Political Spain in 1854, after the first Carlist War

The Arrano beltza ("black eagle") flag is waved by radical Basque nationalists, mainly supporters of ETA and HB, along the Ikurriña and the Navarrese flag as a claim of unity of the Basque lands. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on The arrano beltza (" black eagle " in Basque) is an ancient Basque and Navarre symbol which displays a black Eagle The Ikurriña flag is a Basque symbol and the official flag of the Basque Country Autonomous Community of Spain

Basque nationalism is a movement with roots in the Carlism and the loss, by the laws of 1839 and 1876, of the Ancien Régime relationship between the Basque provinces and the crown of Spain. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in The Spanish government revoked part of the fueros after the Third Carlist War. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Fuero ( Spanish) is a Spanish legal term and conceptThe word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market tribunal The Third Carlist War (Tercera Guerra Carlista ( 1872 - 1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain. The fueros were charters granted by the successive kings of Castile and acted as part of the Basque legal system dealing with matters regarding the political ties of the Basque Provinces with the crown. This is a list of counts kings and queens of Castile. It is in part a continuation of the List of Asturian monarchs and the List of Leonese monarchs The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. The Fueros gave Basque subjects a privileged position in Spain with special tax and political status; basically, Basques were not subject to direct levee to the Castilian army, although many volunteered, especially in the Spanish navy, which was led, among others, by Basque sailors like Juan Sebastián Elcano. The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority Juan Sebastián del Cano, then Elcano ( Getaria, in the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, former Kingdom of Castile, Spain

During the 19th century, the reactionary Fuerista movement pleaded for the maintenance of the fueros system and territorial autonomy against the centralizing pressures from liberal governments in Madrid. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. The concept of Basque Nationalism was born from that disputes and the influence from the Romantic European view of nationalism in the nineteenth century. Romantic nationalism (also National Romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of Nationalism in which the state derives

The chief ideologist of early Basque nationalism was Sabino Arana, founder of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV in its Spanish acronym). The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Sabino Arana Goiri, self-styled as Arana ta Goiri'taŕ Sabin ( January 26, 1865 &ndash November 25, 1903) was a Basque By the end of the 19th century Arana, coming from a Carlist background, created an ideology centered on the purity of the Basque race and its so-called moral supremacy over other Spaniards (a derivation of the system of limpieza de sangre of Modern-Age Spain), anti-Liberal Catholic integrism, and deep opposition to the migration of other Spaniards to the Basque Country which had started at the first stages of the industrial revolution. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on Limpieza de sangre is also a novel in the Captain Alatriste series by Arturo Pérez-Reverte. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the

In the early 20th century, Basque nationalism developed from a nucleus of petty bourgeois enthusiasts (non-native Basque speakers themselves) in Bilbao to incorporate the peasant basis of Carlism in Biscay and Guipuscoa. The movement survived without any problems the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera under the guise of cultural and athletic associations. Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja 2 Marqués de Estella ( Jerez de la Frontera, January 8, 1870 - Paris,

Basque nationalism managed to substitute Carlism in the favour of the Catholic church as a barrier against leftist anti-clericalism in most of the Basque provinces. Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political

Several splits and reunifications were caused by clashes over different desires inside the early nationalism for the status of the Basque Country (autonomy versus independence). Soon also leftist approaches to nationalism were born, but the majority of the Basque working class (many of them immigrants)support was divided among the communist and socialist movements. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The ELA-STV a nationalist Catholic trade union tried to bring nationalistideas to the workers, but its influence was minor until the end of the twentieh century with Spanish transition to democracy. Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna ELA ( Solidarity of Basque Workers) is the major Trade union of the Basque Country, principally active in the Spanish The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state.

In 1936, the main part of the Christian democrat PNV sided with the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War. Christian democracy is a political ideology that seeks to apply Christian (and often specifically Catholic) principles to public policy The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The promise of autonomy was valued over the ideological differences (especially on the religious matter) and PNV decided to support the republican legal government, including member of the Popular Front. The Popular Front (Frente Popular in Spain 's Second Republic was an electoral Coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various Autonomy was granted in october 1936. A republican autonomous Basque government was created, with José Antonio Agirre (PNV) as Lehendakari (president) and ministers from the PNV and other republican parties (mainly leftist spanish parties). The President of the government of the Basque Country is referred to as Lehendakari (literally "the first one" in Basque, or Eusko Jaurlaritzako Lehendakari

However, in 1937, roughly halfway through the war, Basque troops, then under control of the Autonomous Basque Government surrendered in an action brokered by the Basque church and the Vatican in Santoña to the Italian allies of General Franco on condition that the Basque heavy industry and economy was left untouched. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. See Gudari for disambiguation It was also the pseudonym of the Basque nationalist Eli Gallastegi. The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Santoña is a village in the western coast of the autonomous community of Cantabria, on the north coast of Spain. The Corps of Volunteer Troops ( Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV was an Italian expeditionary force which was sent to Spain to support General Francisco

Thus began one of the culturally hardest periods of Basque history in Spain, due to immigration of non-Basque from other parts of Spain to serve a fast pace industrialising economy which followed and thrived (chiefly during the 1960s) enhanced by the protectionist measures of the Franco regime, requiring more workers from elswhere to fill the gap in the labour force. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Simultaneously, the public expression of Basque language was prohibitted, only roughly tolerated at some folkloric or clerical activities, especially in Navarre and Álava, which sided Franco's uprising.

For many leftists in Spain the surrender of Basque troops in Santoña (Santander) is known as the Treason of Santoña. Cantabria is a Spanish province and Autonomous community with Santander as its capital city The Santoña Agreement or Pact of Santoña is an agreement signed in the town of Guriezo, near Santoña, Cantabria the August 24th Many of the nationalist Basque soldiers were pardoned if they joined the Francoist army in the rest of the Northern front. Basque nationalists submitted, fled (the political leaders), went underground or to prison. Small groups fled to the Americas, France or the Benelux, of which only a minority returned after the restoration of democracy in Spain in the late seventies, or before. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, '''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands, and Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. During World War 2 the PNV exiled government tried to join the Allies and settled itself in New York to gain the American recognition and support, but soon after the cold war finished, Franco became an American ally in the context of the cold war, which deprived the PNV exiled government of hopes of any hold in the Basque country. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the

ETA was created in the 50s by young nationalists. eu '''Euskadi Ta Askatasuna''' or ETA ( Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom" ˈɛːta is an illegal armed Basque nationalist Separatist During the 60s, Marxists took over the organization. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They turned it into a revolutionary organization inspired in movements like those of Castro in Cuba or Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Their goal was to establish a socialist independent Basque country,

Ever since Spain regained democracy in 1978, autonomy was restored for the Basques, achieving self-government without precedent in Basque modern history. Thus, based on the fueros and their Statute of Autonomy, Basques have their own police corps and manage their own public finances with virtually no intervention from the central government of Spain. Nominally a Statute of Autonomy is a Law hierarchically located under the Constitution of a country and over any other form of legislation (including Organic The Basque Autonomous Community has been led by the nationalist Christian democrat PNV ever since it was reinstated, in the early 1980s, to date. In Navarre, Basque nationalism has not succeeded so far to win the elections held to run the government of the Autonomous Community, but different Basque nationalist parties do run in a number of municipalities. An autonomous community is a first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution.

Unlike Spain, France is a centralized State, but a Basque nationalist party has a presence in some municipalities through local elections. A centralized government is the Form of government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which Local governments are subject Abertzaleen Batasuna ( Patriot's Union or Unity in Basque) ( A

Basque nationalist organizations

"You're in the Basque Country, not in Spain" – an example of Basque nationalism in a Bilbao lamp post. The sticker includes the website address of Gazte Abertzaleak.

• Acción Nacionalista Vasca, leftist political party
• Aralar, leftist political party
• Askatasuna, support for ETA prisoners. Eusko Abertzale Ekintza - Acción Nacionalista Vasca (EAE-ANV (Basque Nationalist Action was the first Basque Nationalist Political party to exist that presented Aralar may refer to Aralar Range, a mountain range Aralar Party, a political party ASKATASUNA (from the Basque word meaning freedom According to European Union statements ASKATASUNA is a terrorist organization that is included in ETA (euskadi ta askatuna
• Batasuna, leftist political party, illegal in the southern Basque Country
• Batzarre
• Comunión Nacionalista Vasca, former political party
• ELA-STV, trade union
• Enbata
• ETA, violent revolutionary clandestine organization operating mainly in the southern Basque Country
• Etxerat, support for Basque political prisoners
• Euskadiko Ezkerra, former leftist political party
• Euskal Ezkerra, a splinter of Euskadiko Ezkerra. Batasuna ("Unity" in Basque language) is a Basque nationalist political organization based mainly in Spain, declared illegal but with Zutik ("Standing" is a Political party in Basque Country, Spain. Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna ELA ( Solidarity of Basque Workers) is the major Trade union of the Basque Country, principally active in the Spanish eu '''Euskadi Ta Askatasuna''' or ETA ( Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom" ˈɛːta is an illegal armed Basque nationalist Separatist Euskadiko Ezkerra ( Basque Country Left, in Basque or EE was a Basque Socialist political organisation Euskal Ezkerra (Basque Left was a Political party in Euskadi, Spain.
• Eusko Alkartasuna, Social-Democratic political party
• ESAIT, support for the Basque National teams in different sports
• Gazte Abertzaleak, the youth group of the Spanish Basque political party Eusko Alkartasuna, left of the PNV but not aligned with ETA or Batasuna
• Gestoras pro-Amnistía, support for ETA prisoners. Eusko Alkartasuna is a Basque nationalist political party operating in Spain and France.
• Herria 2000 Eliza, Catholic movement
• Ikasle Abertzaleak, Group of Basque nationalist students
• Iparretarrak, violently clandestine organization operating in the French part of the Basque Country
• Jagi-Jagi, former magazine
• LAB, leftist trade union
• Nafarroa Bai, Navarrese political party (coalition between some Basque nationalist political parties)
• Partido Nacionalista Vasco, Christian-Democrat political party
• Senideak, relatives of ETA prisoners. Iparretarrak ("the Northerners" in Basque) or IK is an armed Basque nationalist organization operating in the French Basque Country LAB ( Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak, "Nationalist Workers' Committees" in Basque language) is a Basque nationalist Trade union Navarre Yes or Nafarroa Bai ( Basque) is a Navarrese ( Spain) coalition of both left and rightwing Basque nationalist parties which was The Basque Nationalist Party is the largest political party in the Basque Autonomous Community.
• Segi, Batasuna's youth group
• Udalbiltza, assembly of city councillors
• Zutik, leftist party

References

• Brief review on Basque nationalism by Le Monde Diplomatique

See also

• Politics of France
• Politics of Spain
• Sabino Arana
• Carlism
• José Antonio Aguirre
• Ikurriña
• Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia