Basque Euskara
Spoken in:	Spain and France
Region:	Basque Country
Total speakers:	1,033,900 (first language: 700,000)
Language family:	Language isolate (see below)
Official status
Official language in:	Euskadi and Navarre (Spain)
Regulated by:	Euskaltzaindia
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	eu
ISO 639-2:	baq (B)	eus (T)
ISO 639-3:	eus
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family A language isolate, in the absolute sense is a Natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic" relationship with other living languages that is The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language Euskaltzaindia (literally "group of keepers of the Basque language" often translated Royal Academy of the Basque language) is the official academic ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Basque (native name: euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

It is spoken by approximately a quarter of the Basques, with its stronghold in the contiguous area from central Biscay through Guipuscoa, northern Navarre and parts of Labourd to sparsely populated Lower Navarre and Soule. Population Of the 1133444 people who live in Biscay about 35% live in the capital Bilbao and 88% in its metropolitan area. Guipúzcoa ( Spanish) or Gipuzkoa ( Basque and official is a province of the Basque Country, in Spain. Labourd ( Lapurdi in Basque; from Latin Lapurdum, Labord in Gascon is a former French province and part of the Lower Navarre (Nafarroa Beherea or Baxenabarre Basse-Navarre Baja Navarra is a part of the present day Pyrénées Atlantiques département Soule ( Zuberoa, Xiberu or Xüberoa in Basque, Sola in Gascon is a former viscounty and French province and Until reintroduced into the education system, it had not been spoken in most of Álava, in western Biscay, or in the southern half of Navarre in the recent past. Álava (Araba is a province of northern Spain in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Out of a total of nearly 3,000,000 Basques, it is estimated that some 632,000 are Basque language speakers, of which approximately 566,000 live in the Spanish Basque country, with the rest residing in the French part. ^[1]

Basque language has been standardized and updated by the end of the 20th century by means of its Batua version. Euskara batua (English "Unified Basque language" is a standardised version of the Basque language, which nowadays is the most widely and This standard is mainly used in the Spanish Basque country, and to a lesser extent in the Northern Basque Country due to the limited availability of schools teaching in Basque or as a subject. The French Basque Country or Northern Basque Country (Pays basque français Iparralde constitutes the North-Eastern part of the Basque Country and the Western Nevertheless, there are six main Basque dialects, comprising Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese (in Spain), and Lower Navarrese, Lapurdian, and Zuberoan (in France). Biscayan, sometimes Bizkaian (Basque Bizkaiera) is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken mainly in Biscay, province of the Basque Country Gipuzkoan is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken in the Guipuzcoa (Basque Gipuzkoa) province of the Basque Country, Spain Upper Navarrese is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken in the Navarre (Basque Nafarroa) community of Spain. Lower Navarrese (or Low Navarrese is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken in the Lower Navarre (Basque Behe Nafarroa) region of France Lapurdian or Labourdin ( lapurtera in Standard Basque, lapurtara in Lapurdian) is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken Zuberoan or Souletin is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken in the Soule (Basque Zuberoa) region of the Basque Country However, the dialect boundaries are not congruent with political boundaries.

The Basques occupy a Spanish autonomous community known as the Basque Country (Euskadi), which has significant cultural and political autonomy, the Northern Basque Country in the French department of the Pyrennées Atlantiques, and the autonomous community of Navarre in Spain, which together make up the historical Basque Country (Euskal Herria). An autonomous community is a first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution. The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. The French Basque Country or Northern Basque Country (Pays basque français Iparralde constitutes the North-Eastern part of the Basque Country and the Western The Standard Basque name for the language is euskara. In dialectal forms it is known as euskara, euskera, eskuara, or üskara.

Contents 1 History and classification 1.1 Hypotheses on connections with other languages 2 Geographic distribution 3 Official status and dialects 3.1 Official status 3.2 Dialects 3.3 Standardized dialects 3.4 Basque on the Internet 3.5 Influence in other languages 4 Grammar 5 Phonology 5.1 Stress and pitch 6 Vocabulary 7 Writing system 7.1 Number system used by millers 8 Phrases 8.1 Basic phrases 8.2 Advanced phrases 8.3 Numbers 8.4 Examples 9 See also 10 Dictionaries 11 Etymological Dictionaries 12 External links 12.1 Grammar 12.2 Dictionaries 12.3 Classification 12.4 Basque lettering 12.5 Basque media 13 References 14 Bibliography

History and classification

Although geographically surrounded by Indo-European languages, Basque is believed to be a language isolate:^[2]. A language isolate, in the absolute sense is a Natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic" relationship with other living languages that is If so, its prehistory may not be reconstructible by means of the comparative method, and little is known of its origins. The comparative method (in Comparative linguistics) is a technique used by linguists to demonstrate genetic relationships between Languages It aims to prove It is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages to the area, including what became the Germanic languages, Celtic languages, and Western Romance languages. The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all

Latin inscriptions in Aquitania preserve a number of words with cognates in proto-Basque, for instance the personal names Nescato and Cison (neskato and gizon mean "young girl" and "man" respectively in modern Basque^[3]). Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from This proposed language is called "Aquitanian" and was presumably spoken before the Romans brought Latin to the western Pyrenees. The Aquitanian language was spoken in ancient Aquitaine (approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne, the region later known as Gascony The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Roman neglect of this hinterland allowed Aquitanian Basque to survive while the Iberian and Tartessian languages died out. The Iberian language was the language of a people identified by Greek and Roman sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian The Tartessian language, also known as southwestern or South Lusitanian is a paleohispanic language once spoken in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula Basque did come to acquire some Latin vocabulary, both before and after the Latin of the area developed into Gascon (a branch of Occitan) in the northeast, Aragonese in the southeast, and Castilian in the southwest. Gascon (Gascon; French,) is a dialect of the Occitan language. Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan

In June 2006, archaeologists at the site of Iruña-Veleia discovered an epigraphic set with a series of 270 Basque inscriptions and drawings from the third century. Veleia was an ancient Roman town in the southern Basque Country. The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. ^[4] Some of the words and phrases found were "urdin" (blue), "zuri" (white), "gori" (red), "edan" (drink) "ian" (eat), "lo" (sleep), "iesus iose ata ta mirian ama" (Jesus [with] the father Joseph and the mother Mary), and "geure ata zutan" (Our father in you). Further analysis of this discovery could show that the Basque language is more stable than previously thought.

Hypotheses on connections with other languages

The impossibility of linking Basque with its Indo-European neighbours in Europe has inspired many scholars to search for its possible relatives elsewhere. Besides many pseudoscientific comparisons, the appearance of long-range linguistics gave rise to several attempts at connecting Basque with geographically very distant language families. Pseudoscientific language comparison is a form of Pseudoscience that seeks to establish historical connections between languages by pointing out similarities between them

Many hypotheses on the origin of Basque are considered controversial, and the suggested evidence is not generally accepted by most linguists. However, this situation may change in the future. Some of these hypothetical connections are as follows.

• Iberian: another ancient language once spoken in the peninsula, shows several similarities with Aquitanian and Basque. The Iberian language was the language of a people identified by Greek and Roman sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian However, there is not enough evidence to distinguish areal contacts from genetic relationship. Iberian itself is considered an isolate. ^[5]
• Georgian: The Georgian hypothesis, linking Basque to South Caucasian or Kartvelian languages, seems now widely discredited. Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. The South Caucasian languages (also known as Ibero-Caucasian or Kartvelian) are spoken primarily in Georgia, with smaller groups of speakers in Turkey The South Caucasian languages (also known as Ibero-Caucasian or Kartvelian) are spoken primarily in Georgia, with smaller groups of speakers in Turkey The hypothesis was inspired in part by the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli, which the Greeks and Romans referred to as Iberia. Kartli (ქართლი is the largest and most populated province of Eastern Georgia. This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians.
• Northeast Caucasian languages, such as Chechen, are seen by some as more likely candidates for a very distant connection. The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakho-Dagestanian, or Dagestanian, are a family of Languages The Chechen language (Нохчийн мотт / Noxçiyn mott Medieval Chechen نوًچین موت) is spoken by more than 1 ^[6]
• Northwest Caucasian languages, such as Circassian are seen by some as the Caucasian group most akin to the Basque. The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic, Circassian, or Abkhaz-Adyghe, are a group of languages spoken in the Caucasus region
• Dene-Caucasian superfamily. The Dené-Caucasian (also called Sino-Caucasian or Dené-Sino-Caucasian) Language family is a proposed language superfamily containing at Based on the possible Caucasian link, some linguists, for example John Bengtson and Merritt Ruhlen, have proposed including Basque in the Dene-Caucasian superfamily of languages, but the existence of this proposed superfamily would include languages from North America and Eurasia, and is considered controversial. ^[7]
• Vasconic languages: This theory, proposed by the German linguist Theo Vennemann, claims that there is enough toponymical evidence to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in Europe. The Vasconic languages are a controversial and hypothetical Language family. Theo Vennemann genannt Nierfeld ( May 27, 1937 -) is a German linguist known best for his work on Historical linguistics, especially ^[8]

Geographic distribution

The region in which Basque is spoken is smaller than what is known as the Basque Country, or Euskal Herria in Basque. Basque toponyms show that Basque was spoken further along the Pyrenees than today. An example is the Aran Valley (now a Gascon-speaking part of Catalonia), since haran itself is the Basque word for "valley". The Aran Valley (Era Val d'Aran la Vall d'Aran El Valle de Arán is a small valley (620 Gascon (Gascon; French,) is a dialect of the Occitan language. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. However, the growing influence of Latin began to drive Basque out from less-mountainous areas of this region. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

The Reconquista temporarily counteracted this tendency when the Christian lords called on northern peoples — Basques, Asturians, and "Franks" — to colonize the new conquests. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an Later the Basque language came to be used mainly by peasants, while people in the cities preferred Castilian, Gascon, Navarrese Romance, French, or Latin for high education. Gascon (Gascon; French,) is a dialect of the Occitan language. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Basque experienced a rapid decline in Navarre during the 1800s. However, after Basque nationalism took the language as an identity sign, and with the establishment of autonomous governments, it has made a modest comeback. Basque nationalism is a movement with roots in the Carlism and the loss by the laws of 1839 and 1876 of the Ancien Régime relationship between the Basque provinces Basque-language schools have taken the language to areas like Encartaciones and the Navarrese Ribera where it may have never been natively spoken in historic times. Enkarterri ( Basque) or Encartaciones ( Spanish) is a historical sub-region of Vizcaya Province in the Basque Country.

Official status and dialects

Official status

Historically, Latin or Romance languages have been the official languages in this region. However, Basque was explicitly recognized in some areas. For instance, the local charter of the Basque-colonized Ojacastro valley (now in La Rioja) allowed the inhabitants to use Basque in legal processes in the 13th and 14th centuries. Fuero ( Spanish) is a Spanish legal term and conceptThe word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market tribunal The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period La Rioja is a province and autonomous community of northern Spain.

Today Basque holds co-official language status in the Basque regions of Spain: the full autonomous community of the Basque Country and some parts of Navarre. An autonomous community is a first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution. The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. Basque has no official standing in the Northern Basque Country of France and French citizens are barred from officially using Basque in a French court of law. The French Basque Country or Northern Basque Country (Pays basque français Iparralde constitutes the North-Eastern part of the Basque Country and the Western Interestingly, the use of Basque by Spanish nationals in French courts is allowed (with translation), as Basque is officially recognised on the other side of the border.

The positions of the various existing governments differ with regard to the promotion of Basque in areas where Basque usage is common. The language has official status in those territories that are within the Basque Autonomous Community, where it is spoken and promoted heavily, but only partially in Navarre, which is divided by law into three distinct language areas: Basque-speaking, non-Basque-speaking, and mixed (this law is strongly rejected by the Basque nationalists of Navarre). The law is called the "Ley del Vascuence", since vascuence (from Latin vasconice loqui, "to talk in the Vascon way") is the traditional name for the Basque language in Spanish (though euskera and vasco are also used).

Dialects

There are six main Basque dialects, comprising Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese (in Spain), and Lower Navarrese, Lapurdian, and Zuberoan (in France). Biscayan, sometimes Bizkaian (Basque Bizkaiera) is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken mainly in Biscay, province of the Basque Country Gipuzkoan is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken in the Guipuzcoa (Basque Gipuzkoa) province of the Basque Country, Spain Upper Navarrese is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken in the Navarre (Basque Nafarroa) community of Spain. Lower Navarrese (or Low Navarrese is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken in the Lower Navarre (Basque Behe Nafarroa) region of France Lapurdian or Labourdin ( lapurtera in Standard Basque, lapurtara in Lapurdian) is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken Zuberoan or Souletin is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken in the Soule (Basque Zuberoa) region of the Basque Country However, the dialect boundaries are not congruent with political boundaries. One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, regarding the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, a nephew of Napoleon. In Linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a Verb functioning Louis Lucien Bonaparte ( January 4, 1813 &ndash November 3, 1891) was a French Anglophile linguist, and Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe.

In 2005 the daily Berria published a new map of dialects, moderninzed by Koldo Zuazo, Basque Philology Professor at the University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU). Berria is the only Newspaper published wholly in the Basque language and which can be read in the entirety of the Basque country. In this new map, the distinguished dialects are Western, Central, Navarrese, Navarrese-Lapurdian, and Zuberoan.

Standardized dialects

The most-widely-used standardized dialect is Batua ("unified" in Basque), which is the language taught in most schools and used by media and in official papers. Euskara batua (English "Unified Basque language" is a standardised version of the Basque language, which nowadays is the most widely and Batua is based largely on the Gipuzkoan regional dialect, where it is the most used, although it allows use of Northern and Navarrese vocabulary and grammar. Gipuzkoan is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken in the Guipuzcoa (Basque Gipuzkoa) province of the Basque Country, Spain It is also referred to as Standard Basque.

Azkue's gipuzkera osotua, promoted in 1935, was the first attempt to create a standard Basque language. It did not succeed.

In the 1940s, a group (Jakintza Baitha, "Wisdom House") gathered around the academian Federico Krutwig, who preferred to base the standard on the Labourdin of Joannes Leyçarraga's Protestant Bible and the first printed books in Basque. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be Federico Krutwig Sagredo (1921&ndash1998 was a Spanish Basque writer and politician author of several books However they did not receive official or popular support.

In 1944, Pierre Laffite published his Navarro-Labourdin Littéraire, based on Classical Lapurdian, which has become the de facto standard form of Lapurdian. Lapurdian or Labourdin ( lapurtera in Standard Basque, lapurtara in Lapurdian) is a Dialect of the Basque language spoken It is taught in some schools of Lapurdi and used on radio, in church, and by the newspaper Herria.

The most distinct dialects, Biscayan and Zuberoan, also are standardized.

Basque on the Internet

One in a thousand (0. 1%) websites are in Basque^[9].

Influence in other languages

The Romance languages Gascon, Aragonese, and Castilian have marked Basque influence in them, as a result of substratum, language contact, and bilingualism. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Gascon (Gascon; French,) is a dialect of the Occitan language. A notable example is that of the Pyrenean and Iberian Romance words for "left (side)" (izquierdo, esquerdo, esquerre, quer, esquer) derived from Basque ezker^[10] to avoid the ominous connotations of Latin sinister. This article is about a subdivision of the Romance language family

In the case of Castilian (Spanish) and Gascon, the following Basque substrate influences are found.

• lack of "v" sound (replaced by "b")
• lack of initial "r" sound in Basque and Gascon (replaced by err-/arr-)
• simple five vowel system
• transformation of initial "f" into mute "h": fablar → hablar (this is even more marked in Gascon). Gascon (Gascon; French,) is a dialect of the Occitan language. The f sound did not exist in old Basque.

However, there are alternate explanations based on internal developments. The Spanish language developed from Vulgar Latin, with loan-words from Basque in the north and Arabic in the southern part of the Iberian

In the 16th Century, Basque sailors mixed many Basque words with a European Atlantic pidgin in their contacts with Iceland. The Basque-Icelandic pidgin was a Pidgin spoken in Iceland in the 17th century A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common in situations such as Trade ^[11][12] Another Basque pidgin arose from contact between Basque whalers and Aboriginal inhabitants in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Strait of Belle Isle. Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French golfe du Saint-Laurent) the world's largest Estuary, is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint The Strait of Belle Isle (détroit de Belle Isle (Beautiful Island sometimes referred to as Straits of Belle Isle or Labrador Straits) is a waterway in eastern

Several travelling professional groups of Castile used Basque words in their jargon: examples are the gacería, the mingaña, and the Galician fala dos arxinas. For Wikipedia jargon see WikipediaGlossary. For hacker slang see Jargon File. Gacería ( Basque for "nonsense" "cleverness" is the name of a slang or Argot employed by the trilleros (or makers of the trillo Fala dos arxinas or verbo dos arginas (in Spanish, jerga de los canteros) ( Galician, " Argot of stonecutters "

A small part of the Gypsies living in the Basque Country spoke Erromintxela, which mixes Romany vocabulary with Basque syntax and morphology (it is comparable with the Caló of Spanish-speaking Gitanos). The Romani people in Spain are generally known as Gitanos. Spanish Roma tend to speak Caló which is basically Andalusian Spanish with a large

Grammar

Main article: Basque grammar

Basque is an ergative-absolutive language. This article provides a grammar sketch of the Basque language, the language of the Basque people of the Basque Country or Euskal Herria, which borders the An ergative-absolutive Language (or simply ergative language is a language that treats the argument (" subject " of an Intransitive The subject of an intransitive verb is in the absolutive case (which is unmarked), and the same case is used for the direct object of a transitive verb. In Grammar, an intransitive Verb does not take an object. In more technical terms an intransitive verb has only one argument (its subject In Ergative-absolutive languages the absolutive ( abbreviated ABS) is the Grammatical case used to mark both the subject of an An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. In Syntax, a transitive verb is a Verb that requires both a subject and one or more objects Some examples of sentences with transitive verbs The subject of the transitive verb (that is, the agent) is marked differently, with the ergative case (shown by the suffix -k). The ergative case is the Grammatical case that identifies the subject of a Transitive verb in Ergative-absolutive languages In such languages This also triggers main and auxiliary verbal agreement.

The auxiliary verb, which accompanies most main verbs, agrees not only with the subject, but with any direct object and the indirect object present. In Linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a Verb functioning Among European languages, this polypersonal system (multiple verb agreement) is only found in Basque, some Caucasian languages, and Hungarian. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. The ergative-absolutive alignment is also unique among European languages, but not rare worldwide.

Consider the phrase:

Martinek egunkariak erosten dizkit. (help·info)

"Martin buys the newspapers for me. "

Martin-ek is the agent (transitive subject), so it is marked with the ergative case ending -k (with an epenthetic -e-). In Phonology, epenthesis (/əˈpɛnθəsɪs/ Ancient Greek ἐπένθεσις - epenthesis from epi "on" + en "in" Egunkariak has an -ak ending which marks plural object (plural absolutive, direct object case). The verb is erosten dizkit, in which erosten is a kind of gerund ("buying") and the auxiliary dizkit means "he/she (does) them for me". This dizkit can be split like this:

• di- is used in the present tense when the verb has a subject (ergative), a direct object (absolutive), and an indirect object, and the object is he/she/it/them.
• -zki- means the absolutive (in this case the newspapers) is plural, if it were singular there would be no infix; and
• -t or '-da-' means "to me/for me" (indirect object).
• in this instance there is no suffix after -t. A zero suffix in this position indicates that the ergative (the subject) is third person singular (he/she/it).

The phrase "you buy the newspapers for me" would translate as:

Zuek egunkariak erosten dizkidazue (help·info)

The auxiliary verb is composed as di-zki-da-zue and means 'you pl. (do) them for me'

• di- = direct object, present tense
• -zki- = direct object is plural
• -da- = indirect object (to me/for me) {-t becomes -da- when not final. }
• -zue = subject (you pl. )

In spoken Basque, the auxiliary verb is often dropped when redundant: "Zuek egunkariak erosten niri", you pl. buying the newspapers for me. Whenever it is not dropped, the pronouns are almost always dropped: "egunkariak erosten dizkidazue", the newspapers buying be-them-for-me-you(plural). The pronouns are used only to show emphasis: "egunkariak zuek erosten dizkidazue", it is you (pl. ) who buy the newspapers for me; or "egunkariak niri erosten dizkidazue", it is me for whom you buy the newspapers for.

Modern Basque dialects allow for the conjugation of about fifteen verbs, called synthetic verbs, some only in literary contexts. These can be put in the present and past tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods, in three tenses in the conditional and potential moods, and in one tense in the imperative. Colloquial Basque, however, only uses indicative present, indicative past, and imperative. Each verb that can be taken intransitively has a nor (absolutive) paradigm and possibly a nor-nori (absolutive-dative) paradigm, as in the sentence Aititeri txapela erori zaio ("The hat fell from grandfather['s head]"). ^[13] Each verb that can be taken transitively uses those two paradigms for passive-voice contexts in which no agent is mentioned, and also has a nor-nork (absolutive-ergative) paradigm and possibly a nor-nori-nork (absolutive-dative-ergative) paradigm. The last would entail the dizkidazue example above. In each paradigm, each constituent noun can take on any of eight persons, five singular and three plural, with the exception of nor-nori-nork in which the absolutive can only be third person singular or plural. (This draws on a language universal: *"Yesterday the boss presented the committee me" sounds at least odd, if not incorrect. ) The most ubiquitous auxiliary, izan, can be used in any of these paradigms, depending on the nature of the main verb.

There are more persons in the singular (5) than in the plural (3) for synthetic verbs because of the two familiar persons—informal masculine and feminine second person singular. In Sociolinguistics, a T-V distinction describes the situation wherein a Language has second-person Pronouns that distinguish varying levels of The pronoun hi is used for both of them, but where the masculine form of the verb uses a -k, the feminine uses an -n. This is a property not found in Indo-European languages. The entire paradigm of the verb is further augmented by inflecting for "listener" (the allocutive) even if the verb contains no second person constituent. If the situation is one in which the familiar masculine may be used, the form is augmented and modified accordingly; likewise for the familiar feminine. (Gizon bat etorri da, "a man has come"; gizon bat etorri duk, "a man has come [you are a male close friend]", gizon bat etorri dun, "a man has come [you are a female close friend]", gizon bat etorri duzu, "a man has come [I talk to you]"^[14]) Notice that this nearly multiplies the number of possible forms by three. Still, the restriction on contexts in which these forms may be used is strong since all participants in the conversation must be friends of the same sex, and not too far apart in age. Some dialects dispense with the familiar forms entirely. Note, however, that the formal second person singular conjugates in parallel to the other plural forms, perhaps indicating that it used to be the second person plural, started being used as a singular formal, and then the modern second person plural was formulated as an innovation.

All the other verbs in Basque are called periphrastic, behaving much like a participle would in English. These have only three forms total, called aspects: perfect (various suffixes), habitual^[15] (suffix -t[z]en), and future/potential (suffix. In Linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a Verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof in the described event or state -ko/-go). Verbs of Latinate origin in Basque, as well as many other verbs, have a suffix -tu in the perfect, adapted from the Latin -tus suffix. The synthetic verbs also have periphrastic forms, for use in perfect tenses and in simple tenses in which they are deponent.

Within a verb phrase, the periphrastic comes first, followed by the auxiliary.

A Basque noun-phrase is inflected in 17 different ways for case, multiplied by 4 ways for its definiteness and number. These first 68 forms are further modified based on other parts of the sentence, which in turn are inflected for the noun again. It's been estimated that, with two levels of recursion, a Basque noun may have 458,683 inflected forms. Recursion, in Mathematics and Computer science, is a method of defining functions in which the function being defined is applied within its own definition ^[16]

Basic syntactic construction is Subject-Objects-Verb (unlike Spanish, French or English where Subject-Verb-Objects construction is more common). In Linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and Verb of a sentence appear or usually In Linguistic typology, subject-verb-object ( SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first the Verb second and the object The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed with thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic-focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In Linguistics, the topic (or theme) is the part of the proposition that is being talked about ( predicated) Focus is a concept in linguistic theory that deals with how information in one phrase relates to information that has come before In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, What is this? can be translated as Zer da hau? or Hau zer da?, but in both cases the question tag zer immediately precedes the verb da. This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word galdegai (focus) is used.

In negative sentences, the order changes. Since the negative particle ez must always directly precede the auxiliary, the topic most often comes beforehand, and the rest of the sentence follows. This includes the periphrastic, if there is one: Aitak frantsesa ikasten du, "Father is learning French," in the negative becomes Aitak ez du frantsesa ikasten, in which ikasten ("learning") is separated from its auxiliary and placed at the end.

Phonology

Table of consonant phonemes of Standard Basque

		Labial				Coronal						Dorsal				Glottal
		Bilabial		Labio- dental		Lamino- dental		Apico- alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar
Nasal		m /m/						n /n/				ñ, -in- /ɲ/
Plosive		p /p/	b /b/			t /t/	d /d/					tt, -it- /c/	dd, -id- /ɟ/	k /k/	g /g/
Affricate						tz /ʦ̻/		ts /ʦ̺/		tx /ʧ/
Fricative				f /f/		z /s̻/		s /s̺/		x /ʃ/		j /ʝ~x/				h ∅, /h/
Lateral								l /l/				ll, -il- /ʎ/
Rhotic	Trill							r-, -rr-, -r /r/
	Tap							-r- /ɾ/

Basque has a distinction between laminal and apical articulation for the alveolar fricatives and affricates. Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips ( bilabial articulation or with the lower lip and the upper teeth ( labiodental articulation Coronal consonants are articulated with the flexible front part of the Tongue. Dorsal consonants are articulated with the mid body of the Tongue (the dorsum Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. A laminal consonant is a Phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue which is the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both Rhotic consonants, or "R"-like sounds are non-lateral Liquid consonants This class of sounds is difficult to characterise phonetically though most of them share In Phonetics, a trill is a Consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the Place of articulation. In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the A laminal consonant is a Phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue which is the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the In the laminal consonants the friction occurs across the blade of the tongue, while in apical ones, it occurs at the tip (apex).

The laminal alveolar fricative (IPA: [s̻]) is made with the tongue tip pointing toward the lower teeth; its affricate counterpart is [ʦ̻]. These are written with an orthographic z (z, tz). The voiceless apicoalveolar fricative (/s̺/) is written s; the tip of the tongue points toward the upper teeth. The voiceless alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a The corresponding affricate (/ʦ̺/) is ts. In the westernmost parts of the Basque country, only the apical s and the alveolar affricate tz are used.

Basque also features postalveolar sibilants (/ʃ/, written x, and /ʧ/, written tx), sounding like English sh and ch.

There are two palatal stops, voiced and unvoiced, as well as a palatal nasal and a palatal lateral (the palatal stops are not present in all dialects). These and the postalveolar sounds are typical of diminutives, which are used frequently in child language and motherese (mainly to show affection rather than size). Baby talk, motherese, parentese, mommy talk, caretaker speech, infant-directed talk (IDT, or child-directed speech (CDS For example, tanta "drop" vs. ttantta /canca/ "droplet". A few common words, such as txakur /ʧakur/ "dog", use palatal sounds even though in current usage they have lost the diminutive sense; the corresponding non-palatal forms now acquiring an augmentative or pejorative sense: zakur "big dog". Many dialects of Basque exhibit a derived palatalization effect in which coronal onset consonants are changed into the palatal counterpart after the high front vowel /i/. For example, the /n/ in egin "to act" becomes palatal when the suffix -a is added: /egina/ = [egiɲa] "the action".

The sound represented by j has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last one is typical of the Spanish Basque Country).

The vowel system is the same as Spanish for most speakers. It consists of five pure vowels, /i e a o u/. Speakers of the Zuberoan dialect also have a sixth, front rounded vowel (represented in writing by ü but pronounced /ø/, much like a German ö), as well as a set of contrasting nasalized vowels, indicating a strong influence from French. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

Stress and pitch

Basque features great dialectal variation in stress, from a weak pitch-accent in the central dialects to a marked stress in some outer dialects, with varying patterns of stress placement. Stress is in general not distinctive (and for historical comparisons not very useful); there are, however, a few instances where stress is phonemic, serving to distinguish between a few pairs of stress-marked words and between some grammatical forms (mainly plurals from other forms). E. g. , basóà ("the forest", absolutive case) vs. básoà ("the glass", absolutive case; an adoption from Spanish vaso); basóàk ("the forest", ergative case) vs. básoàk ("the glass", ergative case) vs. básoak ("the forests" or "the glasses", absolutive case). Given its great deal of variation among dialects, stress is not marked in the standard orthography and Euskaltzaindia (the Academy of the Basque Language) only provides general recommendations for a standard placement of stress, basically to place a high-pitched weak stress (weaker than that of Spanish, let alone that of English) on the second syllable of a syntagma, and a low-pitched even-weaker stress on its last syllable, except in plural forms where stress is moved to the first syllable. Euskaltzaindia (literally "group of keepers of the Basque language" often translated Royal Academy of the Basque language) is the official academic This scheme provides Basque with a distinct musicality which sets its sound apart from the prosodical patterns of Spanish (which tends to stress the second-to-last syllable). Euskaldun berriak ("new Basque-speakers", i. e. second-language Basque-speakers) with Spanish as their first language tend to carry the prosodical patterns of Spanish into their pronunciation of Basque, giving rise to a pronunciation that is considered substandard; e. g. , pronouncing nire ama ("my mum") as nire áma (- - ´ -), instead of as niré amà (- ´ - `).

Vocabulary

By contact with neighbouring peoples, Basque has adopted many words from Latin, Spanish, Gascon, among others. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Gascon (Gascon; French,) is a dialect of the Occitan language. Some claim that many of its words come from Latin, but phonetic evolution has made many of them appear nowadays as if they were native words, e. g. lore ("flower", from florem), errota ("mill", from rotam, "[mill] wheel"), gela ("room", from cellam).

Writing system

Main article: Basque alphabet

Basque is written using the Latin alphabet. The universal special letter is ñ; sometimes ç and ü are also used. Ñ (lower case ñ) is a letter of the modern Roman alphabet formed by an N with a diacritical Tilde. Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Basque does not use Cc, Qq, Vv, Ww, Yy except for loanwords; nevertheless, the adopted Basque alphabet (established by Euskaltzaindia) does include them. Euskaltzaindia (literally "group of keepers of the Basque language" often translated Royal Academy of the Basque language) is the official academic ^[17]

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ññ Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

The phonetically meaningful digraphs dd, ll, rr, ts, tt, tx, tz are treated as double letters. A digraph, bigraph, or digram is a pair of characters used to write one Phoneme (distinct sound or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond

All letters and digraphs represent unique phonemes. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU The main exception is when l or n are preceded by i, that in most dialects palatalizes their sound into ll and ñ, even if these are not written. Hence, ikurriña can also be written ikurrina without changing the sound, while the proper name Ainhoa requires the mute h to break the palatalization of the n. The Ikurriña flag is a Basque symbol and the official flag of the Basque Country Autonomous Community of Spain

H is mute in most regions, but in the Northeast is pronounced in many places, the main reason for its existence in the Basque alphabet. Its acceptance was a matter of contention during the standardization since the speakers of the most extended dialects had to learn where to place these silent h's.

In Sabino Arana's (1865-1903) orthography, ll and rr were replaced with ĺ and ŕ, respectively. Sabino Arana Goiri, self-styled as Arana ta Goiri'taŕ Sabin ( January 26, 1865 &ndash November 25, 1903) was a Basque History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels.

A typically Basque style of lettering is sometimes used for inscriptions. It derives from the work of stone and wood carvers and is characterized by thick serifs. Origins & etymology Serifs are thought to have originated in the Roman alphabet with inscriptional lettering —words carved into stone in Roman antiquity

Number system used by millers

Basque millers traditionally employed a separate number system of unknown origin. ^[18] In this system the symbols are either arranged along a vertical line or horizontally. On the vertical line the single digits and fractions are usually off to one side, usually at the top. When used horizontally, the smallest units are usually on the right and the largest on the left.

The system is, as is the Basque system of counting in general, vigesimal. Although the system is in theory capable of indicating numbers above 100, most recorded examples do not go above 100 in general. Interestingly, fractions are relatively common, especially 1/2.

The exact systems used vary from area to area but generally follow the same principle with 5 usually being a diagonal line or a curve off the vertical line (a V shape is used when writing a 5 horizontally). Units of ten are usually a horizontal line through the vertical. The twenties are based on a circle with intersecting lines.

This system is not in general use anymore but is occasionally employed for decorative purposes.

Phrases

Basic phrases

• Bai = Yes
• Ez = No
• Kaixo! = Hello
• Agur! / Aio! = Goodbye!
• Ikusi arte = See you!
• Eskerrik asko! = Thank you!
• Egun on = Good morning (literally: Good day)
• Egun on, bai = Standard reply to Egun on
• Arratsalde on = Good evening
• Gabon = Good night
• Mesedez = Please
• Barkatu = Excuse (me) (when asking for something)
• Barkatu = I'm sorry.
• Aizu! = Listen! (To get someone's attention, not very polite, to be used with friends)
• Kafe hutsa nahi nuke (help·info) = Can I have a coffee?
• Kafe ebakia nahi nuke (help·info) = Can I have a macchiato?
• Kafesnea nahi nuke = Can I have a café latte?
• Garagardoa nahi nuke = Can I have a beer?
• Komunak = Toilets
• Non dago komuna? = Where are the toilets?
• Non dago tren-geltokia? = Where is the train station?
• Non dago autobus-geltokia? = Where is the bus station?
• Ba al da hotelik hemen inguruan? = Is there any hotel around here?
• Zorionak = Happy holidays (During Christmas and new year's), congratulations or could be Happy birthday.
• Zer moduz? = How are you?

Advanced phrases

• Eup! = The colloquial way of greeting someone on the street, also apa or aupa or iep!.
• Kaixo aspaldiko! = Like Kaixo, but adds "Long time, no see"-meaning.
• Eskerrik asko = Thank you (very much).
• Ez horregatik = You're welcome (response to Eskerrik asko).
• Ez dut ulertzen = I don't understand
• Ez dakit euskaraz hitz egiten (help·info) = I don't speak Basque
• Ba al dakizu ingeleraz hitz egiten? (help·info) = Do you speak English?
• Neska polit(t)a / Neska ederra = (You're a) beautiful girl
• Zein da zure izena? = What is your name?
• Pozten nau zu ezagutzeak = Nice to meet you
• Ongi etorri! = Welcome!
• Egun on denoi = Good morning everyone!
• Berdin/Hala zuri ere = The same to you (E. g. after Kaixo or Egun on)
• Jakina! / Noski! / Bai horixe! = Sure! OK!
• Nongoa zara? = Where are you from?
• Euskal Herrikoa naiz = I am from the Basque Country.
• Non bizi zara?=Where do you live?
• Non dago. . . ? = Where is. . . ?
• Badakizu euskaraz? = Do you speak Basque?
• Bai ote? = Really? Maybe?
• Bizi gara!! = We are alive!!
• Bagarela!! = So we are!! (Answer to the above)
• Topa! / Txin-txin = Cheers!
• Hementxe! = Over/right here!
• Geldi! = Stop
• Lasai = Take it easy
• Ez dut nahi = I don't want it
• Kaka zaharra! = Crap! (Literally old crap)
• Emak bakia! (Emak bakea! in Standard Basque) = Leave me alone! (Best known for being used by the artist Man Ray as both the title of a film and a sculpture). Emak-Bakia ( Basque for Leave me alone) is a 1926 Film directed by Man Ray. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Emak-Bakia ( Basque for Leave me alone) is a 1926 Film directed by Man Ray. It can also be interpreted as "The female [gives] the peace".

Numbers

The Basque numbering system is mostly vigesimal as in Celtic languages. The vigesimal or base - numeral system is based on twenty (in the same way in which the ordinary decimal numeral system is based on ten The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family.

0	zero, or huts
1	bat
2	bi
3	hiru
4	lau
5	bost
6	sei
7	zazpi
8	zortzi
9	bederatzi
10	hamar
11	hamaika
12	hamabi
13	hamahiru
14	hamalau
15	hamabost
16	hamasei
17	hamazazpi
18	hemezortzi
19	hemeretzi
20	hogei
21	hogeita bat
22	hogeita bi
23	hogeita hiru
30	hogeita hamar	(literal meaning split: hogei-ta-hamar = twenty-and-ten = 20+10)
31	hogeita hamaika	(hogei-ta-hamaika = twenty-and-eleven = 20+11)
40	berrogei	(ber-hogei = two times-twenty = 2×20)
50	berrogeita hamar	(ber-hogei-ta-hamar = two times-twenty-and-ten = 2×20+10)
60	hirurogei	(hirur-hogei = three times-twenty = 3×20)
70	hirurogeita hamar	(hirur-hogei-ta-hamar = three times-twenty-and-ten = 3×20+10)
80	laurogei	(laur-hogei = four times-twenty = 4×20)
90	laurogeita hamar	(laur-hogei-ta-hamar = four times-twenty-and-ten = 4×20+10)
100	ehun
200	berrehun
300	hirurehun
1000	mila
2000	bi mila
1,000,000	milioi bat
number _____	_____ zenbaki (train, bus, etc. )
half	erdi
less	gutxiago
more	gehiago

Examples

• Santa Agueda, an a cappella song (help·info).

The blacksmith slave Captive in the rainforests of the West they brought you to Rome, slave, they gave you the blacksmith work and you make chains. The red iron that you carry out the oven can be adapted as you want, you can make swords in order that your people could break the chains, but you, this slave, you make chains, more chains. :Joseba Sarrionandia

Esklabu erremintaria Sartaldeko oihanetan gatibaturik erromara ekarri zinduten, esklabua, erremintari ofizioa eman zizuten eta kateak egiten dituzu. Joseba Sarrionandia Uribelarrea ( Iurreta, Biscay, April 13th 1958 &ndash) is a Basque writer and member of the independentist Basque Labetik ateratzen duzun burdin goria nahieran molda zenezake, ezpatak egin ditzakezu zure herritarrek kateak hauts deitzaten, baina zuk, esklabu horrek, kateak egiten dituzu, kate gehiago. :Joseba Sarrionandia

See also

• Basque people
• Basque Country
• Languages of France
• Languages of Spain
• Wiktionary: Swadesh list of Basque words
• List of Basque proverbs

Dictionaries

• Basque Dictionary from Webster's Dictionary
• Basque bilingual dictionaries

Etymological Dictionaries

• R. Joseba Sarrionandia Uribelarrea ( Iurreta, Biscay, April 13th 1958 &ndash) is a Basque writer and member of the independentist Basque The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only Official language of France, but several The Languages of Spain are the languages spoken or once spoken in Spain. Below is a list of Basque Proverbs The list includes English translations and other meanings L. Trask Etymological Dictionary of Basque edited for web publication by Max W. Wheeler (University of Sussex, 2008). An edition of the unfinished etymological dictionary of the late R. L. Trask. For the X-Men character see Larry Trask (comics Robert Lawrence "Larry" Trask ( November 10, 1944 - March

External links

• Schools of languages of the Basque country that teach Basque
• Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language) official web
• Ethnologue has reports on Basque (ISO 639-1: eu), Navarro-Labourdin (ISO 639-3: bqe) and Souletin Basque. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages
• Center for Basque Studies at University of Nevada, Reno
• Basque language at Buber.net
• Concise course of Basque
• A proposal for Basque SAMPA
• Basque Studies Program Newsletter · Issue 18, 1978. Miguel Echegaray shares several suggestions of possible etymological connections between Basque and English words.
• The Devil Wanted to Learn Basque from France Monthly
• Linguistic maps of Basque Country
• Euskara Kultur Elkargoa-Basque Cultural Foundation
• Basque in the Rosetta Project
• Department of Language Policy of the Basque Government
• Basque (euskara) usual phrases with Japanese translation incl. The Rosetta Project is a global collaboration of language specialists and native speakers working to develop a contemporary version of the historic Rosetta Stone to sound file
• Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (200 BC)
• Basque Culture Institute

Grammar

• University of the Basque Country: A Brief Grammar of Euskara, the Basque Language
• Basque psycholinguistics
• Basque Verb Tables

Dictionaries

• Morris Student Plus: Basque - English - Basque dictionary (67,000 headwords + 120,000 expressions and idioms)

Classification

• History of the Basque Language by Manfred Owstrowski)
• A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1 by John D. Bengston (scanned pages)

Basque lettering

• Basque alphabet according to Euskaltzaindia
• Arquitectura popular y grafía vasca, by P. and J. de Zabalo, Biblioteca de Cultura Vasca, Editorial Vasca Ekin, Buenos Aires, 1947. Designs for a national typography derived from Medieval and Modern-Age inscriptions.
• Tipografías vascas, a blog post reviewing Basque-style computer fonts.
• Grafía vasca, in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Encyclopedia.

Basque media

• Berria: Newspaper in Basque
• EiTB: Tv and radio in Basque
• Argia: Weekly magazine in Basque

References

Bibliography

• BENGTSON, John D. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International , 2004. "Some features of Dene-Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque). " Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (CILL). In the Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain linguistics are seen in the most elaborated way including traditional and contemporary problematics
• BENGTSON, John D. , 2006. "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages. "
• BENGTSON, John D. , 1997. Review of "The History of Basque". London: Routledge, 1997. Pp. xxii,458" by R. L. Trask.
• BENGTSON, John D. , 1997. "Ein Vergleich von Burushaski und Nordkaukasisch". In "GEORGICA (Zeitschrift für Kultur, Sprache und Geschichte Georgiens und Kaukasiens). "
• BENGTSON, John D. , 1996. "A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1. "
• HUALDE, José Ignacio & ORTIZ DE URBINA, Jon (eds. ): A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. ISBN 3-11-017683-1.
• MORVAN, Michel, 1996. The linguistic origins of basque (in French). Bordeaux: Presses universitaires. ISBN 2-86781-182-1
• ORPUSTAN, Jean-Baptiste, 1999. The basque language in the Middle Ages (in French). Baigorri. ISBN 2-909262-22-7
• TRASK, R. Larry: History of Basque. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-13116-2.
• MORVAN, Michel: Etymological Dictionary of the Basque Language (forthcoming).

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