lower notes

Notation

Orchestral music for bass clarinet is written using one of two systems.

System a) is used in orchestral music by most composers west of Germany and in all show, concert band and clarinet choir music. System b) is used chiefly by Wagner, Mahler, Shostakovich, Russian and eastern European composers, although there are exceptions. Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich ( Russian: ru Дмитрий Дмитриевич Шостакович ( &ndash 9 August 1975 was a Russian Composer Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent.

Music is occasionally encountered written for the bass clarinet in A, e. g. in Wagner operas and Mahler or Rachmaninov symphonies; this music also tends to be written in bass clef. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff (Сергей Васильевич Рахманинов Very few modern players own a bass clarinet in A; most play these parts on the B♭ instrument, transposing them down a semitone.

References

  1. ^ "Clarinet", The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 3 volumes, ed. Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan, 1984.
  2. ^ Aber, Thomas; Lerstad, Terje. "Altissimo Fingerings". Retrieved on 2006-10-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
  3. ^ Kennicott, Philip. "Notes on The Nutcracker". Dance Magazine 64 (1990):76–7 December 1990. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar)
  4. ^ The saint and the shebeen. The Herald (20 June 2077). Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Retrieved on 2007-06-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
  5. ^ Oakland Symphony performs a clarinetist's 'Dream'. Inside Bay Area (21 March 2007). Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
  6. ^ Beaver Valley Philharmonic: Mozart, Goodman in season finale. Lincoln Park Performing Arts Center (17 April 2008). Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
  7. ^ Luciano Massagli and Giovanni M. Volonté. The New DESOR, An updated edition of Duke Ellington's Story on Records, 1924-1974, Milan, March 1999, p. 350.
  8. ^ a b c van der Meer, John Henry (1987). "The Typology and History of the Bass Clarinet". J. Amer. Mus. Inst. Soc. 13: 65-88.  
  9. ^ a b c Rendall, F. Geoffrey. The Clarinet, Second Revised Edition, London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1957.
  10. ^ a b Young, Phillip T. (1981). "A Bass Clarinet by the Mayrhofers of Passau". J. Amer. Mus. Inst. Soc. 7: 36-46.  
  11. ^ Sachs, Curt. Curt Sachs ( June 29, 1881 - February 5, 1959) was a German musicologist. A History of Musical Instruments, New York: W. W. Norton, 1940.
  12. ^ Eliason, Robert E. (1983). "George Catlin, Hartford Musical Instrument Maker (Part 2)". Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society 9: 21-52.  

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